This document provides an overview of global standardization activities related to 3G/4G femtocell technologies. It discusses how the 3GPP, 3GPP2, WiMAX Forum, and other standards bodies addressed challenges in incorporating femtocells into existing network architectures. These challenges included limitations in addressing individual cells and managing large numbers of low-power femtocells deployed in consumer areas. The document describes the femtocell architectures and network elements defined by each standards group, as well as key interfaces and protocols developed to support femtocell integration and functionality.
LTE is an emerging wireless data communication technology to provide broadband ubiquitous Internet
access. Femtocells are included in 3GPP since Release 8 to enhance the indoor network coverage and
capacity. The main challenge of mobility management in hierarchical LTE structure is to guarantee
efficient handover to or from/to/between Femtocells. This paper focuses, on different types of Handover
and comparison performance between different decision algorithms. Furthermore, a speed based Handover
algorithm for macro-femto scenario is proposed with simulation results
This paper presents a novel Handover mechanism to minimize target Femto Access Points (FAPs) list
during macro-to-femto and femto-to-femto handover in LTE based Macro-Femto Heterogeneous Networks.
HandOver is the procedure that transfers an ongoing call from one cell to another as the users move
through the coverage area of cellular system. The femtocell has a limited coverage area (15 meters to 30
meters), and subsequently, HandOver is decided based on mobile User Equipment (UE) speed for handover
between macrocell-to-femtocell and femtocell-to-femtocell. In the existing networks, for handover
procedure, serving Base Station will decide the cell selection based on mostly the signal strength of the
neighbouring femtocells. This information is provided by the Measurement Reports sent by the
corresponding UE. In this paper, we present a novel handover management scheme which considers both
the Received Signal Strength and Cell Load of the target Femtocells for making the Handover decision.
This proposed scheme for macro-femto heterogeneous network reduces the number of target FAPs to avoid
handover to overloaded femtocells and also reduce the number of handovers.
This document provides an overview of current and future challenges for the deployment and operation of OFDMA networks. OFDMA has become the predominant technology for broadband mobile wireless systems due to its advantages over competing technologies. However, its deployment also faces challenges related to physical layer design, interference mitigation, and network planning and optimization. Future 4G and beyond systems will aim to address these challenges to improve network capacity, coverage, and efficiency.
LINK-LEVEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RELAY-BASED WIMAX NETWORKijwmn
Relay technology promises appreciable network throughput and coverage enhancement which is required
for high speed wireless cellular systems to function to their optimum. This paper is focused on analysing
the link performance of a relay-based WiMAX network under varying conditions. Comparison is made
between relay and direct link communication in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), spectral efficiency and
capacity. Effect of multipath fading and user speed on performance are investigated as well. The entire
study involves a hypothetical view as well as MATLAB simulations to predict the benefit of relay
deployment. This is aimed at solving pertinent issues such as coverage holes and cell edge problems which
are associated with traditional non-relay based cellular networks.
System level simulation for two tier macro femto cellular networksijwmn
LTE is an emerging wireless communication technology to provide high- speed data service for the mobile
phones and data terminals. To improve indoor coverage and capacity Femtocells are included in 3GPP
since Release 8. There is no common simulation platform is available for performance justification of LTEFemtocells.
LTE-Sim is an object-oriented open source simulator which incorporates a complete protocol
stack can be used for simulating two-tier macro-femto scenarios. To the best of our knowledge no paper
provides the guideline to perform system level simulation of Femtocell networks. Here, in this paper
Femtocells performance is evaluated in multi-Macrocells and multi-Femtocells environment with
interference from Microcells and Macrocell users along with the scripting.
This document provides an overview of the Mobile WiMAX IEEE 802.16m standard. It discusses key enhancements in Mobile WiMAX including improved non-line-of-sight coverage through advanced antenna diversity schemes and hybrid automatic repeat request. It also covers adaptive antenna systems and multiple-input multiple-output technologies to improve coverage. The document focuses on physical layer specifications for 802.16m including flexibility to support heterogeneous users and extending the use of multiple-input multiple-output transmission. It also discusses resource allocation, multi-cell multiple-input multiple-output, and interoperability with legacy WiMAX and other wireless technologies.
A Novel Approach for Cell Selection and Synchronization in LTE-AdvancedT. L. Singal
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the result of the standardization work done by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to achieve a new high speed radio access in the mobile communications frame. Cell selection by a mobile UE is another issue in LTE. In particularly, an interesting challenge in the physical layer of LTE is how the mobile unit immediately after powering on, select a radio cell and locks on to it. More specifically, to understand how the mobile unit establishes the connection with the strongest cell station in surrounding region. To do this, the mobile unit has to overcome the challenges of estimating the channel to communicate with the cell site and frequency synchronization. To appropriately synchronize the mobile unit with the base station when multiple mobile unit are communicating with same receiver from various distances.
Handover management scheme in LTE FEMTOCELL networksijcsit
This document discusses handover management in LTE femtocell networks. It presents the architecture of LTE femtocell networks and investigates different handover scenarios, particularly macrocell to femtocell handover which is difficult due to the large number of candidate femtocells. The document proposes using the HeNB Policy Function entity to optimize handover decision making by selecting the target femtocell based on constraints to make the optimal decision and reduce unnecessary handovers. An analytical model is also presented to evaluate handover signalling costs.
LTE is an emerging wireless data communication technology to provide broadband ubiquitous Internet
access. Femtocells are included in 3GPP since Release 8 to enhance the indoor network coverage and
capacity. The main challenge of mobility management in hierarchical LTE structure is to guarantee
efficient handover to or from/to/between Femtocells. This paper focuses, on different types of Handover
and comparison performance between different decision algorithms. Furthermore, a speed based Handover
algorithm for macro-femto scenario is proposed with simulation results
This paper presents a novel Handover mechanism to minimize target Femto Access Points (FAPs) list
during macro-to-femto and femto-to-femto handover in LTE based Macro-Femto Heterogeneous Networks.
HandOver is the procedure that transfers an ongoing call from one cell to another as the users move
through the coverage area of cellular system. The femtocell has a limited coverage area (15 meters to 30
meters), and subsequently, HandOver is decided based on mobile User Equipment (UE) speed for handover
between macrocell-to-femtocell and femtocell-to-femtocell. In the existing networks, for handover
procedure, serving Base Station will decide the cell selection based on mostly the signal strength of the
neighbouring femtocells. This information is provided by the Measurement Reports sent by the
corresponding UE. In this paper, we present a novel handover management scheme which considers both
the Received Signal Strength and Cell Load of the target Femtocells for making the Handover decision.
This proposed scheme for macro-femto heterogeneous network reduces the number of target FAPs to avoid
handover to overloaded femtocells and also reduce the number of handovers.
This document provides an overview of current and future challenges for the deployment and operation of OFDMA networks. OFDMA has become the predominant technology for broadband mobile wireless systems due to its advantages over competing technologies. However, its deployment also faces challenges related to physical layer design, interference mitigation, and network planning and optimization. Future 4G and beyond systems will aim to address these challenges to improve network capacity, coverage, and efficiency.
LINK-LEVEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RELAY-BASED WIMAX NETWORKijwmn
Relay technology promises appreciable network throughput and coverage enhancement which is required
for high speed wireless cellular systems to function to their optimum. This paper is focused on analysing
the link performance of a relay-based WiMAX network under varying conditions. Comparison is made
between relay and direct link communication in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), spectral efficiency and
capacity. Effect of multipath fading and user speed on performance are investigated as well. The entire
study involves a hypothetical view as well as MATLAB simulations to predict the benefit of relay
deployment. This is aimed at solving pertinent issues such as coverage holes and cell edge problems which
are associated with traditional non-relay based cellular networks.
System level simulation for two tier macro femto cellular networksijwmn
LTE is an emerging wireless communication technology to provide high- speed data service for the mobile
phones and data terminals. To improve indoor coverage and capacity Femtocells are included in 3GPP
since Release 8. There is no common simulation platform is available for performance justification of LTEFemtocells.
LTE-Sim is an object-oriented open source simulator which incorporates a complete protocol
stack can be used for simulating two-tier macro-femto scenarios. To the best of our knowledge no paper
provides the guideline to perform system level simulation of Femtocell networks. Here, in this paper
Femtocells performance is evaluated in multi-Macrocells and multi-Femtocells environment with
interference from Microcells and Macrocell users along with the scripting.
This document provides an overview of the Mobile WiMAX IEEE 802.16m standard. It discusses key enhancements in Mobile WiMAX including improved non-line-of-sight coverage through advanced antenna diversity schemes and hybrid automatic repeat request. It also covers adaptive antenna systems and multiple-input multiple-output technologies to improve coverage. The document focuses on physical layer specifications for 802.16m including flexibility to support heterogeneous users and extending the use of multiple-input multiple-output transmission. It also discusses resource allocation, multi-cell multiple-input multiple-output, and interoperability with legacy WiMAX and other wireless technologies.
A Novel Approach for Cell Selection and Synchronization in LTE-AdvancedT. L. Singal
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the result of the standardization work done by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to achieve a new high speed radio access in the mobile communications frame. Cell selection by a mobile UE is another issue in LTE. In particularly, an interesting challenge in the physical layer of LTE is how the mobile unit immediately after powering on, select a radio cell and locks on to it. More specifically, to understand how the mobile unit establishes the connection with the strongest cell station in surrounding region. To do this, the mobile unit has to overcome the challenges of estimating the channel to communicate with the cell site and frequency synchronization. To appropriately synchronize the mobile unit with the base station when multiple mobile unit are communicating with same receiver from various distances.
Handover management scheme in LTE FEMTOCELL networksijcsit
This document discusses handover management in LTE femtocell networks. It presents the architecture of LTE femtocell networks and investigates different handover scenarios, particularly macrocell to femtocell handover which is difficult due to the large number of candidate femtocells. The document proposes using the HeNB Policy Function entity to optimize handover decision making by selecting the target femtocell based on constraints to make the optimal decision and reduce unnecessary handovers. An analytical model is also presented to evaluate handover signalling costs.
1) The document discusses 4G communication architecture and its ability to support social networking. It describes technologies used in 4G like adaptive modulation and coding, adaptive hybrid ARQ, MIMO and OFDM that provide high speeds and quality of service.
2) The architecture of social networks is explained as having three layers: an application interface, middleware for services, and infrastructure. 4G networks can flexibly support social networking by allowing users to connect through various networks.
3) 4G is concluded to be well-suited to effectively construct social networking by integrating different networks and providing hardware, infrastructure, and services to social network members.
Roger Piqueras Jover's final project report discusses using mobile sensing and location-based services to address challenges in femtocell networks. The document introduces femtocell networks and their interference and synchronization issues. It then discusses how real-time location systems and mobile phones' sensor capabilities could be leveraged to help with femtocell coverage control and synchronization by determining femtocell locations from nearby mobile terminals' GPS coordinates and signals. The proposal aims to solve femtocell deployment challenges without hardware changes by taking advantage of existing mobile sensors.
The document discusses 4G mobile communications standards including WiMAX and LTE. It provides information on:
- IEEE 802.22 which uses white spaces in TV frequencies for wireless regional area networks.
- Requirements for 4G standards defined by ITU including peak speeds of 1Gbps.
- How early versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE did not meet the full 4G requirements but were still branded as 4G.
- Mobile WiMAX Release 2 and LTE Advanced promising speeds of 1Gbps in 2013.
Traffic Offloading Solutions: Femto, WiFi and Integrated Femto-WiFiShristi Pradhan
I provide a comprehensive overview on various traffic offloading solutions:
1. Femtocells, which provides the benefits of scalability, automatic configuration and self-optimization.
2. WiFi, widely available in homes and hotspots.
3. Integrating femto and WiFi together to reap the benefits of both femtocell and WiFi technology.
BER PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR WIMAX PHY LAYER UNDER DIFFERENT CHANNEL CONDITIONSijistjournal
This document summarizes the performance analysis of the physical (PHY) layer of WiMAX under different channel conditions. It provides details on the key components of WiMAX including the OFDM air interface, adaptive modulation and coding, and channel encoding. It also describes the simulation setup used to evaluate the PHY layer performance over varying wireless channel models.
: The requirements of the rapidly expanding
second and third generation mobile communication systems
place increasing demands on DSP algorithms and their
implementations. This paper presents a survey of the
implications of the new cellular system technology on the DSP
functionality and implementation of 1V DSP processors for
mobile systems. Modern cellular phones are placing
increasingly stringent demands on battery life and, therefore,
on the power dissipation of the embedded DSP circuitry.
At the same time, greater computational throughput is
being required of the DSP, for example to implement more
sophisticated speech and channel coding algorithms. Earlier
low-power DSPs have been reported. How-ever, further
improvements in power and performance are required. As is
well known, the demand for wireless communications has been
steadily increasing in recent years and the number of
subscribers in wireless systems is expected to grow also in the
future
The document discusses Personal Communication Services (PCS) and provides examples of different wireless communication systems, including cellular and cordless systems. It describes key aspects of cellular systems like Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), EIA/TIA IS-136, and EIA/TIA IS-95 standards. These include multiple access techniques, frequency bands, channel structures, features supported, and mobility management protocols. PCS networks integrate these wireless systems to provide mobile communication services connected to the public switched telephone network.
Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) Routing Protocols Analytical StudyIOSR Journals
This document provides an analytical study of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with definitions of MANETs and discusses their key characteristics including dynamic topology, limited energy/bandwidth, and security vulnerabilities. The document then examines the core functions and categories of MANET routing protocols. It analyzes several table-driven proactive protocols including DSDV and WRP, and on-demand reactive protocols including DSR, AODV, and TORA. Tables compare the protocols on metrics like routing structure, memory overhead, convergence time and advantages/disadvantages. The analysis found that different protocols have tradeoffs between overhead, adaptation to mobility, and scalability.
This document discusses device-to-device (D2D) communication in LTE networks. It describes how D2D allows direct communication between user equipments by bypassing the base station, addressing issues like network coverage, congestion control, and public safety. The document outlines the D2D communication process, including synchronization, discovery, and communication modes. It also describes the ProSe D2D network architecture and direct discovery procedure. D2D communication in LTE aims to improve network coverage, offer last mile connectivity, control congestion, and enable public safety communication during emergencies or disasters.
Wireless Mesh Networks Based on MBPSO Algorithm to Improvement Throughput IJECEIAES
1. The document discusses a study that aims to improve throughput in wireless mesh networks using a Modified Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (MBPSO) algorithm.
2. Wireless mesh networks rely on semi-static node configurations and paths that impact performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and throughput. Previous heuristic algorithms were summarized to identify a suitable approach.
3. The study adapts an MBPSO approach to improve throughput. Results showed throughput increased by 5.79% compared to previous work.
ASR-FANET: An adaptive SDN-based routing framework for FANET IJECEIAES
Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is widely used in many military, commercial and civilian applications. Compared with mobile adhoc network (MANET) and vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), FANET holds unique characteristics such as high mobility, intermittent links and frequent topology changes, which cause a challenging task in the design of routing protocols. A novel adaptive software defined networking (SDN)-based routing framework for FANET called ASR-FANET is proposed in this article to solve the above challenges. The ASR-FANET framework is mainly composed of three important parts, which are the topology discovery mechanism, statistics gathering mechanism and route computation mechanism. In topology discovery mechanism, the periodic information about network topology is collected, including nodes and links. In statistics gathering mechanism, the status of the wireless network connection and flight statistics are collected. In route computation mechanism, the optimal path is calculated based on link costs. The performance of ASR-FANET framework is also has been evaluated by comprehensive simulations. The simulation results show that proposed framework is much better than other traditional protocols in packet delivery fraction, average end to end delay, normalized routing load, packet loss and throughput.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Self-configuration Concept to Solve Physical Cell ID Conflict for SON LTE-bas...idescitation
Self Organizing Network (SON) which includes: Self-configuration, Self-
organization and Self-healing functions are the most important concepts for self-managing
heterogeneous network. However, the concept of self-configuration can be used to solve
various challenges in the femtocell deployment phase and also in the PCIs confusion and
collision problems. However, the proposed solutions for interference mitigation are not
satisfying and need further improvement. Two main reasons identified for this
unsatisfactory, firstly the small number of femtocells used in the simulation scenario which
can lead to high failure probability if applied under real enterprise environment , secondly;
the provided solutions discussed only part of the problem ,i.e. either in co-tier interference
or cross-tier interference but not both. Thus the need arises for stable solution which can
resolve the interference problem for both inter and intra scenarios. In addition among the
tree types of approaches used to solve collision and confusion problems the Nokia Siemens
approach was the best.
Performance Evaluation of QoS parameters in UMTS Network Using Qualnetijdpsjournal
A UMTS network based on the Wide Band-CDMA technology is a 3rd generation telecommunication system which provides various multimedia applications along with the conventional
telephony service. These various multimedia applications fall into four different categories, which are
differentiated from each other on the basis of required bit rate and delay tolerance etc. parameters. In
order to get best Quality of Service (QoS) for a particular application running on the subscriber
equipment the parameters of the respective category to which the application belong need to be in a
required range. In this work the performance of a UMTS network scenario is evaluated by using various values of the precedence bits of the CBR application. The simulation tool used is QUALNET 5.0. The performance of the scenario according to the respective precedence bits is analyzed by four metrics: average jitter, end to end delay, throughput and UMTS signals received and forwarded to MAC. The comparative analysis of all the four metrics according to the precedence bit values will be carried out and it will be concluded in the last section that which precedence bit gives the best performance for the simulated UMTS network scenario.
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR QOS ASSESSMENT IN TETRA NETWORKSijmnct
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for assessing quality of service (QoS) in Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) networks. It introduces a set of KPIs that TETRA operators can use to evaluate whether their networks are meeting QoS requirements for public safety users. The document provides an overview of TETRA network architecture and features, including services, resource management, registration and mobility handling, and voice and data services. It emphasizes that QoS compliance is critical for TETRA networks due to the needs of public safety users.
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Security Enhancement in AODV Routing Protocol for MANETsidescitation
Adhoc networks are a new wireless networking paradigm for mobile hosts.
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks with absence of infrastructure
centralized support. Routing in MANETs is challenging task due to mobility of nodes.
Several routing protocols have been developed for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. This paper
describes concept of security enhancement in AODV routing protocol by detection and
tolerance of attacks using secure message transmission (SMT) protocol. Present AODV
routing protocol is not secure by malicious nodes. One main challenge in design of these
networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. In this paper we study how to make node
malicious and at same we will detect malicious node in AODV protocol using Network
Simulator-2(NS-2) tool.
Survey of Routing Scheme in MANET with Clustering TechniquesIJMER
This document provides an overview of routing schemes and clustering techniques in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses different routing protocols for MANETs including proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. Examples of proactive protocols mentioned are OLSR and DSDV, while reactive protocols include AODV and DSR. Hybrid protocols combine aspects of proactive and reactive routing, with examples being ZRP and CBRP. The document also surveys various clustering approaches for MANETs including location-based, neighbor-based, power-based, and mobility-based techniques. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different routing protocols and clustering methods.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document provides a literature review on topological planning of heterogeneous mobile networks in dense areas. It discusses the need for heterogeneous networks using a mix of macro, pico, femtocell and relay base stations. The network architecture is presented, including different types of base stations and their characteristics. Challenges of network planning in dense areas are also addressed, such as mitigating interference between indoor base stations and outdoor macrocells. Pathloss models and different interference scenarios are reviewed to understand their impact on network capacity and coverage optimization.
Modeling, Analysis, and Design of Multi-tier and Cognitive Cellular Wireless ...indonesiabelajar
Abstract: Multi-tier architecture with small cells such as femtocells, picocells, macrocells, and metrocells, overlaid with traditional macrocells is considered as a promising option to improve the network coverage and capacity of the next generation cellular wireless networks. Also, in such multi-tier networks, cognitive radio concepts will likely to be used by these small cells to improve the radio spectrum utilization. In this context, modeling, analysis, and design of multi-tier and cognitive cellular networks is increasingly attracting the attention of the research community. Recently, stochastic geometry models have been shown to provide tractable yet accurate performance bounds for multi-tier and cognitive cellular wireless networks. Given the need for interference characterization in multi-tier cellular networks, stochastic geometry models provide high potential to simplify their modeling and provide insights into their design. In this seminar, I will present a review of the stochastic geometry models for single-tier as well as multi-tier and cognitive cellular wireless networks. I will also present a taxonomy based on the target network model, the point process used, and the performance evaluation technique. To this end, I will discuss the open research challenges and future research directions.
Prof Ekram Hossain
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
1) The document discusses 4G communication architecture and its ability to support social networking. It describes technologies used in 4G like adaptive modulation and coding, adaptive hybrid ARQ, MIMO and OFDM that provide high speeds and quality of service.
2) The architecture of social networks is explained as having three layers: an application interface, middleware for services, and infrastructure. 4G networks can flexibly support social networking by allowing users to connect through various networks.
3) 4G is concluded to be well-suited to effectively construct social networking by integrating different networks and providing hardware, infrastructure, and services to social network members.
Roger Piqueras Jover's final project report discusses using mobile sensing and location-based services to address challenges in femtocell networks. The document introduces femtocell networks and their interference and synchronization issues. It then discusses how real-time location systems and mobile phones' sensor capabilities could be leveraged to help with femtocell coverage control and synchronization by determining femtocell locations from nearby mobile terminals' GPS coordinates and signals. The proposal aims to solve femtocell deployment challenges without hardware changes by taking advantage of existing mobile sensors.
The document discusses 4G mobile communications standards including WiMAX and LTE. It provides information on:
- IEEE 802.22 which uses white spaces in TV frequencies for wireless regional area networks.
- Requirements for 4G standards defined by ITU including peak speeds of 1Gbps.
- How early versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE did not meet the full 4G requirements but were still branded as 4G.
- Mobile WiMAX Release 2 and LTE Advanced promising speeds of 1Gbps in 2013.
Traffic Offloading Solutions: Femto, WiFi and Integrated Femto-WiFiShristi Pradhan
I provide a comprehensive overview on various traffic offloading solutions:
1. Femtocells, which provides the benefits of scalability, automatic configuration and self-optimization.
2. WiFi, widely available in homes and hotspots.
3. Integrating femto and WiFi together to reap the benefits of both femtocell and WiFi technology.
BER PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR WIMAX PHY LAYER UNDER DIFFERENT CHANNEL CONDITIONSijistjournal
This document summarizes the performance analysis of the physical (PHY) layer of WiMAX under different channel conditions. It provides details on the key components of WiMAX including the OFDM air interface, adaptive modulation and coding, and channel encoding. It also describes the simulation setup used to evaluate the PHY layer performance over varying wireless channel models.
: The requirements of the rapidly expanding
second and third generation mobile communication systems
place increasing demands on DSP algorithms and their
implementations. This paper presents a survey of the
implications of the new cellular system technology on the DSP
functionality and implementation of 1V DSP processors for
mobile systems. Modern cellular phones are placing
increasingly stringent demands on battery life and, therefore,
on the power dissipation of the embedded DSP circuitry.
At the same time, greater computational throughput is
being required of the DSP, for example to implement more
sophisticated speech and channel coding algorithms. Earlier
low-power DSPs have been reported. How-ever, further
improvements in power and performance are required. As is
well known, the demand for wireless communications has been
steadily increasing in recent years and the number of
subscribers in wireless systems is expected to grow also in the
future
The document discusses Personal Communication Services (PCS) and provides examples of different wireless communication systems, including cellular and cordless systems. It describes key aspects of cellular systems like Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), EIA/TIA IS-136, and EIA/TIA IS-95 standards. These include multiple access techniques, frequency bands, channel structures, features supported, and mobility management protocols. PCS networks integrate these wireless systems to provide mobile communication services connected to the public switched telephone network.
Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) Routing Protocols Analytical StudyIOSR Journals
This document provides an analytical study of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with definitions of MANETs and discusses their key characteristics including dynamic topology, limited energy/bandwidth, and security vulnerabilities. The document then examines the core functions and categories of MANET routing protocols. It analyzes several table-driven proactive protocols including DSDV and WRP, and on-demand reactive protocols including DSR, AODV, and TORA. Tables compare the protocols on metrics like routing structure, memory overhead, convergence time and advantages/disadvantages. The analysis found that different protocols have tradeoffs between overhead, adaptation to mobility, and scalability.
This document discusses device-to-device (D2D) communication in LTE networks. It describes how D2D allows direct communication between user equipments by bypassing the base station, addressing issues like network coverage, congestion control, and public safety. The document outlines the D2D communication process, including synchronization, discovery, and communication modes. It also describes the ProSe D2D network architecture and direct discovery procedure. D2D communication in LTE aims to improve network coverage, offer last mile connectivity, control congestion, and enable public safety communication during emergencies or disasters.
Wireless Mesh Networks Based on MBPSO Algorithm to Improvement Throughput IJECEIAES
1. The document discusses a study that aims to improve throughput in wireless mesh networks using a Modified Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (MBPSO) algorithm.
2. Wireless mesh networks rely on semi-static node configurations and paths that impact performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and throughput. Previous heuristic algorithms were summarized to identify a suitable approach.
3. The study adapts an MBPSO approach to improve throughput. Results showed throughput increased by 5.79% compared to previous work.
ASR-FANET: An adaptive SDN-based routing framework for FANET IJECEIAES
Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is widely used in many military, commercial and civilian applications. Compared with mobile adhoc network (MANET) and vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), FANET holds unique characteristics such as high mobility, intermittent links and frequent topology changes, which cause a challenging task in the design of routing protocols. A novel adaptive software defined networking (SDN)-based routing framework for FANET called ASR-FANET is proposed in this article to solve the above challenges. The ASR-FANET framework is mainly composed of three important parts, which are the topology discovery mechanism, statistics gathering mechanism and route computation mechanism. In topology discovery mechanism, the periodic information about network topology is collected, including nodes and links. In statistics gathering mechanism, the status of the wireless network connection and flight statistics are collected. In route computation mechanism, the optimal path is calculated based on link costs. The performance of ASR-FANET framework is also has been evaluated by comprehensive simulations. The simulation results show that proposed framework is much better than other traditional protocols in packet delivery fraction, average end to end delay, normalized routing load, packet loss and throughput.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Self-configuration Concept to Solve Physical Cell ID Conflict for SON LTE-bas...idescitation
Self Organizing Network (SON) which includes: Self-configuration, Self-
organization and Self-healing functions are the most important concepts for self-managing
heterogeneous network. However, the concept of self-configuration can be used to solve
various challenges in the femtocell deployment phase and also in the PCIs confusion and
collision problems. However, the proposed solutions for interference mitigation are not
satisfying and need further improvement. Two main reasons identified for this
unsatisfactory, firstly the small number of femtocells used in the simulation scenario which
can lead to high failure probability if applied under real enterprise environment , secondly;
the provided solutions discussed only part of the problem ,i.e. either in co-tier interference
or cross-tier interference but not both. Thus the need arises for stable solution which can
resolve the interference problem for both inter and intra scenarios. In addition among the
tree types of approaches used to solve collision and confusion problems the Nokia Siemens
approach was the best.
Performance Evaluation of QoS parameters in UMTS Network Using Qualnetijdpsjournal
A UMTS network based on the Wide Band-CDMA technology is a 3rd generation telecommunication system which provides various multimedia applications along with the conventional
telephony service. These various multimedia applications fall into four different categories, which are
differentiated from each other on the basis of required bit rate and delay tolerance etc. parameters. In
order to get best Quality of Service (QoS) for a particular application running on the subscriber
equipment the parameters of the respective category to which the application belong need to be in a
required range. In this work the performance of a UMTS network scenario is evaluated by using various values of the precedence bits of the CBR application. The simulation tool used is QUALNET 5.0. The performance of the scenario according to the respective precedence bits is analyzed by four metrics: average jitter, end to end delay, throughput and UMTS signals received and forwarded to MAC. The comparative analysis of all the four metrics according to the precedence bit values will be carried out and it will be concluded in the last section that which precedence bit gives the best performance for the simulated UMTS network scenario.
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR QOS ASSESSMENT IN TETRA NETWORKSijmnct
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for assessing quality of service (QoS) in Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) networks. It introduces a set of KPIs that TETRA operators can use to evaluate whether their networks are meeting QoS requirements for public safety users. The document provides an overview of TETRA network architecture and features, including services, resource management, registration and mobility handling, and voice and data services. It emphasizes that QoS compliance is critical for TETRA networks due to the needs of public safety users.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Security Enhancement in AODV Routing Protocol for MANETsidescitation
Adhoc networks are a new wireless networking paradigm for mobile hosts.
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks with absence of infrastructure
centralized support. Routing in MANETs is challenging task due to mobility of nodes.
Several routing protocols have been developed for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. This paper
describes concept of security enhancement in AODV routing protocol by detection and
tolerance of attacks using secure message transmission (SMT) protocol. Present AODV
routing protocol is not secure by malicious nodes. One main challenge in design of these
networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. In this paper we study how to make node
malicious and at same we will detect malicious node in AODV protocol using Network
Simulator-2(NS-2) tool.
Survey of Routing Scheme in MANET with Clustering TechniquesIJMER
This document provides an overview of routing schemes and clustering techniques in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses different routing protocols for MANETs including proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. Examples of proactive protocols mentioned are OLSR and DSDV, while reactive protocols include AODV and DSR. Hybrid protocols combine aspects of proactive and reactive routing, with examples being ZRP and CBRP. The document also surveys various clustering approaches for MANETs including location-based, neighbor-based, power-based, and mobility-based techniques. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different routing protocols and clustering methods.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document provides a literature review on topological planning of heterogeneous mobile networks in dense areas. It discusses the need for heterogeneous networks using a mix of macro, pico, femtocell and relay base stations. The network architecture is presented, including different types of base stations and their characteristics. Challenges of network planning in dense areas are also addressed, such as mitigating interference between indoor base stations and outdoor macrocells. Pathloss models and different interference scenarios are reviewed to understand their impact on network capacity and coverage optimization.
Modeling, Analysis, and Design of Multi-tier and Cognitive Cellular Wireless ...indonesiabelajar
Abstract: Multi-tier architecture with small cells such as femtocells, picocells, macrocells, and metrocells, overlaid with traditional macrocells is considered as a promising option to improve the network coverage and capacity of the next generation cellular wireless networks. Also, in such multi-tier networks, cognitive radio concepts will likely to be used by these small cells to improve the radio spectrum utilization. In this context, modeling, analysis, and design of multi-tier and cognitive cellular networks is increasingly attracting the attention of the research community. Recently, stochastic geometry models have been shown to provide tractable yet accurate performance bounds for multi-tier and cognitive cellular wireless networks. Given the need for interference characterization in multi-tier cellular networks, stochastic geometry models provide high potential to simplify their modeling and provide insights into their design. In this seminar, I will present a review of the stochastic geometry models for single-tier as well as multi-tier and cognitive cellular wireless networks. I will also present a taxonomy based on the target network model, the point process used, and the performance evaluation technique. To this end, I will discuss the open research challenges and future research directions.
Prof Ekram Hossain
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
Performance and statistical analysis of ant colony route in mobile ad-hoc ne...IJECEIAES
Research on mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is increasing in popularity due to its rapid, budget-friendly, and easily altered implementation, and relevance to emergencies such as forest firefighting and health care provisioning. The main concerns that ad-hoc networks face is dynamic topology, energy usage, packet drop rate, and throughput. Routing protocol selection is a critical point to surmount alterations in topology and maintain quality in MANET networks. The effectiveness of any network can be vastly enhanced with a well-designed routing protocol. In recent decades, standard MANET protocols have not been able to keep pace with growing demands for MANET applications. The current study investigates and contrasts ant colony optimization (ACO) with various routing protocols. This paper compares ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV), dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), and AntHocNet protocols regarding the quality of service (QoS) and statistical analysis. The current research aims to study the behavior of the state-of-the-art MANET protocols with the ACO technique. The ACO technique is a hybrid technique, integrating a reactive route maintaining technique with a proactive method. The reason and motivation for including the ACO algorithm in the current study is to improve by using optimization algorithms proved in other domains. The ACO algorithm appears to have substantial use in large-scale MANET simulation.
LTE technology evolved beyond 3G networks to meet increasing bandwidth and speed demands. 4G networks integrated technologies like GSM, CDMA, GPRS and IMT-2000 to offer data rates from 20-100 Mbps for high quality video. The key components of 4G architecture were the user equipment, E-UTRAN base stations, and Evolved Packet Core. 5G aims to provide super high capacity and ultra-high speeds using technologies like OFDM and cognitive radio across heterogeneous networks through 2020 and beyond.
This document provides an overview and comparative analysis of 5G MIMO antenna technologies. It begins with an introduction to 5G networks and MIMO antenna systems. The document then presents a literature review and comparative table summarizing 20 research papers on 5G MIMO antenna designs. The papers describe different antenna structures, materials, frequency bands, performance parameters, and applications for 5G networks including smartphones, base stations, and other devices. In conclusion, the document discusses how 5G will enhance digital growth, social and economic development through higher data rates and network capacity.
IRJET- Review Paper on Call Admission Control with Bandwidth Reservation Sche...IRJET Journal
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Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are characterized by multi-hop wireless links and
resource constrained nodes. One of the major challenges in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is
link failures due to mobility. Because nodes in a MANET act as routers for any ongoing packet
communication and have limited transmission ranges, the communication links are broken, and
packet losses occur. To improve network lifetime, energy balance is an important concern in such
networks. This paper concentrates on routing techniques which is the most challenging issue due to
the dynamic topology of ad hoc networks. There are different strategies proposed for efficient
routing which claimed to provide improved performance. There are different routing protocols
proposed for MANETs which makes it quite difficult to determine which protocol is suitable for
different network conditions .This paper provides an overview of different routing protocols.
Performance analysis of smart optimization antenna for wireless networks IJECEIAES
Antenna design has significantly advanced as a result of the widespread need for wireless communications and data substitution through wireless devices. The research article's goal is to provide a conceptual framework, difficulties, and opportunities for a source as well as a general overview of the antenna used in wireless communications applications. In this proposed research, we will go over a variety of topics related to mobile communication and fifth generation (5G) technologies, including its pros and benefits. A thorough comparison between the expected properties of the antennas and each generation, from 1 st generation (1G) to 5G, is also included. This article also provides an overview of the investigated 5G technologies and various antenna designs.
IRJET- Survey Paper on Performance Evaluation of 5G WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) Syste...IRJET Journal
This document provides a survey of research on evaluating the performance of 5G WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) systems using space time block coding techniques. It first introduces WiMAX and MIMO-OFDM technologies. It then discusses the IEEE 802.16 reference model and describes the use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and its advantages. The document also explains space time block coding and how it can achieve transmit diversity. Finally, it concludes that WiMAX-OFDM using space time block coding can operate with lower transmit power over longer distances while tolerating more interference.
IEEE 802 Standard Network’s Comparison under Grid and Random Node Arrangement...Eswar Publications
The IEEE 802 standard well-known as 802.11 called as Wi-Fi network, 802.15.4 called as ZigBee or sensor network and 802.15.1 called as Bluetooth network. The network such as ZigBee, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi works in 2.4 GHz ISM band. All the above networks works in same ISM band of 2.4 GHz, but the performance of the network varies. The performance of simulation depends upon the coverage area, data rates, and power consumption in each network. The heterogeneous network performances is evaluated with static and mobility model in random and grid node placement by varying the traffic loads of one CBR and with five CBR for each network. The
simulation result is compared in terms of jitter, average end to end delay and throughput to analyze the network performance in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. IEEE 802.11 network shows the low jitter and delay value with high throughput compared with sensor network.
Dynamic cluster based adaptive gateway discovery mechanisms in an integrated ...IAEME Publication
This document discusses dynamic cluster-based adaptive gateway discovery mechanisms for integrating mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) with the Internet. It begins by introducing the problem and outlines existing solutions. It then proposes a new architecture using dynamic clusters and mobile gateways. Key points of the proposed approach include dynamically adjusting the TTL value and periodicity of gateway advertisements based on network characteristics. The paper evaluates the approach through simulations in NS-2, finding it increases reliability and performance metrics like delivery ratio and delay. In conclusion, dynamic cluster-based gateways help provide reliable Internet access for MANET nodes with varying mobility.
Presentation of POPS-OFDM at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). Systematic waveform optimization for 5G applications and services. Rectangular and hexagonal/Quincunx time and frequency lattices. Unequal waveform durations at the transmitter and the receiver. Robustness to synchronization errors and misalignment in time and frequency.
The document discusses femtocell technology standards and deployments. Femtocells are small cellular base stations used to improve indoor wireless coverage. Standards have been developed by 3GPP, 3GPP2, WiMAX Forum, and others. Early femtocell deployments have faced some challenges with public concern over radiation levels and user reluctance to install new devices indoors. Mobile operators are investigating business models and technical trials to advance commercialization of the technology.
Establishment Network by Using FSO Link Based on MD Code for Hybrid SCM-SAC-O...IJECEIAES
Since the wireless systems are working under nature environments and influenced by turbulence, weather in Iraq that leads to extended amount of fading signal, dissipation or attenuation. Basic “hybrid Subcarrier Multiplying Spectral Amplitude Coding (SCM-SAC) of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA)" indoor or outdoor optical system depends on generally “Multi-Diagonal (MD)" security code by using optical space known as “Free Space Optic (FSO)" that was proposed in this work. It is found that the mention hybrid wireless systems can be used in operating mesh networks. The main proposed idea of hybrid optical technique was analyzed and simulated by normally taking into simulation account that the directly effecting by rain and haze attenuations. In addition, there are mention and description for atmospheric effects, FSO mesh network, modulation scheme, simulation, and the data security. From simulation results, the hybrid system using MD code produces reduced “bit-error rate (BER)" at heavy storm rain to distance or range of 500 m and at drizzle rain up to 2500 m range. And also investigates the performance of using the proposed system with radio over fiber (RoF) for UWB signals through indoor propagation in building applications of wireless channel.
Design and development broadband monopole antenna for in-door applicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes the broadband monopole antenna refers to a signal
wideband of the frequencies, which can be divided the signal into channels of
the frequency bins. Aim this paper to design and development broadband
monopole antenna. The monopole antenna was designed by adding slot to
the radiated patch antenna with a single feed line, which reduced the size and
the design complexity. A rectangular patch antenna was presented using feed
line to decrease the ground plane with a suitable gap distance. The broadband
monopole antenna was designed with a frequency range of 800 MHz – 3 GHz,
with Bandwidth 0.66 (dB), reflection coefficients and return loss.
The frequency-dependent characteristic impedance was included. It can be
used in various broadband applications in used commercially for various
communication systems such as 4G (LTE), WiMAX and WLAN (LTE),
remote sensing, biomedical, and mobile wireless. Apart from that, this
technology is environment-friendly; an antenna which consists of reception
and transmission. The antenna is simulated by using computer simulation
(CST) software; using FR-4 substrate of 4.4 permittivity thickness 1.6 mm and
loss tangent of 0.025. The measurement result is accepted with simulation
result, proving the acceptable broadband operation for this proposed structure.
A simulation study of wi max based communication system using deliberately cl...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A simulation study of wi max based communication system using deliberately cl...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using deliberate clipping. It begins with an introduction to WiMAX technology and OFDM. It then discusses the PAPR problem in OFDM systems and different techniques to reduce PAPR, including signal scrambling and signal distortion methods. It focuses on deliberate clipping as a simple method to limit PAPR by distorting the signal before amplification. The document presents a simulation of an OFDM system using deliberate clipping at the Nyquist sampling rate to investigate its effect on bit error rate performance compared to an unclipped system.
This document describes a simulation of 3D base station positioning in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks to locate subscribers. The simulation randomly generates 3 base station locations with x, y, and z coordinates and calculates the timing advance values from each station to estimate the subscriber's position. It analyzes the average and standard deviation errors between estimated and actual positions over multiple simulations. The results show the potential for LTE networks to accurately locate subscribers using timing advance information from multiple base stations.
This document discusses radio frequency (RF) planning and optimization for 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular networks. It begins with an overview of LTE network architecture and physical layer, including the use of frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD). Propagation modeling and cell planning considerations are then covered, such as coverage, cell types, diversity techniques and antenna arrays. The chapter also addresses link budgeting, field measurements, network performance parameters, and postdeployment optimization. The goal of the document is to explain the key aspects of RF planning and design that are essential for deploying and optimizing LTE networks.
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Worldwide standardization of_femtocells_final
1. Rashid A. Saeed
International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
Bharat S. Chaudhari
International Institute of Information Technology, India
Rania A. Mokhtar
Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan
Femtocell
Communications and
Technologies:
Business Opportunities and
Deployment Challenges
4. 16
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
bodies responsible for the principal 3G and 4G
technologies addressed the distinct challenges
of incorporating femtocells into their respective
network architectures.
BACKGROUND
The predominant 3G/4G mobile technologies
defined by 3GPP, 3GPP2 and WiMAXTM 2
Forum
comprise both radio access and core network
components.While functionality is often roughly
equivalentamongcomparableentitiesbetweenthe
three standards bodies, the terminology they use
often varies. Figure 1 andTable 1 depict a generic
architectureandterminologyforfemtocell-related
mobile network entities, and the corresponding
terminology specific to each of the respective
standards bodies.
Mobile telecommunications standards are
interface-oriented – standards define how an
entity (or network element) interacts with other
entities in the network, with less emphasis placed
(by design) on specific characteristics of how an
entityisimplemented.Forexample,mobilephones
are available from many manufacturers in a wide
variety of forms, functions and styles, but they
must all interoperate with the mobile network
base stations (which themselves are provided by
multiple vendors) over a clearly specified radio
interface. Table 2 shows terminology regarding
femtocell-related mobile network interfaces spe-
cific to each of the respective standards bodies:
A mobile network base station has two prin-
cipal interfaces: a radio interface for interaction
with mobile phones, and an interface with the
mobile core network (note that the interface with
the core network may take many physical forms
and may support a variety of logical interfaces
for carrying control plane and user plane data).
The same is true for a femtocell. Unlike a tradi-
tional cellular network base station, though, a
femtocell is intended to be deployed on the cus-
tomer premise, to be largely or entirely self-
configuring, and to interconnect with the mobile
corenetworkoverasharedbroadbandconnection.
Furthermore, because a femtocell is designed to
cover only a small geographic area (e.g., 30-300
m2
) it is reasonable to anticipate that the number
of femtocells that might be deployed within the
geographic service area of a typical 3G Mobile
Switching Center (MSC) will be several orders
Figure 1. Generic mobile network architecture (with femtocell)
5. 17
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
of magnitude greater than the number of tradi-
tional base stations (e.g., 106
femtocells versus
102
or 103
base stations). However, an MSC in
the incumbent 3G networks is capable of unique-
ly addressing only 65,535 base stations – the
resultofhavingonlya2-octetaddressfield.These
distinguishing characteristics of a femtocell pose
newproblemswhenattemptingtodefinestandard-
ized solutions that incorporate femtocells into
existing network architectures, on both the radio
and core network interfaces.
Core Network
Femtocells became feasible as a result of widely
available broadband connections (e.g., DSL,
cable), which provide sufficient capacity and
QoS (Quality of Service) to make the backhaul
interfacefromthecustomerpremisetothemobile
core network a realistic possibility. The ability
to physically connect a femtocell to the mobile
core network is not all that is needed, though.The
following areas must also be addressed within
the core network – whether in standards or in a
proprietary manner – in order for femtocells to
be effectively deployed.
Limitations in Existing 3G Radio
Access Network (RAN) Interfaces
The first problem is the address space available
in 3G networks to uniquely identify an individual
cell. Cell Identity (CI) is a 16-bit value in both
3GPPUTRAN(TS23.003,Release8)and3GPP2
(A.S0014-D, 2009). Neither 3GPP E-UTRAN
nor WiMAX have this problem; the E-UTRAN
Cell Identity (ECI) is a 28-bit value (TS 23.003,
Release 8) and the WiMAX BSID (Base Sta-
Table 1. Mobile network entity terminology
Entity 3GPP Term 3GPP2 Term WiMAX™
Term
Base Station Node B / eNode B* Base Station (BS) Base Station (BS)
Femto Gateway HNB-Gateway
(HNB-GW)
Femtocell Convergence Server
(FCS) / Femtocell Gateway (FGW)
Femto Gateway
(Fe-GW)
Femto Management
System
HNB Management System
(HMS)
Femtocell Management System (FMS) WFAP Management System
Femtocell Home Node B (HNB)
Home eNode B* (HeNB)
Femtocell Access Point (FAP) WiMAX Femtocell Access
Point (WFAP)
Mobile Phone User Equipment (UE) Mobile Station (MS) Mobile Station (MS)
Radio Network Control-
ler
Radio Network Controller
(RNC)
Base Station Controller (BSC) Access Service Network
Gateway** (ASN-GW)
Security Gateway SeGW SeGW Se-GW
Subscriber Group Closed Subscriber Group
(CSG)
Access Control List (ACL) Closed Subscriber Group
(CSG)
* eNode B is the term used for an E-UTRAN (LTE) Node B (E-UTRAN has no architectural equivalent for RNC)
** the ASN-GW is not strictly analogous to an RNC/BSC but is shown here for completeness
Table 2. Network interface terminology
Interface 3GPP Term 3GPP2 Term WiMAX Term
Femtocell-to-
Femto Gateway
Iuh Fx2 R6-F
Radio/Air Interface Uu Um R1
6. 18
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
tion Identifier) is a globally unique 48-bit value
(WMF-T32-001-R015v01, 2009). The difficulty
in 3G arises in identifying the desired target cell
duringhandover,bothintra-RAN(withinthesame
MSC) and inter-system (between MSCs, since
the same 16-bit value is used in the intersystem
MobileApplication Part protocol). If there are 220
femtocells connected to the Femto Gateway and
only 216
addresses available, how can a cell be
uniquely identified? This problem extends to the
radio interface as well, because individual femto-
cells cannot always be unambiguously identified
using existing radio interface protocols.
The second problem is one of scaling, because
the stateful Transport Layer protocols used in the
3GRANtocarrycontrolplaneanduserplanedata
betweentheBSandRNCsupportanevensmaller
number of connections (generally on the order of
214
, and in practice even fewer given that legacy
implementations did not envision supporting the
numberofconnectionsthatarelikelyinfemtocell
deployments).
Femtocell Security
This area is of paramount concern to Mobile
Network Operators (MNOs), in terms of both
authenticating each femtocell device that may
be connected to the mobile core network autono-
mously (i.e., by the customer) and ensuring the
integrityofthedatasenttoandfromthefemtocell
over the shared broadband connection. Here the
standardsbodiesconvergedonacommonarchitec-
turalapproach,introducinga“SecurityGateway”
networkelementtoauthenticatethefemtocelland
through which all femtocell traffic is routed using
asecuretunnelingprotocol(basedontheIPsecand
IKEv2 protocols that are widely used for Virtual
Private Network and other conventional security
gateway applications).
Femtocell Provisioning
Radio network engineering is a highly special-
ized discipline; connecting a new cell to a mobile
network is a complex undertaking. It would be
unrealistic to expect each user of a femtocell to be
responsibleforprogrammingalloftheinformation
needed in order for the femtocell to successfully
operate on the network of their MNO, and it
would be equally unrealistic for the MNO to at-
tempttopre-configureeachfemtocell(effectively
tailoring it to just one customer). Similarly, the
overheadofdispatchingatrainedtechniciantothe
customer premise to install the femtocell would
be prohibitive for the MNO. Thus, it is desirable
to have a means of automating the configuration
process with the objective of providing a “plug-
and-play” experience to the end-user. Here also
the standards bodies converged on a common
approach, working with the BBF to develop a
femtocell-specific data model for use with the
CPE(CustomerPremiseEquipment)WAN(Wide
Area Network) Management Protocol (TR-069
Amendment 2, 2007).
Traffic Offload and Local
Network Access
While femtocells enable more convenient use of
the mobile device (by providing a more reliable
end-user experience), the increase has a down-
side for the MNO: higher load on mobile core
networkresources,especiallywithrespecttodata
servicesthatcanoperateathigherdataratesmade
possible by the improved radio signal. Since a
significant percentage of such data traffic may be
terminating beyond the mobile core network it is
advantageous to consider routing some or all of it
away from the mobile core. There are a number
of points at which data traffic diversion can occur
7. 19
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
(e.g., femtocell, femto gateway). This capability
is referred to generally as Selected IP Traffic
Offload (SIPTO), and the role of standardization
is to enable MNO control of mobility and policy
aspects of data traffic associated with the mobile
device. Two other network-oriented possibilities
are enabled by the presence of a femtocell on the
customer premise (assuming the femtocell is also
connectedtoaseparateIPnetworkonthecustomer
premise): the mobile device can be enabled to
access resources on the local IP network (e.g.,
printer) while connected to the femtocell, and the
mobile device can be enabled to access resources
on the local IP network (interconnected with the
femtocell) while connected to the macro cellular
network. The former service is generally referred
to as Local IP Access (LIPA) and the latter as
Remote IP Access (RIPA).
Radio Interface
A significant part of the appeal of femtocells is
that existing mobile phones can interoperate with
them without modification and without requiring
the mobile phone user to change operating modes
ortoinstallandrunaclientapplication.However,
the end-user benefits of a femtocell can be further
enhanced (beyond merely increasing the radio
signal strength) by modifying radio interface
signaling to make the mobile phone “femtocell-
aware.”Initialattentionwithinthestandardsbod-
ies has focused on two major areas with respect
to the radio interface for femtocells, as follows.
Access Control
Theideaofrestrictingaccesstoacellularbasesta-
tiononaper-userbasisisnotlimitedtofemtocells,
but it takes on new urgency when one considers
thatafemtocellsupportsonlyalimitednumberof
users concurrently and that the customer is likely
to be providing the backhaul to the mobile core
network(viathesharedbroadbandconnection).In
such a scenario the customer may wish to restrict
(or close) access to the femtocell to specific users
(e.g., family members or company employees)
so its limited resources are available for them
and not being occupied by nearby neighbors or
passers-by.Ofcourse,somecustomersmaywishto
provide open access to a femtocell – as a business
inducement, or for some other reason. However,
controlling femtocell access without modifying
radio interface signaling to facilitate interaction
with the mobile phone would be cumbersome at
best (and essentially impracticable).
Handover
Three variations of handover must be considered
with the addition of femtocells into the mobile
network:femto-to-macro(or“hand-out”),macro-
to-femto (or “hand-in”) and femto-to-femto
(which is further divided into handovers within
the same femto gateway and handovers between
different gateways). Each scenario has specific
challenges, and to date only “hand-out” has been
fullyaddressedbythestandardsbodies.Whilethe
limitationsonCellIdentitydiscussedabovemake
“hand-in” particularly challenging, 3G femto-to-
femtohandovercanbefacilitatedwithoutimpact-
ing the legacy mobile core network.
Further enhancements to the radio interface
are likely, although network enhancements that
enablethedeliveryofvalue-addedserviceswithin
the femto “zone” are drawing the most attention
as of this writing.
3GPP (UTRAN, E-UTRAN)
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
is not a legal entity but is a collaborative activity
begun in 1998 between the following recognized
Standards Development Organizations (SDOs):
ARIB(Japan),ATIS(USA),CCSA(China),ETSI
(Europe), TTA (Korea), and TTC (Japan). The
member SDOs of 3GPP are referred to as Orga-
nizational Partners (OPs). The scope of 3GPP is
8. 20
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
toprepare,approveandmaintainTechnicalSpeci-
fications and Technical Reports for a 3G Mobile
System based on evolved GSM core networks
and the radio access technologies they support
(UTRAN, GSM, GPRS, EDGE), as well as their
longtermevolution,whichtheOPstransposeinto
standards. 3GPPis headquartered in SophiaAnti-
polis,France.(3GPPWorkingProcedures,2010).
3GPP consists of a Project Coordination
Group(PCG)andTechnicalSpecificationGroups
(TSGs). The PCG is the highest decision making
body in 3GPP and oversees the formation and
operation of the TSGs. The TSGs are responsible
fordevelopmentoftechnicalspecifications(within
their respective terms of reference, or scope) and
are self-organized into Working Groups (WGs)
whichaddressspecifictopics(again,withinterms
of reference specific to each WG). The number
of TSGs is dynamic; the following four TSGs are
active at the time of this writing: TSG CT (Core
Networks and Terminals), TSG GERAN (GSM
EDGE Radio Access Network), TSG RAN (Ra-
dio Access Networks), and TSG SA (Service &
Systems Aspects). Tables 3 and 4 list the TS and
TRdocumentstodatewhichhavebeendeveloped
specifically for femtocells and those which have
femtocell-related modifications, respectively.
3GPP follows a system of parallel “releases”
wherein each release comprises new and updated
documents necessary to implement an agreed set
of new features required by the market. Since
2001 the system releases of 3GPP have been
numbered sequentially (starting with Release-4)
with the release number tied to the calendar year
in which major development work is completed
(e.g., Release-8 = 2008). Thus, it can be inferred
from Tables 3 and 4 that the majority of 3GPP
development activity related to femtocells took
place in 2008 and 2009 (and in reality began in
earnestin 2007).The principalimpacton existing
specifications resulted from incorporating the
Closed Subscriber Group (CSG) access control
mechanismintotheinitialrelease(Release-8)that
supports femtocells.
UTRAN (W-CDMA)
Femtocell Architecture
The 3GPP UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom-
municationsSystem)comprisestheCoreNetwork
and UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess
Network), as shown in Figure 2.The UTRAN has
a hierarchical architecture which consists of a set
of Radio Network Subsystems (Radio Network
Controller and one or more Node Bs connected
through the Iub interface) that are connected to
the Core Network through the Iu interface (TS
25.401, Release-8).
Femtocells are incorporated into the 3GPP
UTRAN in a straightforward manner consistent
with the above architecture. Figure 2b shows the
network elements that comprise the HNB (Home
NodeB) Subsystem, as well as the Iuh interface
that connects the HNB and HNB-GW (Home
NodeBGateway).TheHNBisalow-powerNode
B intended for deployment in a home (e.g., resi-
dential) environment. One HNB serves only one
cell. The HNB-GW serves the purpose of the
RNC, presenting itself to the Core Network as a
concentratorofHNBconnections.TheIuinterface
from the HNB-GW to the CN (Figure 3) serves
the same purpose as the Iu interface between the
CN and RNC (Figure 2). The Security Gateway
(SeGW) is a logically separated entity and may
be implemented either as a separate physical ele-
mentorintegratedinto,forexample,theHNB-GW.
The HNB Management System (HMS) is a new
network element that facilitates HNB-GW dis-
covery,provisionsconfigurationdatatotheHNB,
and performs Location verification of the HNB
and assigns appropriate serving elements (HMS,
SeGW and HNB-GW) (TS 25.467, Release-8).
The advantages of this approach are most
readily apparent in the architectural consistency
between the RNS (Radio Network Subsystem)
and the HNB Subsystem – the HNB Subsystem
appearstotheCoreNetworklikeanexistingRNS,
making it possible to reuse existing network ele-
mentandprotocolimplementationstoasignificant
9. 21
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
degree. Two lightweight protocols are defined to
support interaction between the HNB and HNB-
GW over the Iuh interface. RUA (RANAP User
Adaption)providestransparenttransportofexist-
ing Iu RANAP (Radio Access Network Applica-
tion Part, defined in TS 25.413) messages (TS
25.468, Release-8). HNBAP (HNB Application
Part)providescontrolandmanagementprocedures
for HNB and UE registration (TS 25.469, Re-
lease-8).
The price of this architectural consistency,
however, is that the HNB Subsystem inherits
existinglimitationsoftheRNS.TheUTRANC-id
(Cell Identifier) is used to uniquely identify a cell
within an RNS/BSS (TS 25.401, Release-8). C-id
isa16-bitvaluethatisequivalenttothe2-octetCI
(Cell Identity) described in TS 23.003 (discussed
earlier). Thus, a single HNB-GW is capable of
uniquely addressing up to only 65,535 (216
- 1)
HNBs within the limitations of the standard (of
course, proprietary methods may be utilized to
extend the addressing capacity of the HNB-GW).
On a similar note, the Iu RANAP uses one SCCP
(Signalling Connection Control Part) signaling
connectionperactiveUEandCNforthetransferof
layer 3 messages (TS 25.410, Release-8).While a
numberofaddressingschemesarepossibleforthe
SCCP,thetypicaladdressingschemeinvolvesuse
Table 3. 3GPP femtocell-specific documents
Number Release Title WG
TS 22.220 Rel-9 Service requirements for Home Node B (HNB) and Home eNode B (HeNB) SA1
TR 23.829 Rel-10 Local IP Access & Selected IP Traffic Offload (LIPA-SIPTO) SA2
TR 23.830 Rel-9 Architecture aspects of Home Node B (HNB) / Home enhanced Node B (HeNB) SA2
TR 23.832 Rel-10 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) aspects of architecture for Home Node B (HNB); Stage 2 SA2
TS 25.367 Rel-8 Mobility procedures for Home Node B (HNB); Overall description; Stage 2 RAN2
TS 25.444 Rel-9 Iuh data transport RAN3
TS 25.467 Rel-8 UTRAN architecture for 3G Home Node B (HNB); Stage 2 RAN3
TS 25.468 Rel-8 UTRAN Iuh Interface RANAP User Adaption (RUA) signalling RAN3
TS 25.469 Rel-8 UTRAN Iuh interface Home Node B (HNB) Application Part (HNBAP) signalling RAN3
TR 25.820 Rel-8 3G Home Node B (HNB) study item Technical Report RAN4
TR 25.967 Rel-8 Home Node B (HNB) Radio Frequency (RF) requirements (FDD) RAN4
TS 32.582 Rel-8 Telecommunication management; Home Node B (HNB) Operations, Administration, Main-
tenance and Provisioning (OAM&P); Information model for Type 1 interface HNB to HNB
Management System (HMS)
SA5
TS 32.583 Rel-8 Telecommunication management; Home Node B (HNB) Operations, Administration, Main-
tenance and Provisioning (OAM&P); Procedure flows for Type 1 interface HNB to HNB
Management System (HMS)
SA5
TS 32.592 Rel-9 Telecommunication management; Home enhanced Node B (HeNB) Operations, Adminis-
tration, Maintenance and Provisioning (OAM&P); Information model for Type 1 interface
HeNB to HeNB Management System (HeMS)
SA5
TS 32.593 Rel-9 Telecommunication management; Home enhanced Node B (HeNB) Operations, Administra-
tion, Maintenance and Provisioning (OAM&P); Procedure flows for Type 1 interface HeNB
to HeNB Management System (HeMS)
SA5
TR 32.821 Rel-9 Telecommunication management; Study of Self-Organizing Networks (SON) related Opera-
tions, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) for Home Node B (HNB)
SA5
TS 33.320 Rel-9 Security of Home Node B (HNB) / Home evolved Node B (HeNB) SA3
TR 33.820 Rel-8 Security of Home Node B (HNB) / Home evolved Node B (HeNB) SA3
10. 22
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
Table 4. 3GPP femtocell-affected documents
Number Release Title WG
TS 22.011 Rel-8 Service accessibility
(NOTE: HNB-specific content moved to TS 22.220 in Release-9)
SA1
TS 23.122 Rel-8 Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) functions related to Mobile Station (MS) in idle mode CT1
TS 24.008 Rel-8 Mobile radio interface Layer 3 specification; Core network protocols; Stage 3 CT1
TS 24.301 Rel-8 Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved Packet System (EPS); Stage 3 CT1
TS 25.304 Rel-8 User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode and procedures for cell reselection in
connected mode
RAN2
TS 25.331 Rel-8 Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification RAN2
TS 29.002 Rel-8 Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification CT4
TS 29.272 Rel-8 Mobility Management Entity (MME) and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) related
interfaces based on Diameter protocol
CT4
TS 36.300 Rel-8 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2
RAN2
TS 36.304 Rel-8 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) proce-
dures in idle mode
RAN2
TS 36.331 Rel-8 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC);
Protocol specification
RAN2
TS 44.018 Rel-8 GSM Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification; Radio Resource Control (RRC)
protocol
GERAN2
TS 44.060 Rel-8 GPRS Mobile Station (MS) - Base Station System (BSS) interface;
Radio Link Control / Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) protocol
GERAN2
TS 45.008 Rel-8 GSM Radio subsystem link control GERAN1
TS 48.008 Rel-9 GSM Mobile Switching Centre - Base Station system (MSC-BSS) interface; Layer 3
specification
GERAN2
TS 48.018 Rel-9 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Base Station System (BSS) - Serving GPRS Sup-
port Node (SGSN); BSS GPRS protocol (BSSGP)
GERAN2
Figure 2. Iu interface architecture (TS 25.410, Release-8)
11. 23
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
of the 14-bit SPC (Signalling Point Code) (ITU-T
Q.713, 2001). SCCP connections in the RANAP
are not persistent, but an HNB-GW using SPC-
based addressing is still limited to 16,383 (214
- 1)
simultaneous connections between the CN and
UEs served by HNBs underneath that HNB-GW.
Handover also poses significant challenges.
Soft handover to or from an HNB is not yet
supported in any circumstance. Hard handover
from an HNB to a macrocell is supported (since
macrocellscanbeunambiguouslyidentifiedusing
Cell Global Identification), but handover from a
macrocell to an HNB is not yet supported (due
principally to cell address limitations discussed
earlier).MobilitywithintheHNB-GW(i.e.,HNB-
to-HNB hard handover) is under investigation,
but has recently been deferred to Release-10 and
has not been addressed in the specifications as
of this writing.
The architecture for the HMS (HNB Manage-
ment System) is shown in Figure 4. The HMS
is composed of a TR-069 manager and a file
server.TheTR-069managerimplementstheAuto-
Configuration Server function as defined in the
TR-069standardandperformsCM(Configuration
Management), FM (Fault Management) and PM
(PerformanceManagement)functionalitiestothe
HNB (see Figure 5). The file server may be used
for file upload or download, as instructed by the
TR-069 manager (TS 32.583, Release-8).
Note: The term “Type 1 interface” refers to
the interface between a 3GPP NE (Network Ele-
ment) and EM (Element Manager) (TS 32.101,
Release-8).
IMS Support for HNB
(GERAN/UTRAN)
The vast majority of work done on femtocells in
3GPP to date has been to ensure interoperation
with the CS (Circuit Switched) and PS (Packet
Switched) domains of the Core Network. Signifi-
cantinteresthasalsobeenexpressedinsupporting
HNBinteroperationwiththeIMS(IPMultimedia
Subsystem) on behalf of non-IMS-capable UEs
with the goal of offloading CS traffic to the IMS.
A study was undertaken in 2009 to identify a
suitable architecture that would enable an IMS-
capable HNB Subsystem to use the IMS for CS
UEs. Note: An IMS-capable UE would be able
to access the IMS without intervention from the
HNB Subsystem, so long as the HNB Subsystem
provided PS access.
TheIMSusesSIP(SessionInitiationProtocol,
described in IETF RFC 3261) as the signaling
mechanism to establish multimedia sessions (in-
cluding voice) over an IP-based core network. In
theIMStheSIPUAC(UserAgentClient)ordinar-
ily resides in the UE and communicates with SIP
serversintheoperatornetwork.However,thegoal
of the “IMS HNB” study was to provide access to
Figure 3. Iuh reference model (TS 25.467, Release-8)
12. 24
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
the IMS for legacy UEs that are not IMS-capable.
Therefore, the central architectural question was
wheretheinterworkingbetweenCS-specificNAS
(Non-AccessStratum)signalingandSIPsignaling
would take place (i.e., where the SIPUAC would
reside if not in the UE).
A total of six alternatives are presented in
the final report, with placement of the SIP UAC
proposed for the HNB (Alternative #6 and #8),
HNB-GW (Alternative #4 and #7) or a separate
IWF (Interworking Function, Alternative #1 and
#2)(TR23.832,Release-10).PlacingtheSIPUAC
intheHNB–whichresidesonthecustomerprem-
ise–wasseenaspresentingtoogreatasecurityrisk
(i.e.,oftheHNBdevicebeingcompromised),and
these alternatives were tabled for possible future
consideration. The conclusion was that Alterna-
tive #2 (shown in Figure 6) is recommended as
the IMS HNB solution for Release-10.
Figure 4. Architecture for HNB management (TS 32.583, Release-8)
Figure 5. Provisioning procedure for HNB (TS 25.467, Release-8)
13. 25
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
“ThisalternativeenhancestheHNBSubsystem
with IMS functionality by re-using the IMS Cen-
tralised Service Approach (ICS) already defined
in Rel-8 TS 23.292. The IMS functionality (i.e.
SIP UA) is provided by the IWF which contains
thefunctionsequivalenttoMSCServerenhanced
for ICS. Neither the UE, or the HNB [sic] or the
HNB GW [sic] needs to be enhanced by IMS
specific functions. The ICS IWF is connected via
Iu-cs reference point to the HNB GW and reuses
I2 and I3 from TS 23.292 for interworking to
IMS.” (TR 23.832, Release-10). While a stand-
alone physical implementation of the ICS IWF is
certainly feasible, the practical effect of this deci-
sion is to require the presence of a CS-domain
MSC Server enhanced for ICS in order to achieve
offload of 3G CS traffic to the IMS.
E-UTRAN (LTE) Femtocell
Architecture
E-UTRAN(EvolvedUTRAN)istheevolutionof
the 3G UMTS radio access technology toward a
high-data-rate,low-latencyandpacket-optimized
radio access network. The E-UTRAN radio in-
terface is commonly referred to as LTE (Long
Term Evolution). In conjunction with LTE, 3GPP
initiatedtheSystemArchitectureEvolution(SAE)
project which defined the Evolved Packet Core
(EPC) to accommodate high-speed LTE access.
Figure 7 shows the E-UTRAN architecture and a
simplifiedviewoftheEPC.Note:TheE-UTRAN
does not have an interface with the UMTS CS
domain; IMS services are accessed through the
PDN Gateway (P-GW), which is not shown in
Figure 7.
The E-UTRAN consists of eNBs (evolved
NodeB), which are interconnected with one an-
other by the X2 interface (to support handover)
and with the EPC by the S1 interface (for control
plane and user plane traffic). More specifically,
each eNB is connected to the MME (Mobility
Management Entity) by the S1-MME interface
and to the S-GW (Serving Gateway) by the S1-U
interface. The S1 interface supports a many-to-
manyrelationbetweenMMEs/S-GWsandeNBs
(TR 36.300, Release-8).
Femtocells are incorporated into the 3GPP E-
UTRAN in a straightforward manner consistent
with the above architecture (more so than in the
Figure 6. IMS capable HNB subsystem using ICS (TR 23.832, Release-10)
14. 26
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
UTRAN since femtocells were a consideration
during the initial design). Figure 8 shows the
networkelementsthatcomprisetheHeNB(Home
eNodeB) Subsystem.
The functions supported by the HeNB are the
same as those supported by the eNB, and the
procedures run between the HeNB and the EPC
are the same as those between the eNB and the
EPC. The E-UTRAN architecture may deploy an
optional HeNB GW (Home eNodeB Gateway) to
allow the S1 interface between the HeNB and the
EPCtoscaletosupportalargenumberofHeNBs.
The HeNB GW serves as a concentrator for the
controlplane,specificallytheS1-MMEinterface.
The S1-U interface from the HeNB may be ter-
minated at the HeNB GW, or a direct logical user
planeconnectionbetweentheHeNBandtheS-GW
maybeused.Theconfigurationandauthentication
entities (i.e., SeGW, HeMS) should be common
to HeNBs and HNBs. (TS 36.300, Release-8).
The HeNB GW appears to the MME as an
eNB. The HeNB GW appears to the HeNB as an
MME.TheS1interfacebetweentheHeNBandthe
EPC is the same whether the HeNB is connected
to the EPC via a HeNB GW or not. In effect, the
HeNB is architecturally indistinguishable from
the eNB in the EPC. However, the X2 interface
is not supported between HeNBs; this is true as of
this writing and through Release-10. (TS 36.300,
Release-8). Thus, handover from HeNB to eNB
(hand-out) and from eNB to HeNB (hand-in) are
supported (because the mobility anchor changes
fromoneMMEtoanother),buthandoverbetween
HeNBs is still under investigation.
Figure 7. S1 interface architecture (TS 36.410, Release-8)
Figure 8. E-UTRAN HeNB logical architecture (TS 36.300, Release-8)
15. 27
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
3GPP2 (CDMA2000®3
1X / HRPD)
The3rdGenerationPartnershipProject2(3GPP2)
is not a legal entity but is a collaborative activity
begun in 1999 between the following recognized
Standards Development Organizations (SDOs):
ARIB (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (USA), TTA
(Korea), and TTC (Japan). The member SDOs of
3GPP2 are referred to as Organizational Partners
(OPs). The scope of 3GPP2 is to produce Tech-
nical Specifications and Technical Reports for a
3rd Generation and beyond Mobile System based
on the evolving ANSI-41 Core Network and the
relevant radio access technologies, which are
transposed by the OPs into standards. 3GPP2 is
headquarteredinWashington,DC,USA.(3GPP2
Working Procedures, 2010).
3GPP2 consists of a Steering Committee (SC)
and Technical Specification Groups (TSGs). The
3GPP2 SC is analogous to the 3GPP PCG, and
the3GPP2TSGsareequivalententitieswhichare
organizedinmuchthesamefashionastheir3GPP
counterparts. The number of TSGs is dynamic;
the following four TSGs are active at the time
of this writing: TSG-A (Access Network Inter-
faces),TSG-C(cdma2000),TSG-S(Servicesand
Systems Aspects), and TSG-X (Core Networks).
Table 5 lists the specifications and reports which
have been developed and/or modified to date for
femtocells.
3GPP2 does not follow a formal schedule of
system releases as does 3GPP, but the Steering
Committee periodically publishes a “System
Release Guide” (the SC.R2xxx series of reports)
that describes new features and the associated
documents in which the features are implement-
ed. Documents published by 3GPP2 follow a
reasonably straightforward naming convention:
“T.Dxxxx-R,” where T represents the publishing
TSG (or SC), D represents the document type
(S=specification, R=report, P=project under de-
velopment), xxxx is an assigned number, and R
is the document revision (“0” for initial publica-
tion, letters of the alphabet starting with “A”
represent subsequent revisions).
cdma2000 1x Femtocell Architecture
TheANSI-41CoreNetworkisconceptuallysimi-
lar to the 3G UMTS Circuit-Switched domain,
with many equivalent network elements (e.g.,
MSC, HLR) (see Figure 9)
The principal difference between the UMTS
femtocell architecture and the cdma2000 1x fem-
tocell architecture (for voice services) is that SIP/
IMS is used between the FAP (Femtocell Access
Point) and the FCS (Femtocell Convergence
Server) for signaling and RTP (Real-time Trans-
port Protocol) is used between the femtocell and
theMGW(MediaGateway)forIP-basedtransport
ofbearerdata.Thisarchitectureprovideseffective
offloadoffemtocelltrafficfromthelegacycircuit-
switched network, and also provides scaling
benefits by avoiding the cell address limitations
(discussed previously) inherent in the legacy 3G
RANarchitecture.TheFMS(FemtocellManage-
ment System) is architecturally similar to the
3GPPHMSandprovidesequivalentfunctionality.
cdma2000 HRPD Femtocell
Architecture
The cdma2000 HRPD (High Rate Packet Data,
also referred to as EV-DO) network is conceptu-
ally similar to the 3G UMTS Packet-Switched
domain. cdma2000 1x and HRPD services are
provided over separate RF carriers, so cdma2000
femtocellsmayprovide1xservice,HRPDservice,
or both (hybrid) (see Figure 10).
HRPD traffic is routed at the AN (Access
Node)intothePDSN(PacketDataServingNode).
Therefore, a cdma2000 femtocell acting as an
HRPD AN requires a secure connection to the
FGW (Femtocell Gateway) for establishment of
16. 28
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
Table 5. 3GPP2 femtocell-related documents
Number Pub. Date Title
A.S0024-0 Mar 2010 Interoperability Specification (IOS) for Femtocell Access Points
C.S0005-E Jun 2010 Upper Layer (Layer 3) Signaling Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems
C.S0010-D Sep 2010 Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Base Stations
C.S0024-C Apr 2010 cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification
C.S0099-0 Sep 2010 Guidelines for using cdma2000 1x Revision E Features on Earlier Revisions
S.R0126-0 Aug 2008 System Requirements for Femto Cell Systems
S.S0132-0 Jan 2010 Femtocell Security Framework
S.R0135-0 Apr 2010 Network Architecture Model for cdma2000 Femtocell Enabled Systems
X.S0059-000-0 Jan 2010 cdma2000 Femtocell Network: Overview
X.S0059-100-0 Jan 2010 cdma2000 Femtocell Network: Packet Data Network Aspects
X.S0059-200-0 Jan 2010 cdma2000 Femtocell Network: 1x and IMS Network Aspects
X.R0063-0 TBD Femtocell Configuration Parameters
Figure 9. cdma2000 1x circuit service femtocell network architecture (X.S0059-000-0, 2010)
17. 29
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
the A10 (bearer) and A11 (signaling) paths. The
FGW acts primarily as an aggregator ofA10/A11
connections,aswellasprovidingsupportingcon-
nectivity for RIPA (Remote IPAccess) function-
ality.
WIMAX FORUM
TheWiMAXForum(WMF)isanonprofitmutual
benefit corporation formed in California, USAin
2001 to promote interoperability and compatibil-
ity of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access(WiMAX)technology(e.g.,IEEE802.16,
ETSI HiperMAN); it does not develop standards
per se. Its technical activities are overseen by a
Technical Steering Committee that is responsible
for chartering and directing the non-Advisory
Working Groups, which in turn develop the tech-
nical specifications and associated certification
procedures. (WMF-A11-003-v02, 2009).
A WMF “Release” comprises a set of speci-
fications. The “Release Manifest” provides the
completelistofallspecificationsthatmakeupthe
Release.Oncethespecificationsaredevelopedby
theWMF,vendorcompaniesimplementproducts
conforming to those specifications. The WMF
then certifies the conformance of those products
tothespecifications.(WMF-A11-002-v01,2009).
WiMAX Femtocell Architecture
The WMF had not published the Release con-
taining its specification(s) on femtocells at the
time of this writing. WMF member contributions
and documents under development are not made
available to the public, so it is not yet permissible
to describe the anticipated WiMAX femtocell
architecture.
Figure 10. Phase 1 HRPD/cdma2000 1x packet femtocell network architecture (X.S0059-000-0, 2010)
18. 30
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
FEMTO FORUM
The Femto Forum is a not-for-profit membership
organizationthatwaslaunchedin2007tosupport
and promote the global deployment of femtocell
technologies; it does not develop standards and
strives to be “technology agnostic.” Its objectives
specifically address standardization, regulation
and interoperability (“the Femto Forum sup-
ports and drives forward the adoption of industry
wide standards, regulatory enablers, common
architectures and interoperability”) as well as
marketing and promotion (“to promote the po-
tential of femto solutions across the industry and
tojournalists,analysts,regulators,specialinterest
groupsandstandardsbodies”).TheFemtoForum
is headquartered in Bristol, UK. (FFL Articles of
Association, 2009).
TheactivitiesoftheFemtoForumareoverseen
byanExecutiveBoard,whichchartersanddirects
the activities of Working Groups to address key
issues affecting the femtocell industry. As of this
writing there are four Working Groups: WG1
(Marketing and Promotion), WG2 (Radio and
Physical Layer), WG3 (Network and Interoper-
ability),andWG4(Regulatory).TheWGsprovide
a forum for members to share and develop ideas
within their specific areas of interest (resulting,
for example, in the publication of white papers),
and in the case of WG2 and WG3 they provide an
additionalforumoutsideofthewirelessstandards
bodies where technology-agnostic concepts can
be introduced and discussed. For instance, WG2
and WG3 were instrumental in bringing together
expertsfromacrosstheindustryin2008and2009
to collaborate with members of the Broadband
Forum on the development of a general femtocell
datamodel(BBFTR-196,2009)whichwouldpro-
videtheframeworkfortheFemtocellManagement
Systeminthedisparatewirelessstandardsbodies.
In addition to the WGs, the Femto Forum has
chartered three Special Interest Groups (SIGs) to
date to address specific strategic areas: the LTE/
WiMAX SIG focuses on development of next
generationmobiletechnologiesandisresponsible
for interactions with the Next Generation Mobile
Networks(NGMN)Alliance,theInteroperability
SIGprovidesclarityonhow,whereandwhenfem-
tocell interoperability testing will take place, and
the Services SIG investigates emerging services
for consumers that are enabled by femtocells and
focusesondevelopingindustryconsensusaround
common approaches.
As suggested by the description of the above
activities the Femto Forum also establishes stra-
tegic partnerships with relevant industry organi-
zations, which as of this writing include 3GPP,
3GPP2,WiMAXForum,BroadbandForum,GSM
Association, and the NGMN Alliance.
BROADBAND FORUM
The Broadband Forum (BBF) is a nonprofit mu-
tual benefit corporation chartered in California,
USA. It was initially formed in 1994 as theADSL
Forum, later becoming the DSL Forum and then
the Broadband Forum following its merger with
the IP/MPLS Forum. Throughout these changes
itscoremissionhasremained“tosupporttherapid
advancement of end-to-end network systems em-
ploying DSL and other Broadband technologies
in a manner that promotes a competitive DSL
marketplace.” The Broadband Forum is head-
quartered in Fremont, CA, USA. (Bylaws of the
BroadbandForum, 2009).
The BBF “develops specifications, through
consensus, captured in Technical and Market-
ing Reports which cover interoperability tests,
architecture, network and digital home remote
management to empower effective deployment
andoperationofbroadbandfromthenetworkitself
through to the home. The Forum contributes to
globalindustrystandardsbydevelopingTechnical
Reports and through formal liaisons with global
standards bodies such as ANSI, ETSI, ATIS and
ITU.” (“Broadband Forum – FAQs,” 2010).
19. 31
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
NOTE: A complete accounting of the activity of
the BBF is beyond the scope of this chapter.
ThetechnicalactivityoftheBBFisoverseenby
aTechnicalCommittee,whichchartersanddirects
theTechnicalWorking Groups “to establish com-
monbroadbandrelatedtechnicalspecificationsto
ensure network and management optimization.”
The BBF BroadbandHome™4
WG maintains
and evolves the TR-069 CPE WAN Manage-
ment Protocol (CWMP). The protocol defined
in TR-069 provides “capabilities at all stages of
the CPE remote management lifecycle: Auto-
configuration, service provisioning, firmware
management, diagnostics, fault and performance
monitoring.” (“Broadband Forum – Technical
Working Groups,” 2010).
The work of the BBF plays a key role in the
successful deployment of femtocell technology,
as the wireless standards bodies have adopted the
TR-069 model for auto-configuring and manag-
ing femtocells across the IP broadband connec-
tion that provides the necessary backhaul to the
mobile core network. Working both collectively
through the Femto Forum and directly with 3GPP
and 3GPP2, the BBF has been instrumental in
the timely development of the specifications that
define the femtocell-specific implementations of
TR-069:TS32.582andTS32.583for3GPPHNB,
TS 32.592 and TS 32.593 for 3GPP HeNB, and
X.S0059-100 and X.R0063 (when it is formally
published) for 3GPP2 FAP.
CONCLUSION
Standardization of femtocells by the principal
3G/4G wireless standards bodies has been a sig-
nificant undertaking over the past several years,
and the work is still very much in progress. 3G
(W-CDMA, cdma2000) femtocell deployments
aregrowinginnumber,withlessonslearnedinthe
field gradually being incorporated into revisions
oftherelevantspecifications.4G(LTE,WiMAX)
femtocell deployments are in the trial phase and
it is still unclear what role femtocells will play in
the ultimate success of these new technologies –
some say that femtocells will play a vital role in
the initial rollout (to provide adequate RF cover-
age) while others see factors (such as bandwidth
limitationsinthesharedIPbroadbandconnections
used for femtocell backhaul) that may restrict the
usefulnessof4Gfemtocells.Handoverchallenges
(bothintra-andinter-technology)willcontinueto
demand the attention of the standards bodies, as
willissuespertainingtodeploymentoffemtocells
in the enterprise (where coordination between
clustersoffemtocellsandintegrationoffemtocells
intocorporatetelecommunicationsystems–such
as IP-PBX – must still be addressed).
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www.3gpp.org.
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chitecture for 3G home node B (HNB); Stage 2.
Retrieved from http://www.3gpp.org.
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specification(IOS)forcdma2000accessnetwork
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3GPP2.(2010a).X.S0059-000-0,cdma2000fem-
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managementprotocolv1.1.Retrievedfromhttp://
www.broadband-forum.org.
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ENDNOTES
1
®
“WiMAXForum”isaregisteredtrademark
of the WiMAX Forum.
2
™
“WiMAX” is a trademark of the WiMAX
Forum.
21. 33
Worldwide Standardizations of Femtocell
3
®
cdma2000 is the trademark for the techni-
cal nomenclature for certain specifications
andstandardsoftheOrganizationalPartners
(OPs) of 3GPP2. Geographically (and as
of the date of publication), cdma2000 is a
registeredtrademarkoftheTelecommunica-
tions Industry Association (TIA-USA) in
the United States.
4
™
“BroadbandHome” is a registered trade-
mark of the Broadband Forum.