In the first half of the article, we review Scottish historian Niall Ferguson's account of how Britain established empires around the world. In the first half of the article, we review Scottish historian Niall Ferguson's account of how Britain established empires around the world. We will see later what the author says about this important part, whether the empire is good or bad in the eyes of the world. The author notes at the outset that many bitter critics of the Bhanu Black Empire were and are in Britain itself. These critics blame the British Empire for a number of reasons, including the exploitation of colonies, participation in slavery, destruction of indigenous cultures, and inequality in the world. If the British had liberated all the colonies by 1840, they would have saved enough money to reduce taxes on their citizens by 25%.

1. British Empire: How many spears, how bad?
In the first half of the article, we review Scottish historian
Niall Ferguson's account of how Britain established empires
around the world.
In the first half of the article, we review Scottish historian Niall Ferguson's account of
how Britain established empires around the world. We will see later what the author
says about this important part, whether the empire is good or bad in the eyes of the
world. The author notes at the outset that many bitter critics of the Bhanu Black Empire
were and are in Britain itself.
These critics blame the British Empire for a number of reasons, including the
exploitation of colonies, participation in slavery, destruction of indigenous cultures, and
inequality in the world. If the British had liberated all the colonies by 1840, they would
have saved enough money to reduce taxes on their citizens by 25%. The money would
then have been used by citizens to buy a variety of goods and would have boosted
industrial development, according to the book Oxford History of the British Empire.
Adam Smith, in his book The Wealth of Nations, which is considered to be the bible of
free economy, has also raised doubts about the economic benefits of colonies. As for
India, Shashi Tharoor's 'An Era of Darkness' : The British Empire in India is a book
exposing the evils of the British monarchy. It should also be noted that the book is
based on a speech by Tharoor at a debating society in Oxford. On the other hand, there
were a few who were promoting the empire. John Stuart Mill is considered one of the
most influential thinkers of the nineteenth century.
He described the British monarchy in India as' not only the purest in intention; But one of
the Most Beneficial in Act Ever Know to Mankind. ' Karl Marx, too, raised many doubts

2. about India's past history and expressed satisfaction that India had gone under British
rule rather than other imperialist powers such as Turkey, Iran or Russia. There is also an
allegation that the ancient cottage industries in our colonies were destroyed by the
British. The industry was so obsolete after the Industrial Revolution that it was almost
impossible to compete, the author says. There is also an allegation that the ancient
cottage industries in our colonies were destroyed by the British. The author
acknowledges that some catastrophic events took place in the British Empire. For
example, the slave trade in the West Indies, the potato famine in Ireland, the deprivation
of mineral resources in South Africa, the Jallianwala garden shootings, etc .; But in the
end, he concludes, the British Empire is in the best interests of the world.
At the same time, he says, the church is in the minority in the world and even in Britain.
Explaining what the British tried to inculcate in the colonies, the author mentions the
following nine features. : 1. English language, 2. Farming and taxation system, 3.
Modern Banking, 4. Same law, 5. Principles of Protestantism such as longevity and
efficiency, 6. Team sports like cricket, hockey or football, 7. Governments that intervene
as much as necessary in public life, 8. Elected Representative Legislatures and 9. The
concept of freedom. The author mentions the newly developed countries that emerged
from the empire.
More than two million British immigrants settled permanently in North America (later
the United States and Canada), Australia and New Zealand between 1600 and 1950.
Never before in human history has there been such a massive migration. Equally large
amounts of British capital were invested in these nations. From then on, they became
independent countries; But their language, lifestyle and overall culture was and is very
close to that of the British. These nations were called the New World. Europe is the 'Old
World'. Later, the newly independent countries started being called 'Third World'. The
creation of that 'New World' was a great result of the British Empire.

3. No matter how many people swear at the empire, to get a job and live there if possible,
This is still the dream of many intelligent Indian youth. From 1820 to 1920, 1.6 million
Indians went to work in the sugarcane or rubber plantations in Africa, West Indies,
Mauritius, Malaya or Fiji, mainly as laborers. Apart from that thousands of people also
went as traders. Very few of them returned to India. The next generation learned and
settled there or took advantage of British citizenship, Migrated to other developed
countries. In a sense, this too was globalization, and it was made possible by the British
Empire. This book is not about India but about the British Empire as a whole; But like
other British colonies, the author writes about India.
He mentions Governor General Lord William Bentinck. Social reformers like Raja
Rammohan Roy were constantly campaigning against the practice of Sati; But the
practice also had the support of some Indians. In the twelve years from 1813 to 1825,
7,941 women died in Bengal alone due to the practice of sati. Bentinck argued that it
was his duty as ruler to stop such practices. Therefore, on 4th December, 1829, he
stopped the Sati movement by law and strictly enforced that ban.
There was a bit of an uproar at first; But soon everything calmed down and an
unfortunate practice was destroyed forever. We can imagine from the experience of the
post-independence period how many years it would have taken ERV to stop such
superstitious practices. The British dealt with the thugs in India with the same severity.
Justice William Sleeman played a key role in this work. By 1838, he had prosecuted a
total of 3,266 swindlers. 1400 of them were sentenced to death or life imprisonment.
He had confessed to the murder in a fight. This should give you an idea of ​
​
how much
fuss the thugs had made. Once this campaign was a response to the situation of
Bhimbhyariya, people started saying, 'It is not over' The East India Company built India's
first fort, Fort St. George, on the Coromandel coast in the south in 1630. Then in 1661,
on the west coast, he built another station on the seven islands he had received as a

4. wedding dowry from the Portuguese king. Thirty years later, in 1690, a third station was
built at Sutanuti, a village on the east bank of the river Hooghly.
From then on, Madras, Mumbai and Kolkata became metropolises. The author writes
respectfully about the Indian Civil Service aka ICS in India. ICS was the epitome of
British rule in India. The number of British ICS officers in charge of this vast country,
which stretches from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to across Burma, has never exceeded a
thousand. Almost the entire district was headed by an ICS officer. Helibury College was
established in England in 1805 to train such officers.
First-class graduates from Oxford and Cambridge passed difficult entrance exams. Very
intelligent young people being selected. Learning more at Halibury College and then
passing the final exam was very difficult. His pre-post training in India was also very
rigorous. Learning at least one local language was mandatory. Long ago, two East India
Company governors, Robert Clive and Warren Hastings, were accused of corruption. He
was later prosecuted by the British.
The great feature of this subsequent ICS bureaucracy is that, during such a long period
of time, thousands of English officers worked in this service from time to time,
assuming almost absolute power; But not a single official has been accused of
corruption. Most do not even know the names of many of them; But it was also the
most successful administrative service in the world. Philip Mason's book 'The Man Who
Ruled India' contains interesting information about some of these officials. The author
also writes respectfully about Thomas Babington Macaulay.
He laid the foundation of modern education in India; He also wrote the Indian Penal
Code in 1834 as the head of the first Indian Law Commission. It was later enacted in
India in 1860 and is still in force today. The author writes in detail about the Viceroy

5. George Nathaniel Curzon, who set up a special archeological department to preserve
the historical heritage of India, to restore it and to restore the Taj Mahal which has been
forgotten for many years.
The magnificent Victoria Memorial in Kolkata was erected in 1906 in response to the
British response to the Taj Mahal. Hill station like Simla built by the British, cricket, study
of Indian languages​
​
at Serampur College, police and judiciary, railways, galaxy, post
office, various universities, industrial development, The author also mentions mines,
dams, roads. The features that stand out to the modern world today are largely due to
the British Empire, the author says. That is why the author has given the book the
subtitle 'How British Made the Modern World'. Although many empires like Roman,
Persian, Egyptian, Ottoman, Mughal etc. passed away before the British, the history of
the British Empire is much brighter than them, says the author. He writes about the
atrocities committed by other European powers, such as the Belgians in Africa, the
Dutch in Indonesia, the French in North Africa, etc., and notes that the British were far
more humane than they were.
If the defeated Dutch had not surrendered their new Amsterdam to the British in 1664, it
would never have been transformed into today's glorious New York, and if the British
had not won the war of 1857, Mughal rule in India would have been re-established. If the
British had been defeated in World War II, all the British colonies, including India, would
have been taken over by the German, Russian or Japanese powers and all those powers
would have been extremely cruel, writes Sodaharan. By 1940, Hitler wanted to negotiate
with the British. He had often said, 'Take care of your empire and hand over Europe to
us.' The author is proud that Britain at that time refused to compromise with Germany
and paid a heavy price for it. The colonies gained independence not because of the
uprisings in those countries, but because of the collapse of British rule in the two world
wars, the author argues. Historian Vasudev Shastri Khare concludes that defeat of
Indians was inevitable in the face of advanced European technology. By no. Ch.

6. It is recalled here that twenty three pages of Kelkar's book 'History of Anglo-Maratha
War' written in 1918 have been drawn. In the last paragraph, Khare writes, 'If the British
had not taken over, then the French would have taken over. When the utensils in the
stream collide with each other, it is decided which of them will break, whether it is made
of clay or iron! ' Which of us? Can we freely think that due to faults we first had to stay
under Mughal rule for about six hundred years and then under British rule for about two
hundred years?
It is clear that the British were not statues of virtue and they did not run their empire for
charity. In the end they win and you win; So it made no sense to expect unrealistic
expectations from them. They leave the country Seventy-five years have passed since
then. Different things happen in the course of history. What matters most in the end is
what we learn from the future, how we find our own way of development. Of course,
Ferguson's anti-British rhetoric does not suit us; But that is the thought of a renowned
historian today Yes, that's right. Sometimes it is helpful to understand what the
opposition is saying. Tukaram Maharaj has taught that 'slanderer's house should be a
neighbor'. The book 'Empire' may be useful in that regard.