Helpful for cbse class X students

1. MADATSST
&
MUKUND INGLE
PRESENT

2. Mr. Mukund B. Ingle

3.  Group of seven islands under Portuguese
 As King Charles II got married with Portuguese
Princess, it was gifted to British.
 British King gave it to East India Company.

4.  Port centre
 Opium and Cotton trading
 Administrative place
 Textile industries

5.  Average per person area was less and density per house was
20.
 City was not properly planned compare to London
 City was divided into two part
▪ Native Town – most of the Indian people stay there
▪ White Town – all British people stay there
 Rapid and unplanned expansion led to land and water shortage
 Rich people were staying into sprawling and spacious bungalows
 70 percent of the population was staying in thickly populated
‘Chawls’

6. ▪ Chawls were multi-storied structures having one
room and no toilet
▪ Owned by private landlords, money lenders,
merchants, bankers and building contractors
▪ Windows to be closed due to humidity, gutters and
cattle stables
▪ High rents forced people to live more ion one rooms
▪ Water was scare and people could be seen fighting
with each other

7. ▪ As rooms were too small, streets and open area were
used for various purposes like ‘akharas’, and various
leisure activities
▪ It was also the place of sharing news about jobs, politics,
riots or demonstrations
▪ ‘Jobber’ had very vital position in the chawls as he was
solving the disputes, organized food supply and provided
credit to the people
▪ Lower caste people found difficulties in gaining houses in
the Chawls

8.  Fear of plague forced Mumbai administration to town
planning.
 The City of Bombay Improvement Trust was
established in 1898
 It focused more on cleaning poor houses
 Rent Act was passed in 1918 to control the prices of
rent but that created houses crises as landlords
withdrew houses from the market

9. ▪ Sea wall –
▪ This project started by the governor of Bombay Mr. William
Hornby to protect low laying area from flood during high tides
▪ Leveling of Hills –
▪ Many private and government companies claimed the land
by this process
▪ Pushing sea water inside –
▪ Sea was pushed inside by pouring rocks and other material
in it. Marine drive is one of the example of this land
reclamation program

10. ▪ Bombay is called ‘Mayapuri’ due to cinema industry
▪ First scene of wrestling match was shoot by
Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar
▪ First movie “ Raja Harishchandra” was made by Dada
Saheb Phalke in 1913
▪ By 1925, Bombay became the film capital of the country
▪ Many people from different corners of the country started
migrating to Bombay to make their career in cinema
▪ So, many movies were made on the life of migrants

11.  ENGLAND –
 The widespread use of coal in homes and industries in
nineteenth century England raised serious problems.
 People used to joked that skies are grey and vegetables are
black.
 Shopkeepers and others used to complain about the black fog.
 People wanted that through legislation air should be cleaned.
 I didn’t work as factory owners were not interested to change
their old machines.
 Still some managed with small adjustments.
 Smoke Amendment Acts of 1847 and 1853 did not work.

12.  CULCUTTA –
 The city built on marshy land, resulting fog combined with smoke to
generate thick black smog
 The main pollutants were the industries and railways
 The coal brought from Raniganj had high content level of ash, created
more pollution
 In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygunge began to burn rice husk instead of
coal.
 Calcutta became the first city to get first smoke nuisance legislation
 The inspectors of the Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission finally
managed to control industrial smoke. Controlling domestic smoke,
however, was far more difficult.

13.  PARIS
 In 1852, Louis Napoleon III gave order for the massive rebuilding of Paris
 The chief architect of the new Paris was Baron Haussmann, the Prefect of the Seine.
 The poor were evicted from the centre of Paris to reduce the possibility of political
rebellion and to beautify the city.
 For 17 years after 1852, Haussmann rebuilt Paris. Straight, broad avenues or
boulevards and open spaces were designed, and full-grown trees transplanted.
 Public works on this scale employed a large number of people
 Some of the wealthier inhabitants of Paris thought that the city had been monstrously
transformed.
 The outcry against Haussmann’s Paris soon got converted into civic pride as the new
capital became the toast of all Europe.
 Paris became the hub of many new architectural, social and intellectual developments

14.  SINGAPORE
 Until 1965, Singapore, though an important port, shared all the problems of other
Asian cities.
 All this changed after the city became an independent nation in 1965 under the
leadership of Lee Kuan Yew, President of the People’s Action Party.
 A massive housing and development program was undertaken and it completely
altered the face of the island nation.
 The government itself won popular support by providing nearly 85 per cent of the
population with ownership housing of good quality.
 The tall housing blocks, which were well ventilated and serviced, were examples
of good physical planning.
 Migration into the city was strictly controlled.
 Social relations between the three major groups of people (the Chinese, the
Malays and the Indians) were also monitored to prevent racial conflict.