This document provides definitions and information about key concepts related to population changes and migration during the period from 1750-1914 when Australia was forming as a nation. It includes: - Definitions of terms like imperialism, frontier violence, pastoralists, and more. - Data showing changing world populations over time, with the population doubling between 1750-1900 and regions like Asia and Europe experiencing the most growth. - Maps tracing the movement of populations like slaves, settlers and convicts from places like Europe and Africa to locations such as the Americas, Australia, and South Africa over time. - Information on Australia's immigration history, including the different waves of migration like convicts and those after gold was

1. Making of a nation:
Australia
A changing world: 1750–1914

2. Today‘s lesson
New unit ―Making of a Nation‖ explore meaning.
Definitions
Changing in world populations (data and graph
Movement of world population (map exploration)
Australian changes in population (data and
comprehension task)
Homework

3. Definitions
Imperialism
• The policy of seeking to extend the power and the territories of a
particular, dominant nation to create an empire.
• The territories of the dominant power are called colonies.
Frontier violence (in Australian context)
• Termed the ‘frontier wars’.
• A 150 year series of conflicts fought between Aboriginal peoples and
European settlers.
• Began several months after the First Fleet arrived in Sydney in January
1788
• Last clashes occurred as late as the 1930s.
• Fighting broke out when the settlements expanded
• Disrupted traditional Indigenous food-gathering activities.
Pastoralists
• Farmers or agriculturalists engaged in raising animals for food or other
resources such as woollen fibre.
• In Australia, sheep (wool) and beef cattle were the mainstays of the

4. Indentured labour
• a system of hiring labour for a period of time
• often providing the worker food and staples
• Payment is usually made at the end of the contract period.
• Australian eg South Sea Islanders between 1863 and 1904.
Working class
• Social group of people employed for wages especially in manual or
industrial work.
• Australian term is ‘blue collar’ workers (compared with office ‘white collar’
or workers).
Nationalism
• feeling of belonging to a nation
• Belief that territory (their own land) and a common culture are part of a
nation.
• Gives rise to movements seeking national independence and a desire for a
homeland.
Constitutional Convention
• conference or formal meeting of delegates whose aim is to draft or revise a
constitution.
• A constitution is a set of laws used to control how a government operates.

5. A changing world: 1750–
1914
From the middle of the 18th century to the
beginning of the 20th century the population of
the world was moving.
Certain regions of the world experienced
dramatic technological and social changes while
other regions remained relatively the same.
A snapshot of this period can be seen through
the analysis of population statistics over the
period.

6. World population growth:
1750-1900

8. Data as percentage.
Date Africa Asia Europe Latin
America
and
Caribbean
Northern
America
Oceania1
World
1750 106 000
000
13.4%
502 000
000
63.5%
163 000
000
20.5%
16 000 000
2.0%
2 000 000
0.3%
2 000 000
0.3%
791 000 000
1800 107 000
000
10.9%
635 000
000
64.9%
203 000
000
20.8%
24 000 000
2.5%
7 000 000
0.7%
2 000 000
0.2%
978 000 000
1850 111 000
000
8.8%
809 000
000
64.1%
276 000
000
21.9%
38 000 000
3.0%
26 000 000
2.1%
2 000 000
0.2%
1 262 000
000
1900 133 000
000
8.1%
947 000
000
57.4%
408 000
000
24.7%
74 000 000
4.5%
82 000 000
5.0%
6 000 000
0.4%
1 650 000
000

9. Task 1: Table
Complete your table by marking the statements
either:
1. TRUE or
2. FALSE
Then provide evidence from the table to either
support or refute the statement.

10. Between 1750 and 1900 the world’s population slightly more than
doubled. True
It grew from
791 000 000 (double
= 1 592 000) to 1 650
000
* Over the period Asia’s percentage of world population continued to
grow. False
It grows between
1750-1850, but
declines from 1850-
1900
Asia remained the most populous region of the world over the period.
True
Total population
remained higher than
any other region.
Europe saw the most significant percentage growth in population
throughout the world over the period. False
No, North America
did.
The population of Oceania (which includes Australia) remained
constant for 100 years and then dramatically increased over a span of
50 years. True
It stayed on 2 000 000
between 1750-1850
then trebled by 1900.
There was nowhere in the world where population did not grow. True All regions’
populations increased
Regions of the world which show a decline in the percentage of world
population over the period are Latin America and Northern America.
False
Both increase:
Latin America 2.0%-
4.5%,
North America 0.3%-
5.0%

11. Question?
What factors might account for the significant percentage
growth in population in Europe and North America?
Watch the following short video and learning object and
see if you can think of any reasons why.
http://www.the-map-as-
history.com/demos/tome05/index.php
http://clewett.net.au/history/learningobject/interactiveMap/in
dex.html

12. Task: History of movement
of people 1754-1914
Examine the following maps which show the
movement of people in the world from 1754 –
1914.
Complete the tables for this task which are
located in your workbook.

13. European Imperial
expansion 1754

14. European imperial
expansion 1800

15. European imperial
expansion 1914

16. Answers
Time 1754 1800 1914
Who is moving?
(Slaves, settlers or
convicts?)
Slaves, settlers Slaves, convicts, settlers Settlers
Where are they
moving from?
Settlers from Europe,
slaves from Africa
(particularly Western
Africa)
Settlers and convicts
from Europe, slaves
from Africa (particularly
Western Africa)
Settlers from Europe,
China, India and the
Pacific
Where are they going
to?
New world (North &
South America and the
Caribbean)
New world (North &
South America and the
Caribbean)
Some to South Africa
Australia
New world (North &
South America)
Some to South Africa
and East Africa
Australia and The
Pacific

17. Answers
Time 1754 1800 1914
The dominant
European countries
with imperial
possessions (top two
or three)
Spain, England (Britain),
France, Portugal
Spain, England (Britain),
Netherlands
England (Britain),
France, Russia
Continents where
European countries
control more than
50% of land area
South America, maybe
North America (but
probably not)
South America
North America (US
independence wars
occurring)
Australia
Asia (with Russian
dominance in the north)
Africa, North America
(US independent and
now an imperial power in
its own right)
What factors might account for why Europe was able to dominate
the world at this time?
Industrial power and might (plus military advantages with naval
power and cannons etc.) — the Industrial Revolution gave them
technological advantages.

18. The Australian experience:
What was the nature of the movement of people to Australia from British
‗settlement‘ in 1788 to federation in 1901? (Note the different ‗waves‘ of
migration.) It began with convicts but soon free settlement dominated,
particularly after the discovery of gold in 1851.
What nations of the world have been the sources of Australia‘s migration
history? Britain and Ireland, Continental Europe, the USA, South Pacific
Islands and China.
What national development saw the nature of migration to Australia change?
Gold discovery
How was this change evident? Through a massive increase in migration —
with population soaring by over 600 000 in just ten or so years.
What does this source imply about the impact of Australia‘s migration on the
nation‘s development?
The implication is that migration created the modern Australian nation — note
the line ‗Migration has been the main driver of this change‘.

19. The Australian experience
(cont)
Australia‘s immigrant population (those not born in Australia but who were in
the country in 1901) is dominantly European — what percentage of the total
population are British or other European? 20%
Is the Asian-born component of the population significant? Statistically no — at
1.3% — but this small but visible Chinese population (combined with
Australia‘s geographic position) had quite a significant social and psychological
impact.
Why might Aboriginal people not be counted in the cencus? Some might
argue that it was an embodiment of the terra nullius principle — the land
was empty of people. In fact, Australia’s Indigenous population was
deemed to be part of the flora and fauna (i.e. wild animals and plants)
until the 1967 referendum. In the lead up to federation, Queensland and
Western Australia were prevented from using their large Aboriginal
population to gain extra seats in the House of Representatives and extra
funding by not counting Aboriginal peoples in the Census.
What does it suggest about the attitude of the Australian government and the
non-Indigenous public to Aboriginal peoples? That the attitude was
dismissive, contemptuous, racist or simply indifferent. It also shows that
politics is ultimately reduced to numbers and the mighty dollar.

20. Review today‘s lesson
New unit ―Making of a Nation‖ explore meaning.
Definitions
Changing in world populations (data and graph
Movement of world population (map exploration)
Australian changes in population (data and
comprehension task)
Homework