This document discusses file organization and different types of file organization structures. It defines file organization as the physical arrangement of records on a storage device. The main types discussed are sequential, indexed sequential, and direct access/random access files. Sequential files store records one after the other in order. Indexed sequential files allow both sequential and random access through the use of an index. Direct access files allow direct reading or writing of records based on their address. The document also discusses factors to consider when choosing a file organization method, such as the frequency of updates and nature of access needed.
Overview - Functions of an Operating System – Design Approaches – Types of Advanced
Operating System - Synchronization Mechanisms – Concept of a Process, Concurrent
Processes – The Critical Section Problem, Other Synchronization Problems – Language
Mechanisms for Synchronization – Axiomatic Verification of Parallel Programs - Process
Deadlocks - Preliminaries – Models of Deadlocks, Resources, System State – Necessary and
Sufficient conditions for a Deadlock – Systems with Single-Unit Requests, Consumable
Resources, Reusable Resources.
this pdf file includes software development life cycle, requirement analysis and specification, project management, design, coding, testing, maintenance and quality reuse and case tools.
ESOFT Metro Campus - Diploma in Software Engineering - (Module IV) Database Concepts
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to Databases
Data
Information
Database
Database System
Database Applications
Evolution of Databases
Traditional Files Based Systems
Limitations in Traditional Files
The Database Approach
Advantages of Database Approach
Disadvantages of Database Approach
Database Management Systems
DBMS Functions
Database Architecture
ANSI-SPARC 3 Level Architecture
The Relational Data Model
What is a Relation?
Primary Key
Cardinality and Degree
Relationships
Foreign Key
Data Integrity
Data Dictionary
Database Design
Requirements Collection and analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Entity Relationship Model
A mini-world example
Entities
Relationships
ERD Notations
Cardinality
Optional Participation
Entities and Relationships
Attributes
Entity Relationship Diagram
Entities
ERD Showing Weak Entities
Super Type / Sub Type Relationships
Mapping ERD to Relational
Map Regular Entities
Map Weak Entities
Map Binary Relationships
Map Associated Entities
Map Unary Relationships
Map Ternary Relationships
Map Supertype/Subtype Relationships
Normalization
Advantages of Normalization
Disadvantages of Normalization
Normal Forms
Functional Dependency
Purchase Order Relation in 0NF
Purchase Order Relation in 1NF
Purchase Order Relations in 2NF
Purchase Order Relations in 3NF
Normalized Relations
BCNF – Boyce Codd Normal Form
Structured Query Language
What We Can Do with SQL ?
SQL Commands
SQL CREATE DATABASE
SQL CREATE TABLE
SQL DROP
SQL Constraints
SQL NOT NULL
SQL PRIMARY KEY
SQL CHECK
SQL FOREIGN KEY
SQL ALTER TABLE
SQL INSERT INTO
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT
SQL SELECT
SQL SELECT DISTINCT
SQL WHERE
SQL AND & OR
SQL ORDER BY
SQL UPDATE
SQL DELETE
SQL LIKE
SQL IN
SQL BETWEEN
SQL INNER JOIN
SQL LEFT JOIN
SQL RIGHT JOIN
SQL UNION
SQL AS
SQL Aggregate Functions
SQL Scalar functions
SQL GROUP BY
SQL HAVING
Database Administration
SQL Database Administration
Overview - Functions of an Operating System – Design Approaches – Types of Advanced
Operating System - Synchronization Mechanisms – Concept of a Process, Concurrent
Processes – The Critical Section Problem, Other Synchronization Problems – Language
Mechanisms for Synchronization – Axiomatic Verification of Parallel Programs - Process
Deadlocks - Preliminaries – Models of Deadlocks, Resources, System State – Necessary and
Sufficient conditions for a Deadlock – Systems with Single-Unit Requests, Consumable
Resources, Reusable Resources.
this pdf file includes software development life cycle, requirement analysis and specification, project management, design, coding, testing, maintenance and quality reuse and case tools.
ESOFT Metro Campus - Diploma in Software Engineering - (Module IV) Database Concepts
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to Databases
Data
Information
Database
Database System
Database Applications
Evolution of Databases
Traditional Files Based Systems
Limitations in Traditional Files
The Database Approach
Advantages of Database Approach
Disadvantages of Database Approach
Database Management Systems
DBMS Functions
Database Architecture
ANSI-SPARC 3 Level Architecture
The Relational Data Model
What is a Relation?
Primary Key
Cardinality and Degree
Relationships
Foreign Key
Data Integrity
Data Dictionary
Database Design
Requirements Collection and analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Entity Relationship Model
A mini-world example
Entities
Relationships
ERD Notations
Cardinality
Optional Participation
Entities and Relationships
Attributes
Entity Relationship Diagram
Entities
ERD Showing Weak Entities
Super Type / Sub Type Relationships
Mapping ERD to Relational
Map Regular Entities
Map Weak Entities
Map Binary Relationships
Map Associated Entities
Map Unary Relationships
Map Ternary Relationships
Map Supertype/Subtype Relationships
Normalization
Advantages of Normalization
Disadvantages of Normalization
Normal Forms
Functional Dependency
Purchase Order Relation in 0NF
Purchase Order Relation in 1NF
Purchase Order Relations in 2NF
Purchase Order Relations in 3NF
Normalized Relations
BCNF – Boyce Codd Normal Form
Structured Query Language
What We Can Do with SQL ?
SQL Commands
SQL CREATE DATABASE
SQL CREATE TABLE
SQL DROP
SQL Constraints
SQL NOT NULL
SQL PRIMARY KEY
SQL CHECK
SQL FOREIGN KEY
SQL ALTER TABLE
SQL INSERT INTO
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT
SQL SELECT
SQL SELECT DISTINCT
SQL WHERE
SQL AND & OR
SQL ORDER BY
SQL UPDATE
SQL DELETE
SQL LIKE
SQL IN
SQL BETWEEN
SQL INNER JOIN
SQL LEFT JOIN
SQL RIGHT JOIN
SQL UNION
SQL AS
SQL Aggregate Functions
SQL Scalar functions
SQL GROUP BY
SQL HAVING
Database Administration
SQL Database Administration
Virtual Memory
• Copy-on-Write
• Page Replacement
• Allocation of Frames
• Thrashing
• Operating-System Examples
Background
Page Table When Some PagesAre Not in Main Memory
Steps in Handling a Page Fault
Topics Covered:
Linker: Types of Linker:
Loaders : Types of loader
Example of Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Object Module
Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding
Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Program Relocatability
Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a modeling language, used for design. Designed based on OMG Standard, Object this helps to express and design documents, software. This is particularly useful for OO design. Here is a brief tutorial that talks about UML usage.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
In operating system how frames are allocated and what is the algorithm of allocation of frames and also discussed about Thrashing for clear some ideas! . Thank u!.
Virtual Memory
• Copy-on-Write
• Page Replacement
• Allocation of Frames
• Thrashing
• Operating-System Examples
Background
Page Table When Some PagesAre Not in Main Memory
Steps in Handling a Page Fault
Topics Covered:
Linker: Types of Linker:
Loaders : Types of loader
Example of Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Object Module
Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding
Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Program Relocatability
Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a modeling language, used for design. Designed based on OMG Standard, Object this helps to express and design documents, software. This is particularly useful for OO design. Here is a brief tutorial that talks about UML usage.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
In operating system how frames are allocated and what is the algorithm of allocation of frames and also discussed about Thrashing for clear some ideas! . Thank u!.
File system in operating system e learningLavanya Sharma
This Module covers the basic of file system, its types, accessing methods, security and architecture of Unix operating system. This study material is very useful for UG and PG students of Engineering colleges and University where this course is in their Syllabus.
Definition
File Structure
Directory Structure: Single level, Two-level, Tree-structured , Acyclic graph, General graph.
File Type and operations
Major functions of OS in respect of File system
File Access Mechanisms and Space Allocation
Security and Protection
Program and system Threats
LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM: Architecture and basic commands
Useful documents for engineering students of CSE, and specially for students of aryabhatta knowledge university, Bihar (A.K.U. Bihar). It covers following topics, File concept, access methods, directory structure
Covers three basic organization of files as Sequential access, Random Access and Index sequential access with advantages, disadvantages, applications and comparison
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
3. OBJECTIVES
By the end of this lesson, the students should
be able to;
• Define file organization
• State the types of file organization
• Sate the efficiency of file organization
• Sate the significance of choosing of an
appropriate file organization for your data
4. FILE
• A file is a collection of data stored on
a storage media, that is treated as a
single unit on a peripheral device.
5. Types of Data Files
• There are numerous types of files used for
storing data needed for processing, reference
or back up.
• The main common types of processing files
include
Master File
Transaction (movement or activity) file
Reference file
Backup file
Report file
6. Types of Data Files
• Master File
It contains record of permanent data types.
They are created when you install your
business.
• Transaction (movement or activity) file
A transaction file is used to hold data during
transaction processing. The file is later used
to update the master file and audit daily,
weekly or monthly transactions.
7. Types of Data Files
• Reference file
A reference file is mainly used for reference or look-
up purposes. Look-up information is that
information that is stored in a separate file but is
required during processing.
• Backup file
A backup files is used to hold copies (backups) of
data or information from the computers fixed
storage (hard disk
8. STORAGE DEVICES
CHARACTERISTICS
• The major storage media
are;
• Tape (Magnetic technology)
• Hard Disk (Optical Technology)
• Solid State Drive (Flash memory/Solid
state memory)
9.
10.
11.
12. TERMINOLOGIES
• Seek Time is defined as the time required by the
read/write head to move from one track to another.
• Rotational latency (sometimes called rotational
delay or just latency) is the delay waiting for the
rotation of the disk to bring the required disk sector
under the read-write head.
• Access time is total time it takes a computer to
request data, and then that request to be met
• The access time, therefore, depends on the seek
time and the latency time.
13. TERMINOLOGIES
• Fixed-length records - all the records are exactly
the same length. (read the note for more)
• Variable-length records - the length of each record
varies.
14. TYPES OF FILE ORGANIZATION
FILE ORGANIZATION
File organization refers to the way records
are physically arranged on a storage device
The main types of file organization are;
Sequential
Indexed Sequential
Direct Access /Random
Access/Hash/Relative
15. TYPES OF FILE ORGANIZATION
Other types are;
• Heap File Organization
• Cluster File Organization
• B+ Tree File Organization
16. Sequential File Organization
Here each file/records are stored one after the
other in a sequential manner, that is, in the
order in which they are created. This can be
achieved in two ways:
pile or serial file method
sorted file method
17. Sequential File Organization
Pile or Serial method
Records are stored one after the other as they
are inserted into the tables, they are unordered.
When a new record is inserted, it is placed at the
end of the file. In the case of any modification or
deletion of record, the record will be searched in
the memory blocks. Once it is found, it will be
marked for deleting
Cannot be used as master
Used as temporary transaction file
18.
19. Sequential File Organization
Sorted method
A collection of records
Stored in key sequence
Adding/deleting record requires making new
file
Used as master files
20.
21. Advantages
Simple file design
Very efficient when most of the records must
be processed e.g. Payroll
Very efficient if the data has a natural order
Can be stored on inexpensive devices like
magnetic tape.
22. Disadvantages
For the sorted method, entire file must be
processed even if a single record is to be
searched, hence time consuming.
Overall processing is slow
Random enquiries not possible to handle
23. Examples of media in Sequential
orgnization
Tape
Video Cassettes
Music cassettes
24. Direct (Random) File Organization
Records are read directly from or written on
to the file.
The records are stored at known address.
Address is calculated by applying a
mathematical function (hashing
function) to the key field.
Records can be accessed both
randomly and sequentialy
25. Direct (Random) File Organization
A random file would have to be stored on a
direct access backing storage medium e.g.
magnetic disc, CD, DVD, flash drive, Blu-
ray disk.
Example : Any information retrieval system.
Eg Train timetable system.
26. Advantages
Any record can be directly accessed.
Speed of record processing is very fast.
Up-to-date file because of online updating.
Concurrent processing is possible.
27. Disadvantages
More complex than sequential
Does not fully use memory locations
More security and backup problems
(backup facility needed)
28. Indexed sequential file
Each record of a file has a key field which
uniquely identifies that record.
An index consists of keys and addresses.
An indexed sequential file is a sequential
file (i.e. sorted into order of a key field) which
has an index.
A full index to a file is one in which there is
an entry for every record.
30. Indexed sequential file
Indexed sequential files are important for
applications where data needs to be
accessed.....
–
–
sequentially
randomly using the index.
31. Indexed sequential file
An indexed sequential file can only be stored
on a random access device
e.g. magnetic disc, CD.
34. Factors to consider when choosing
a file organization method.
• Frequency of update: A file that needs to be
updated every now and then needs an
organization method that will allow easy retrieval
of information and ease of updating, example of
such a file is the transaction file.
• File activity: Different files have different
activities, example a sort file is used to sort data
in sequential order and therefore sequential
method would be appropriate for such a file.
35. Factors to consider when choosing
a file organization method.
• File access method: Definitely different files
have different methods of being accessed,
example a reference file is accessed using
random method for easy retrieval of data.
• Nature of the system: Files that are used in a
particular system will depend on the nature of
the system i.e the suitable organization method
for that particular system.
36. Factors to consider when choosing
a file organization method.
• Master file medium: The master file is the main
file for keeping permanent updates of records
from transaction files and other sources, the
medium by which it is updated will determine
the organization method to be used.