The document surveys wireless sensor networks (WSNs), highlighting their composition of numerous low-power, heterogeneous sensor nodes that facilitate wireless sensing and data networking. It discusses network design objectives, types of routing protocols, and applications in various fields such as industrial monitoring, military surveillance, and medical health monitoring. Future research aims to enhance energy efficiency, fault tolerance, and data transmission security to prolong network lifetime.

1. CALCUTTA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT,
KOLKATA, BATCH 2009-2013, C.S.E DEPARTMENT, DURING 4rth
YEAR 2012
WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORK - A Survey
by
RAMESH VERMA
ANIL KUMAR
PRAVIND KUMAR

2. What are wireless sensor networks
(WSNs) ?
 Large number of heterogeneous Sensor node devices spread over a large field.
 Wireless sensing + Data Networking.
Smart Sensor Nodes:
1. Few hundred to thousand of nodes
2. Low power devices
3. Consists of- one or more sensors, a processor, memory, a power supply, a radio and an actuator.

3. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR NODES
 Can harvest energy during the idle time .
 Sensor nodes can efficiently convert environmental
energy to its electrical energy.
 Self powered circuitry of nodes.

4. NETWORK CONSTRAINTS FOR WSN
 Denser node deployment.
 Battery powered sensor nodes.
 Self configurable.
 Data redundancy.
 Application specific.
 Frequent topology change.

5. NETWORK DESIGN OBJECTIVES
 Low power consuming nodes are required.
 Scalability – network protocol design should be scalable to
different network sizes.
 Can deliver data over noisy ,error prone, time varying
wireless channel.
 Efficient use of bandwidth.
 Fault tolerancnce

6. ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WSN
Responsible for maintaining routes in the network
Types:
1. Location based protocols
2. Data-centric protocols
3. Hierarchical based protocols
4. Mobility based protocols
5. Multi-path based protocols
6. QOS based protocols

7. HEIRARCHICAL BASED PROTOCOLS
 Also known as cluster based routing.
 Based on clustering of sensor nodes.
 Cluster head, responsible for data transmission.

8. LEACH PROTOCOL
 Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy.
 Clustering task is rotated among nodes.
 Its operation is divided into two rounds
1. Setup phase: organize network into clusters
2. Steady state phase: data aggregation,
compression and transmission to the sink.

9. APPLICATIONS
 Monitoring and control of industrial appliances.
 In military for surveillance .
 Forest fire detection.
 Agriculture and Ocean-for monitoring fish
 Medical- Monitoring people’s locations and health
condition.

10. SCOPE OF FUTURE RESEARCH
 To exploit redundancy
 To employ more efficient technique for fault
tolerance.
 To maximize the life time of sensor nodes.
 To provide efficient energy harvesting techniques.
 To provide more secure way of data transmission

11. FUTURE SCOPE

12. CONCLUSION
The ultimate objective behind the routing protocol is
to keep the sensor operating for as far as possible,
thus extending the network lifetime.

13. REFERENCES
 S.K. Singh, M.P. Singh, and D.K. Singh, “A survey of
Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Cluster-base Routing in
Wireless Sensor Networks”
 M. J. Handy, M. Haase, D. Timmermann” A survey on
low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy with
deterministic cluster-head section”
 Jamal N. Al-Karaki and Ahmed E. Kamal,” Routing
techniques in wireless sensor networks: A survey”

14. THANK YOU!