Winsem2017 18 bit2019-eth_smv123_vl2017185005898_reference material i_anaerobic digestion (1)
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Anaerobic digestion is a process involving three stages. In the first stage, acidogenic bacteria break down sugars, amino acids, and produce organic acids. Acetogenic bacteria then convert the organic acids to acetic acid. Finally, methanogens convert the end products into methane and carbon dioxide. Key genera of microbes involved include Clostridium, Methanobacterium, and Methanosarcina. Anaerobic digestion has advantages such as producing renewable energy in the form of biogas and producing fertilizer, but requires large investments for commercial-scale operations.
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Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a microbiological process where organic matter decomposes in the absence of oxygen. Through controlled engineering, anaerobic digestion breaks down organic biodegradable matter in sealed reactor tanks to produce biogas and digestate. The four-stage digestion process involves hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis where anaerobic microorganisms biochemically digest materials like glucose into methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion generates renewable energy as biogas and nutrient-rich digestate fertilizer.
Technical Background Small Scale Biogas production
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Photobioreactor
A bioreactor is an installation for the production of microorganisms outside their natural but inside an artificial environment. The prefix “photo” particularly describes the bio-reactor's property to cultivate phototrophic microorganisms, or organisms which grow on by utilizing light energy.
These organisms use the process of photosynthesis to build their own biomass from light and carbon dioxide. Members of this group are Plants, Mosses, Microalgae, Cyanobacteria and Purple Bacteria.
Photobioreactor or PBR, is the controlled supply of specific environmental conditions for respective species.
Photobioreactor allows much higher growth rates and purity levels than anywhere in natural or habitats similar to nature.
The function of the bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in
which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be.
Cell biomass
Metabolite
Bioconversion Product
The performance of any bioreactor depends on the following key factors:
Agitation rate
Oxygen transfer
pH
Temperature
There is no universal bioreactor.
The general requirements of the bioreactor are as follows:
The design and construction of bioreactors must keep sterility from the start point to end of the process.
Optimal mixing with low, uniform shear.
Adequate mass transfer, oxygen.
Clearly defined flow conditions.
Feeding substrate with prevention of under or overdosing.
Suspension of solids.
Gentle heat transfer.
Compliance with design requirements such as: ability to be sterilized; simple construction; simple measuring, control, regulating techniques; scale-up; flexibility; long term stability; compatibility with up- downstream processes; antifoaming measures.
Bio-gas and its application
Biogas is a renewable energy source produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste by bacteria. It is composed primarily of methane (50-70%) and carbon dioxide (30-40%) and has a heating value of about 60% of natural gas.
Biogas has been used as an energy source for over 2000 years and the earliest documented use was in ancient Assyria and China. A biogas digester promotes the decomposition of organic matter in slurry form into biogas. The biogas can then be used for cooking, heating, electricity generation, and fueling vehicles.
Biogas digesters have been successfully implemented across rural areas in countries like China, India, and Costa Rica to provide
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Minimal food processing
Minimal food processing techniques can help increase the shelf life of foods while maintaining nutritional value and fresh-like qualities. Some key techniques discussed in the document include:
- Low temperature storage, which slows microbial growth and metabolic reactions through chilling.
- Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), which controls oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to slow spoilage.
- High hydrostatic pressure processing, which inactivates enzymes and microbes through non-thermal high pressure without changing taste or nutrition.
- Other techniques like oscillating magnetic fields, pulsed electric fields, and ozone treatment use non-thermal methods to eliminate microbes and extend shelf life minimally processed foods.
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Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of biological material by bacteria. It is comprised primarily of methane and can be used as a clean fuel. However, barriers to biogas production include inadequate economic payback, operation and maintenance challenges, and heating costs for digesters. The document then provides details on what biogas is, why it is useful, the production process involving four stages, and an example diagram of a simple biogas digester.
Biogas - Presentation
Biogas- a way to solve the sanitation problems.Perfect for taking seminars and classes.
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Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a microbiological process where organic matter decomposes in the absence of oxygen. Through controlled engineering, anaerobic digestion breaks down organic biodegradable matter in sealed reactor tanks to produce biogas and digestate. The four-stage digestion process involves hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis where anaerobic microorganisms biochemically digest materials like glucose into methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion generates renewable energy as biogas and nutrient-rich digestate fertilizer.
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Photobioreactor
A bioreactor is an installation for the production of microorganisms outside their natural but inside an artificial environment. The prefix “photo” particularly describes the bio-reactor's property to cultivate phototrophic microorganisms, or organisms which grow on by utilizing light energy.
These organisms use the process of photosynthesis to build their own biomass from light and carbon dioxide. Members of this group are Plants, Mosses, Microalgae, Cyanobacteria and Purple Bacteria.
Photobioreactor or PBR, is the controlled supply of specific environmental conditions for respective species.
Photobioreactor allows much higher growth rates and purity levels than anywhere in natural or habitats similar to nature.
The function of the bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in
which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be.
Cell biomass
Metabolite
Bioconversion Product
The performance of any bioreactor depends on the following key factors:
Agitation rate
Oxygen transfer
pH
Temperature
There is no universal bioreactor.
The general requirements of the bioreactor are as follows:
The design and construction of bioreactors must keep sterility from the start point to end of the process.
Optimal mixing with low, uniform shear.
Adequate mass transfer, oxygen.
Clearly defined flow conditions.
Feeding substrate with prevention of under or overdosing.
Suspension of solids.
Gentle heat transfer.
Compliance with design requirements such as: ability to be sterilized; simple construction; simple measuring, control, regulating techniques; scale-up; flexibility; long term stability; compatibility with up- downstream processes; antifoaming measures.
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Biogas is a renewable energy source produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste by bacteria. It is composed primarily of methane (50-70%) and carbon dioxide (30-40%) and has a heating value of about 60% of natural gas.
Biogas has been used as an energy source for over 2000 years and the earliest documented use was in ancient Assyria and China. A biogas digester promotes the decomposition of organic matter in slurry form into biogas. The biogas can then be used for cooking, heating, electricity generation, and fueling vehicles.
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Bio-diesel: Industrial production
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Minimal food processing
Minimal food processing techniques can help increase the shelf life of foods while maintaining nutritional value and fresh-like qualities. Some key techniques discussed in the document include:
- Low temperature storage, which slows microbial growth and metabolic reactions through chilling.
- Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), which controls oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to slow spoilage.
- High hydrostatic pressure processing, which inactivates enzymes and microbes through non-thermal high pressure without changing taste or nutrition.
- Other techniques like oscillating magnetic fields, pulsed electric fields, and ozone treatment use non-thermal methods to eliminate microbes and extend shelf life minimally processed foods.
Biogas digesters 2
Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of biological material by bacteria. It is comprised primarily of methane and can be used as a clean fuel. However, barriers to biogas production include inadequate economic payback, operation and maintenance challenges, and heating costs for digesters. The document then provides details on what biogas is, why it is useful, the production process involving four stages, and an example diagram of a simple biogas digester.
Biogas - Presentation
Biogas- a way to solve the sanitation problems.Perfect for taking seminars and classes.
This presentation explains about the objectives, principle, working, advantages and disadvantages of biogas. Requirements to develop a biogas digester and the types of biogas digesters are explained.
Statistical analysis of biogas digesters in the world also mentioned.
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2. Biogas can be produced from biomass sources like manure, agricultural waste, food waste, and energy crops through anaerobic digestion in biogas plants.
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Biological conversion
1. Anaerobic digestion is a process where anaerobic bacteria break down biomass in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas, a renewable energy source composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide.
2. The digestion process involves four key stages - hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis - to break down the biomass into simpler molecules that are then converted into biogas.
3. There are two major types of biogas systems - fixed dome and floating drum. Anaerobic digestion provides economic, agronomic, and environmental benefits but also has some disadvantages like high capital costs.
Biological conversion
1. Anaerobic digestion is a process where anaerobic bacteria break down biomass in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas, a renewable energy source composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide.
2. The digestion process involves four key stages - hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis - to break down the biomass into simpler molecules that are then converted into biogas.
3. There are two major types of biogas systems - fixed dome and floating drum. Anaerobic digestion provides economic, agronomic, and environmental benefits but also has some disadvantages like high costs and potential for odor.
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2. The digestion process involves four key stages - hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis - to break down the biomass into simpler molecules that are then converted into biogas.
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Biogas
1. The document compares the calorific values of various biofuels including charcoal, producer gas, biogas, methane, ethanol, and methanol. Ethanol has one of the higher calorific values at 30 MJ/kg.
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3. Ethanol can be produced from biomass containing sugar, starch, or cellulose. The production process involves hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. Hydrolysis breaks down the complex molecules while fermentation involves microorganisms to produce
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Biogas
This document discusses biogas production through anaerobic digestion. It notes that biogas is composed primarily of methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide and is produced from the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. The document outlines the key steps in anaerobic digestion - hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis - and the types of bacteria involved at each stage, culminating in the production of methane. It also discusses factors that influence methane production such as temperature, pH, nitrogen concentration, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio.
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This document provides an overview of biological conversion technologies for converting forest and wood biomass into energy and chemicals, with a focus on anaerobic digestion. It describes the basic process of anaerobic digestion, which involves three steps: hydrolysis, acidification, and methane formation carried out by different types of bacteria. Key factors that influence biogas production are also outlined, such as temperature, pH, nutrient availability, and retention time. Different types of biogas digesters are described, including batch, continuous, and semi-batch systems as well as fixed dome and floating drum designs. Biogas yield depends on the organic fraction and dry matter content of the substrate material.
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This document discusses biomass energy and biomass conversion. It defines biomass as organic material from plants and microorganisms that is used as a renewable source of energy. Biomass energy conversion can occur through direct combustion, thermo-chemical conversion involving processes like pyrolysis and gasification, or bio-chemical conversion through fermentation or anaerobic digestion. The document also outlines the production of biomass through photosynthesis and examines the prospects and advantages and disadvantages of biomass energy in India.
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biohydrogen.pptx
The document discusses biohydrogen production from wastewater and provides an overview of key methods and factors. It notes that while biohydrogen is a sustainable fuel, large-scale commercial production faces challenges related to substrate conversion efficiency, product inhibition, and installation costs. The paper reviews various reactor configurations and pretreatment techniques used to optimize production. It finds that integrating dark and photo fermentation shows promise in addressing inhibition issues and improving yields, but widespread commercialization will require further reductions in costs.
Process for biomass conversion
This document discusses biomass conversion processes. It defines biomass as organic matter produced by plants, including crops, crop residues, and animal manure. Biomass can be converted into energy through direct combustion, thermochemical processes like gasification and pyrolysis, or biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion and fermentation. Key conversion processes discussed include anaerobic digestion, which converts wet biomass into biogas; fermentation, which produces ethanol from sugars; and pyrolysis, which produces fuels when dry biomass is heated without oxygen. Both advantages and disadvantages of biomass energy are presented.
BioMass - Generation and Utilization
This document provides information about biomass generation and utilization. It discusses various biomass sources including agricultural residues, urban waste, industrial waste, and forest biomass. It also describes different biomass conversion technologies such as direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion involves burning biomass to generate steam for power generation. Gasification and pyrolysis are thermo-chemical conversion processes, while fermentation and anaerobic digestion are biochemical conversion processes.
BIOGAS PRODUCTION USING SMALL SCALE BIODIGESTER
This document provides information on biogas production using small-scale biodigesters. It discusses what biodigesters are, how they work, their basic designs, and applications. Biodigesters promote the decomposition of organic matter through anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, consisting mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. This biogas can be used for cooking, heating, electricity generation, and running vehicles. The document outlines the continuous-fed and batch-fed designs of biodigesters and explains their operation. It also describes bag and fixed dome biodigester systems.
BIOGAS AND BIOETHANOL FROM CASSAVA (TUBERS)
BIOFUEL PRODUCED FROM TUBERS,BIOGAS PRODUCTION ,BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION,FUEL FROM CASSAVA , TUBERS WASTE MANAGEMNT,FOOD WASTE MANAGEMENT , CASSAVA
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- 4. Acidogenic bacteria the sugars and amino acids carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids. Acetogenic bacteria organic acids acetic acid, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. methanogens these products methane and carbon dioxide. convert into convert convert into into
- 5. Acidogens • Clostridium Sp • Corynebacterium • Lactobacillus • Actinomyces • E.coli • Staphylococcus • Peptococcus anaerobus
- 6. Methanogens Belong to genera Methanobacterium Methanobacillus Methanococcus Methanosarcina Methanofolis Methanopyrus Methanothermobacter
- 7. Factors
- 8. Optimum condition required for anaerobes for its metabolic activities
- 9. Advantages of Anaerobic Digestion • It is a net energy producing process which produces renewable energy in the form of biogas • It produces a liquid and a fibrous fertilizer • It sanitizes the feedstock/ waste which is put through it, as long as the temperature is held above a required temperature for a pre-defined time period • It is much less likely to cause environmental pollution than spreading untreated organic waste on land • The effect of the fertilizer is longer lasting than for untreated organic waste
- 10. Disadvantages of Anaerobic Digestion • When carried out at a commercial scale on farms it requires a high level of investment in large tanks and other process vessels • If run inefficiently AD can cause an odour nuisance.
- 12. Nitrification
- 13. Nitrification • Auxotrophs-a mutant organism (especially a bacterium or fungus) that requires a particular additional nutrient which the normal strain does not • Aerobic suspended growth and aerobic attached growth system -used
- 14. Denitrification
- 15. Denitrification Occurs under anaerobic condition • Aerobacter • Bacillus • Brevibacterium • Lactobacillus • Micrococcus • Pseudomonas • Spirillum