This document discusses various aspects of wind turbine power electronics and control systems. It begins with basics on how wind turbines convert kinetic wind energy into rotational energy. It then covers different types of generators that can be used, such as asynchronous and synchronous, and various ways to connect them to the electrical grid directly or via power converters. The document also discusses methods for controlling the turbine speed, such as pitch control and stall control, as well as optimizing the turbine's performance through control of the generator excitation or frequency. Finally, it provides two examples of control strategies - one for a fixed speed grid-connected system and one for a variable speed system with pitch control.
WIND TURBINE turbine development Wind turbines are classified into two genera...Mohan313217
History of Wind-Mills:
UNIT-III WIND ENERGY
The wind is a by-product of solar energy. Approximately 2% of the sun's energy reaching the earth is converted into wind energy. The surface of the earth heats and cools unevenly, creating atmospheric pressure zones that make air flow from high- to low pressure areas. The wind has played an important role in the history of human civilization. The first known use of wind dates back 5,000 years to Egypt, where boats used sails to travel from shore to shore. The first true windmill, a machine with vanes attached to an axis to produce circular motion, may have been built as early as 2000 B.C. in ancient Babylon. By the 10th century A.D., windmills with wind-catching surfaces having 16 feet length and 30 feet height were grinding grain in the areas in eastern Iran and Afghanistan. The earliest written references to working wind machines in western world date from the12th century. These too were used for milling grain. It was not until a few hundred years later that windmills were modified to pump water and reclaim much of Holland from the sea.
The multi-vane "farm windmill" of the American Midwest and West was invented in the United States during the latter half of the l9th century. In 1889 there were 77 windmill factories in the United States, and by the turn of the century, windmills had become a major American export. Until the diesel engine came along, many transcontinental rail routes in the U.S. depended on large multi-vane windmills to pump water for steam locomotives. Farm windmills are still being produced and used, though in reduced numbers. They are best suited for pumping ground water in small quantities to livestock water tanks. In the1930s and 1940s, hundreds of thousands of electricity producing wind turbines were built-in the U.S. They had two or three thin blades which rotated at high speeds to drive electrical generators. These wind turbines provided electricity to farms beyond the reach of power lines and were typically used to charge storage batteries, operate radio receivers and power a light bulb. By the early 1950s, however, the extension of the central power grid to nearly every American household, via the Rural Electrification Administration, eliminated the market for these machines. Wind turbine development lay nearly dormant for the next 20 years.
WIND TURBINE turbine development Wind turbines are classified into two genera...Mohan313217
History of Wind-Mills:
UNIT-III WIND ENERGY
The wind is a by-product of solar energy. Approximately 2% of the sun's energy reaching the earth is converted into wind energy. The surface of the earth heats and cools unevenly, creating atmospheric pressure zones that make air flow from high- to low pressure areas. The wind has played an important role in the history of human civilization. The first known use of wind dates back 5,000 years to Egypt, where boats used sails to travel from shore to shore. The first true windmill, a machine with vanes attached to an axis to produce circular motion, may have been built as early as 2000 B.C. in ancient Babylon. By the 10th century A.D., windmills with wind-catching surfaces having 16 feet length and 30 feet height were grinding grain in the areas in eastern Iran and Afghanistan. The earliest written references to working wind machines in western world date from the12th century. These too were used for milling grain. It was not until a few hundred years later that windmills were modified to pump water and reclaim much of Holland from the sea.
The multi-vane "farm windmill" of the American Midwest and West was invented in the United States during the latter half of the l9th century. In 1889 there were 77 windmill factories in the United States, and by the turn of the century, windmills had become a major American export. Until the diesel engine came along, many transcontinental rail routes in the U.S. depended on large multi-vane windmills to pump water for steam locomotives. Farm windmills are still being produced and used, though in reduced numbers. They are best suited for pumping ground water in small quantities to livestock water tanks. In the1930s and 1940s, hundreds of thousands of electricity producing wind turbines were built-in the U.S. They had two or three thin blades which rotated at high speeds to drive electrical generators. These wind turbines provided electricity to farms beyond the reach of power lines and were typically used to charge storage batteries, operate radio receivers and power a light bulb. By the early 1950s, however, the extension of the central power grid to nearly every American household, via the Rural Electrification Administration, eliminated the market for these machines. Wind turbine development lay nearly dormant for the next 20 years.
On load tap changer in a.c. locomotive transformer & air blast circuit b...vishalgohel12195
On load tap changer In A.C. locomotive transformer & Air blast circuit breaker
Introduction
Block diagram of A.C. Locomotive
Equipment of locomotive & their function
Advantages
Disadvantages
Active and Reactive Power Control of a Doubly Fed Induction GeneratorIJPEDS-IAES
Wind energy has many advantages, it does not pollute and it is an inexhaustible source. However, the cost of this energy is still too high to compete with traditional fossil fuels, especially on sites less windy. The performance of a wind turbine depends on three parameters: the power of wind, the power curve of the turbine and the generator's ability to respond to wind fluctuations. This paper presents a control chain conversion based on a double-fed asynchronous machine (D.F.I.G). To improve the transient and steady state performance and the power factor of generation, a stator flux oriented vector control scheme is used in this work. The vector control structure employs conventional PI controllers for the decoupled control of the stator side active and reactive power. The whole system is modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink and the results are analyzed.
On load tap changer in a.c. locomotive transformer & air blast circuit b...vishalgohel12195
On load tap changer In A.C. locomotive transformer & Air blast circuit breaker
Introduction
Block diagram of A.C. Locomotive
Equipment of locomotive & their function
Advantages
Disadvantages
Active and Reactive Power Control of a Doubly Fed Induction GeneratorIJPEDS-IAES
Wind energy has many advantages, it does not pollute and it is an inexhaustible source. However, the cost of this energy is still too high to compete with traditional fossil fuels, especially on sites less windy. The performance of a wind turbine depends on three parameters: the power of wind, the power curve of the turbine and the generator's ability to respond to wind fluctuations. This paper presents a control chain conversion based on a double-fed asynchronous machine (D.F.I.G). To improve the transient and steady state performance and the power factor of generation, a stator flux oriented vector control scheme is used in this work. The vector control structure employs conventional PI controllers for the decoupled control of the stator side active and reactive power. The whole system is modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink and the results are analyzed.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
windenergy.ppt
1. Power Electronics and Control
in Wind Energy Conversion Systems
Final Project
Simon P. Teeuwsen
Class 453 Electric Drives
March 15, 2001
2. Basics about Wind Turbines
• Flowing air represents a moving mass that contains kinetic energy.
• The windturbine converts a part of this energy into rotation energy
by decelerating the wind velocity from to .
1
V 3
V
Hence, the power of the air stream is
3
1
0
2
V
A
P R
and the power absorbed by the turbine is
2
2
3
2
1 )
(
2
V
V
V
A
P R
W
density
air
:
area
rotor
the
in
speed
air
:
V
area
section
cross
effective
:
2
R
A
3. 3
1
max
2
27
16
V
A
P R
W
According to Betz [2], the maximum wind turbine output is
for and
1
2
3
2
V
V
1
3
3
1
V
V
0
P
P
c W
P
The ratio of the power absorbed by the turbine to that of the
moving air mass is the so called performance coefficient:
max
W
W P
P
593
.
0
27
16
2
2
27
16
3
1
3
1
0
max
max
V
A
V
A
P
P
c
R
R
W
P
The maximum performance coefficient is given for
4. To get the maximum efficiency, the performance coefficient
should be near its maximal value of 0.593
upstream
speed
wind
speed
tip
blade
V
V
ratio
speed
tip u
1
:
5. Conclusion
Differentiation between:
P
c
The performance coefficient is to maximize!
slow running multi blade turbines with a large torque
(i.e. for pumping purposes) and
s
W
W T
P
fast running little blade turbines with smaller torque,
but a lot bigger efficiency (high performance coefficient)
i.e. for generation of electric power
6. Energy Converter Systems
There are a plenty of different ways to connect these generators to the grid.
Most often employed are three phase generators of the following type:
• Asynchronous Generator (Induction Engine)
• Synchronous Generator
7. • Direct Grid Connection
• AC-DC plus DC-AC Converter
• AC-AC Converter
Asynchronous Generator (Slip Ring Rotor) with Gear System
• Rotor Voltage Injection by 2nd Generator on the Shaft
• RVI by the Grid with AC-DC plus DC-AC Converter
• RVI by the Grid with AC-AC Converter
Synchronous Generator (Separated Excited) with Gear System
• Direct Grid Connection
• AC-DC plus DC-AC Converter
• AC-DC plus DC-AC Converter as Gearless Unit
Synchronous Generator (Permanently Excited) as Gearless Units
• AC-DC plus DC-AC Converter
• AC-AC Converter
Asynchronous Generator (Short-Circuit Rotor) with Gear System
8.
9.
10. • a) and g) show extremely rigid grid coupling
• h) for DC supply
• i), j) and k) must draw their reactive power from the grid
• f) and g) allow control of reactive power, are also able to
provide the reactive power necessary themselves and can control
the voltage in grid branches
11. Speed Control of the Wind Turbine
• Pitch Control (smaller systems)
• Stall Control (rated outputs of 30 kW and over)
Why speed control?
• Adjust speed to control the power flow
• Drive the system at its optimal performance
• Protection from over-revving
How to control the speed?
12. Pitch Control
Variation of the yaw angle between rotor blade and the direction
of wind pressure changes the effective flow rotor cross section
13. Reduction of the effective flow rotor cross section leads to a
drastic drop of the performance coefficient:
14. Aerodynamic design of the rotor blades:
Stall Control
• Low wind speed: Laminar flow obtains the rotor blades
• High wind speed Further torque development at the
near operating point: rotor will be inhibited
• Wind speed beyond Rotor torque and performance
rated range: coefficient decrease (!)
15. Generator and Turbine Torque
The speed torque characteristic for the wind turbine
depends on the wind speed !
The speed torque characteristic for the generator depends
on the generator type and the grid connection !
16. Direct Grid Coupling
The Grid sets a Constant Frequency:
• Synchronous generators are constraint by the grid frequency
• Asynchronous generators vary for increasing wind speed from
this frequency because of the increasing slip
When the wind speed lies below
nominal levels, the machines
act as motors and drive the turbine !
17. Indirect Grid Coupling using Converter
Wind Turbine Frequency is Independent on the Grid Frequency !
Synchronous Generator:
The optimal turbine performance
can be found by adjusting the
excitation of the generator
18. Optimal Performance Control
Performance Control by
• Controlling the rotation speed
• Adjusting the excitation for
synchronous generators
• Variation of the stator frequency
for asynchronous generators
19. Example for a Synchronous Generator
with Frequency Converter
SG
Excitation
R
S
T
+
_
Rectifier Converter
Generator
Advantages:
• use of standard components instead of a
complicated electrical system
• wide range of speed and torque
20. Example for a Rotor Cascade Induction
Generator System
The rectified slip power can be recovered by feeding it to the net
via an inverter and a transformer:
Advantages:
any operating point above the
synchronous speed can be reached
by controlling the rectified rotor
current with the inverter
21. Power Control and Grid Connection
Generator
Rectifier
~
=
=
~
Inverter
Intermediate-Circuit Grid
generator
variables
rectifier
variables
intermediate-circuit
variables
inverter
variables
grid
variables
control, plant management and monitoring
22. • Constant or not constant grid frequency
• Controlled or uncontrolled wind energy supply
• Isolated or grid operation
• Wind turbine with and without blade adjustment
• Fixed or variable turbine speed
... or combinations depending on the system and the desired operation
There are plenty of different control strategies:
23. Control Strategy Example 1
Control and management of a fixed speed grid
connected wind power plant with blade pitch adjustment:
Generator
voltage
frequency
Management System Remote Monitoring
desired
values
state interrogation
parameter input
V f
Grid
el
P
Energy
Feed
(wind)
Plant
State
External
Influences
W
P
0
P
Regulation
actual
values
V
n, f
f
V
n constant
24. Control and management of a wind power plant
operated at variable speed with blade pitch adjustment:
Control Strategy Example 2
Generator
voltage
frequency
Grid
Energy
Feed
(wind)
Plant
State
External
Influences
W
P el
P
0
P
Management System Remote Monitoring
desired
values
state interrogation
parameter input
1
V 1
f
~
~ 1
f
G
f
n
Regulation
actual
values
V
n, f
1
V
25. References
[1] Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems,
Siegfried Heier
John Wiley & Sons, 1998
[2] Wind-Energie und ihre Ausnutzung durch Windmühlen,
A. Betz
Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1926
[3] Variable Speed AC-Generators in Wind Energy Convertors
O. Carlson, J. Hylander
Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
[4] Enercon Homepage