William Graham Sumner

1. WILLIAM GRAHAM
SUMNER
PARTICIPANT NAME :
AYESHA SHAMS (50) ,FARIHA MASOOD (56),ASIA BIBI (62)
HAFSA ISMAIL (72),SAIDA UMER (73)
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN NUTRITION AND DIETETICS

2. TABLE OF CONTENT :
1. Introduction of author
2. Main theme
3. Quotation
4. Major work
5. Summary and conclusion
6. References

3. INTRODUCTION
1. Born: Oct 30,1840, Paterson,New Jersey,US
2. Education: Yale university, University of Oxford, University of Geneva,University
of Gottigen
3. He was Yale professor of Sociology, Episcopal minister ,Social Darwinist
,Evolutionary and Naturalist. He was social scientist and classical liberal.
4. He held the Nation’s first professorship in Sociology at Yale University
5. Death: April 12,1910, Englewood New Jersey, US

4. MAIN THEME
1. “The gap separates the emotion and fact”.He wrote this after the death of her
mother in 1848 emotionally starved household under the care of stepmother.
2. “Laissez-faire, Individual liberty and the innate inequalities among men” He
expounded it in many of his essays and it was his firm belief.
3. He said that there are two sides for survival of human.First is “struggle for
existence”between man and nature.Second is “competition for life”between
man and man.He said this in his social Darwinism.

5. QUOTATIONS:
1. “There is no device whatever to be invented for securing happiness without
industry, economy and virtue.”
2. “The advantage of some is won by an equivalent loss of other”
3. “Such is the forgotten Man , He works ,he votes , generally he prays but he
always pays yes,above all, he pays.”
4. “There is no boon in nature.All the blessings we enjoy are the fruits of
labor,toil,self-denial and study.”

6. MAJOR WORK
1. Folkway: Written in 1906, that describe the norms,rules and symbolic social
control that determine shape and regulate individual as well as institutional
behavior in a society.The main idea of folkway was “Ethnocentrism, Ingroup and
Outgroup”
2. What social classes owe to each other:First published in 1883,and an
important question was asked in it “ does any class or interest group have the
duty and burden of fighting of the battles of life for any other class or of
solving the social problems to the satisfaction of any other class or group?”

7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
1. He was a social Darwinist and conservative in thoughts,worked continuously in
charting the evolution of human customs, folkways and mores.He believed that
these forces developed naturally through the course of evolution,made any
attempts for social reform useless.
2. William G.S.was leading potent of Darwinism arguing that the wealthy were rich
because of Natural selection and argued that their wealth was a social service.
He said that hereditary wealth allowed the fittest to pass on their virtues to
children.
3. Once he said “Millionaries are a product of natural selection”.

8. REFERENCE:
1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner
2. https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Graham-Sumner

9. Thanks for attention