This document discusses the potential benefits and challenges of integrating extra-small modular reactors (XSMRs) into Earth's energy and transport systems, particularly for providing reliable power and water in arid regions. It highlights the need for regulatory changes, innovative manufacturing techniques, and collaboration among stakeholders to achieve energy independence and sustainability. The XSMR approach is presented as a transformative solution for nuclear energy, emphasizing the importance of leveraging modern technology and independent innovation.

1. Extra Small Modular Reactors
System Architecture and Design Issues
Dr. William A. Good
william.a.good@comcast.net
303-906-1900
Presented at EnergyTech 2015
Cleveland, OH 44115

2. Ted Talks
• Taylor Wilson
• My radical plan for small nuclear fission
reactors
• TED2013 · 12:53
• Filmed Feb 2013
• https://www.ted.com/talks/taylor_wilson_my
_radical_plan_for_small_nuclear_fission_react
ors?language=en
2

3. Solar System of Systems
• Abstract
• Problem Statement
• Solution Space
• Initial Approach
• Initial Results
• Next Steps
• Backup Material
3

4. Abstract
• The solar system is a system of systems that includes both
energy and transport (motion). Each moon and planet has
its own energy and transport systems that may or may not
include nuclear power sources. Assuming that energy and
transport systems are suboptimal without nuclear power
being embedded throughout the system architecture, this
paper examines the potential benefits of extra-small
nuclear power sources within Earth-based energy and
transport systems for the production of benefits to both
developed and developing nations. Of specific interest are:
– the production of water for arid and semi-arid regions that are
subject to occasional drought; and
– more distributed creation of consistent electrical power in order
to increase the reliability and resilience of energy production.
4

5. Solar System of Systems
• Abstract
• Problem Statement
• Solution Space
• Initial Approach
• Initial Results
• Next Steps
• Backup Material
5

6. xSMR Problem Statement
• SMR = Small Modular Reactor < 300Mwe
– xSMR = Extra-Small Manufactured Reactor < 1MWe
• Congress is frustrated by a lack of progress
– Congressman Lamar Smith: “Regulatory changes needed”
• Nuclear options needed for true sustainability
– http://pandoraspromise.com/ and http://efn-usa.org/
• GWEN = Global Water Energy Nexus
– Both water and energy require transport to users
– The combined optimization is a very wicked problem
6

7. Wicked Problem Statement
• Modeling Social Messes with Morphological
Analysis
– http://www.swemorph.com/wp.html
• Strategy as a Wicked Problem
– https://hbr.org/2008/05/strategy-as-a-wicked-problem
• Wicked Problems in Design Thinking
– http://web.mit.edu/jrankin/www/engin_as_lib_art/Design_thinking.pdf
• Horst Wittel’s Theory of Wicked Problems
– https://www.wickedproblems.com/1_wicked_problems.php
7

8. Solar System of Systems
• Abstract
• Problem Statement
• Solution Space
• Approach
• Results
• Next Steps
• Backup Material
8

9. Solution Space References
• Entire EnergyTech 2015 presentation archive
– http://www.energytech2015.com/submissions/
• NRC publications http://www.nrc.gov/reading-
rm/doc-collections/nuregs/
• IAEA publications http://www-
pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/tecdocs.asp
• JSTOR archives http://www.jstor.org/
• NASA publications http://www.sti.nasa.gov/
9

10. Solution Space Applications
• Traditional commercial & residential energy uses
• Critical infrastructure (e.g., hospital, fire, police)
– Remote and rural activities (e.g., mines, farms)
– Small communities and small businesses
• Transportation innovations
– Electric car service stations @ http://www.afdc.
energy.gov/fuels/electricity_locations.html
– Nuclear UAVs @ http://www.inderscienceonline.com
/doi/abs/10.1504/IJNGEE.2014.065930
• Desalination
10

11. Solar System of Systems
• Abstract
• Problem Statement
• Solution Space
• Approach
• Results
• Next Steps
• Backup Material
11

12. xSMR System Architecture
• Nuclear energy shift from IBM to Apple model
– Centralized (mainframe) to distributed (PC)
– Ten year minimum refueling cycle required
– No significant nuclear waste issues
– Passive safety design features
– Control of the entire product life cycle including fuel cycle
• Substantially enhanced radiation detection
available across all transportation modes
– Vehicle Base Threat Detection System
– Patent US 8643507 B2
12

13. xSMR Design Approach
• Differentiate between SMR and xSMR
– SMR  M = Modular
– xSMR  M = Manufactured (Additively)
• Small drone has been manufactured additively
– http://www19.iadb.org/intal/icom/en/notas/39-31/
– http://www.forbes.com/sites/gregorymcneal/2015/03/30/in-
this-weeks-drone-roundup-the-feds-cant-manage-drones-while-
european-regs-get-permissive/
• 1MWe target volume 1m3 and mass 1,000kgs
– Precise component replication and assembly processes
– http://www.wired.com/2013/07/tesla-plant-video/
13

14. xSMR Licensing
• Shift from current NRC to FAA approach
– Certify safety and functioning of a specific model
– Manufacturer receives unrestricted authorization
– Airports are certified independently of aircraft
• Congressional mandate to promote xSMR
– US needs a manufacturing renaissance
– Tight control of intellectual property required
– Material properties are proprietary and critical
14

15. xSMR Objectives
• Achieve irreversible US energy independence
• Achieve definitive US energy cost advantage
• Achieve persistent & resilient electrical power
– Military and all other valuable energy uses
• Protect all other nuclear initiatives
– Defend against all conceivable WMD threats
including terrorism and high altitude EMP
– Retain undiminished retaliatory capabilities
15

16. xSMR Augmentation
• TEMPEST protection and Faraday cages
– https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_cage
– http://www.faradaycages.com/server-rooms
– http://hollandshielding.com/109-
mu_copper_faraday_cages
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmOikI9ganY
• TRACKSAT GPS upgrade for remote operations
– Designed in 2015 as capstone project at UCCS
– Master of Engineering in Space Operations
16

17. Solar System of Systems
• Abstract
• Problem Statement
• Solution Space
• Approach
• Results
• Next Steps
• Backup Material
17

18. xSMR Analysis Results
• Commercialize SMR experimental reactors that are
fundamentally different from the current fleet and may or
may not use thorium as a fuel instead of uranium.
– Molten Salt Reactors
• http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Current-and-Future-Generation/Molten-Salt-
Reactors/
– High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactors
• http://web.mit.edu/pebble-bed/Presentation/HTGR.pdf
– Supercritical CO2 Direct Cycle Gas Fast Reactors
• http://prod.sandia.gov/techlib/access-control.cgi/2011/112525.pdf
– Compact Fusion Reactors
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_beta_fusion_reactor
– Aneutronic Fusion Reactors
• http://muonray.blogspot.com/2014/12/aneutronic-nuclear-fusion-truly-clean.html
– Metal Oxygen Fusion Reactors with X-Ray Flourescence Cascade Shielding
• https://www.quora.com/How-can-we-create-heavy-metals-in-a-fusion-reactor-
assuming-that-we-can-sustain-a-fusion-reaction
18

19. xSMR Results
• Study current Generation IV reactor status and
progress along a 2030 deployment timeline
– http://www.ne.anl.gov/activ/pdfs/GenIV.pdf
– http://www.ne.anl.gov/research/genIV/
• Use Gen IV cost estimating guidance for xSMR
– https://www.gen-4.org/gif/upload/docs/
application/pdf/2013-09/emwg_guidelines.pdf
• Additive manufacturing partners are needed
for alternative design prototype comparisons
19

20. xSMR Initial Conclusions
• xSMR approach is as revolutionary for nuclear energy
as Apple has been for computing
– http://fortune.com/2015/08/05/microsoft-inches-past-
ibm-in-revenue/
• The market potential for energy innovation that
unleashes the laws of physics is huge
– http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/A-Closer-Look-At-
The-Worlds-5-Biggest-Oil-Companies.html
– http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/
• xSMR is the most environmentally sustainable option
– http://efn-usa.org/
20

21. Solar System of Systems
• Abstract
• Problem Statement
• Solution Space
• Approach
• Results
• Next Steps
• Backup Material
21

22. xSMR Next Steps
• Follow the INCOSE Systems Engineering (SE) Handbook
– http://www.incose.org/ProductsPublications/sehandbook
• Use the Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge
– http://www.incose.org/ProductsPublications/bkcase
• Reference the Graduate Reference Curriculum for SE
– Identify a Consortium of Universities that are receptive to xSMR
– http://www.energy.gov/ne/nuclear-reactor-technologies/nuclear-
energy-university-program
• Keep in mind that Apple innovated independently
– No specified military or government requirements
– No dependence upon government funded university research
22

23. xSMR Next Steps
23

24. xSMR Next Steps
• Engage the INCOSE Transformational SE Caucus
– http://www.incose.org/ChaptersGroups/Chapters/ChapterSites/colora
do-front-range/chapter-home/2015/03/21/default-calendar/spring-
2015-tutorial---introduction-to-transformational-systems-engineering
• Submit unsolicted proposal to DoE regarding manufacturing
– http://www.energy.gov/ne/nuclear-energy-enabling-
technologies/advanced-methods-manufacturing
• Arrange a significant alumni donation so that nuclear matches
petroleum engineering at the Colorado School of Mines
– http://inside.mines.edu/NSE-home
– http://case.mines.edu/CASE-welcomes-five-new-faculty-in-Fall-2015-
College-of-Applied-Science-and-Engineering
24

25. xSMR Next Steps
• Recruit nuclear qualified CSEP and ESEP staff
– http://www.incose.org/certification/certforms
– http://www.thecamerongroupinc.com/team.html
• Test/Certify/Deploy Vehicle Based Screening
– Bring all nuclear materials under better control
– http://www.google.com/patents/US8643507
– http://www.thecamerongroupinc.com/vehicle_based_thre
at_detection_wmd.html
• Lobby Congress for more effective regulation
25

26. xSMR Next Steps
• Pursue profitable solutions to the Global Water
Energy Nexus (GWEN) challenge
– http://inside.mines.edu/Transformational-Systems-
Engineering-Workshop-The-Application-of-
Transformational-Thinking-to-the-Global-Energy-Water-
Nexus-GWEN-
– http://www.incose.org/ChaptersGroups/Chapters/Chapter
Sites/colorado-front-range/chapter-
home/2015/09/25/default-calendar/workshop-the-
application-of-transformational-thinking-to-the-global-
water-energy-nexus-%28gwen%29
– http://climatecolab.org/plans/-
/plans/contestId/1302001/planId/1323515
26

27. xSMR System Architecture
and Design Issues
27
Questions?

28. Solar System of Systems
• Abstract
• Problem Statement
• Solution Space
• Approach
• Results
• Next Steps
• Backup Material
28

29. xSMR Backup Material
• Walker, J. Samuel and Thomas R. Wellock, “A
Short History of Nuclear Regulation, 1946-
2009, US NRC, October 2010.
– http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-
collections/nuregs/brochures/br0175/
29

30. xSMR Backup Material
• Krell, “Modular Nuclear Reactors: Different
Packaging, Same Problems?” in Roundtree 7,
12 November 2012.
– http://www.roundtree7.com/2012/11/modular-
nuclear-reactors-different-packaging-same-
problems/
30

31. xSMR Backup Material
31

32. xSMR Backup Material
• Krell, “Modular Nuclear Reactors: Different
Packaging, Same Problems?” in Roundtree 7,
12 November 2012.
– http://www.roundtree7.com/2012/11/modular-
nuclear-reactors-different-packaging-same-
problems/
32