With increasing implementation of Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) in power grids, application of wide area damping controllers (WADCs) to damp power system oscillations is of interest. On the other hand, it is well known that rapidly increasing integration of renewable energy sources into the grid can dangerously reduce the inertia of the system and degrade the stability of power systems. This paper aimed to design a novel WADC for a utility-scale PV solar farm to damp out inter area oscillations while the main focus of the work is to eliminate the impact of communication delays of wide-area signals from the WAMS. Moreover, the PV farm impact on inter area oscillation mitigation is investigated in various case studies, namely, with WADC on the active power control loop and with WADC on the reactive power control loop. The Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) technique is applied to normalize and optimize the parameters of WADC for inter-area oscillations damping and continuous compensation of time-varying latencies. The proposed method is prosperously applied in a 16-bus six-machine test system and various case studies are conducted to demonstrate the potential of the proposed structure.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Enhanced Crowbar Protection for Fault Ride through Capability of Wind Generat...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to increasing demand in power, the integration of renewable sources like
wind generation into power system is gaining much importance nowadays.
The heavy penetration of wind power into the power system leads to many
integration issues mainly due to the intermittent nature of the wind and the
desirability for variable speed operation of the generators. As the wind power
generation depends on the wind speed, its integration into the grid has
noticeable influence on the system stability and becomes an important issue
especially when a fault occurs on the grid. The protective disconnection of a
large amount of wind power during a fault will be an unacceptable
consequence and threatens the power system stability. With the increasing
use of wind turbines employing Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
technology, it becomes a necessity to investigate their behavior during grid
faults and support them with fault ride through capability. This paper
presents the modeling and simulation of a doubly fed induction generator
according to grid code compatibility driven by a wind turbine connected to
the grid. This paper analyses the voltage sag due to a three-phase fault in the
wind connected grid. A control strategy including a crowbar circuit has been
developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK to bypass the rotor over currents during
grid fault to enhance the fault ride through capability and to maintain system
stability. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control
strategies in DFIG based grid connected wind turbine system.
Improved Control Strategy for Low Voltage Ride Through Capability of DFIG wit...ecij
This paper deals with a protection and control strategy to enhance the low voltage ride through capability of a wind turbine driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). As the wind power penetration continues to increase, wind turbines are required to provide Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) capability. Crowbars are commonly used to protect the power converters during voltage dips and their main drawback is that the DFIG absorbs reactive power from the grid during grid faults. According to emergency grid code requirements, wind farms should have the ability to stay connected and continue generation under external voltage failure conditions, that is, wind turbines have to keep in connection with grid and own continue reactive power supply. This paper proposes a hysteresis current control strategy for the crowbar protection
and a reactive power control to satisfy the grid code requirements. Consequently, the dynamic model of double fed wind turbines is established to study the transient behavior of DFIG. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Anlysis of a pmsg based offshore wind farm fed to a onshore grid through hybr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Impact of high level penetration of photovoltaics on Power systemMuwaf_5
Discusses the impact of high penetration levels of PV system, and its effects on the grid. It has detrimental effects on system stability and cause power quality issues. The remedial measure is discussed
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Enhanced Crowbar Protection for Fault Ride through Capability of Wind Generat...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to increasing demand in power, the integration of renewable sources like
wind generation into power system is gaining much importance nowadays.
The heavy penetration of wind power into the power system leads to many
integration issues mainly due to the intermittent nature of the wind and the
desirability for variable speed operation of the generators. As the wind power
generation depends on the wind speed, its integration into the grid has
noticeable influence on the system stability and becomes an important issue
especially when a fault occurs on the grid. The protective disconnection of a
large amount of wind power during a fault will be an unacceptable
consequence and threatens the power system stability. With the increasing
use of wind turbines employing Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
technology, it becomes a necessity to investigate their behavior during grid
faults and support them with fault ride through capability. This paper
presents the modeling and simulation of a doubly fed induction generator
according to grid code compatibility driven by a wind turbine connected to
the grid. This paper analyses the voltage sag due to a three-phase fault in the
wind connected grid. A control strategy including a crowbar circuit has been
developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK to bypass the rotor over currents during
grid fault to enhance the fault ride through capability and to maintain system
stability. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control
strategies in DFIG based grid connected wind turbine system.
Improved Control Strategy for Low Voltage Ride Through Capability of DFIG wit...ecij
This paper deals with a protection and control strategy to enhance the low voltage ride through capability of a wind turbine driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). As the wind power penetration continues to increase, wind turbines are required to provide Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) capability. Crowbars are commonly used to protect the power converters during voltage dips and their main drawback is that the DFIG absorbs reactive power from the grid during grid faults. According to emergency grid code requirements, wind farms should have the ability to stay connected and continue generation under external voltage failure conditions, that is, wind turbines have to keep in connection with grid and own continue reactive power supply. This paper proposes a hysteresis current control strategy for the crowbar protection
and a reactive power control to satisfy the grid code requirements. Consequently, the dynamic model of double fed wind turbines is established to study the transient behavior of DFIG. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Anlysis of a pmsg based offshore wind farm fed to a onshore grid through hybr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Impact of high level penetration of photovoltaics on Power systemMuwaf_5
Discusses the impact of high penetration levels of PV system, and its effects on the grid. It has detrimental effects on system stability and cause power quality issues. The remedial measure is discussed
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
This slide presents about the basic and importance about load shedding in smart microgrid distribution systems. Later of the class i will discuss about in detail on the process of executing the load shedding.
Power system solution provided by facts and hvdceSAT Journals
Abstract Various types of FACTS as well as HVDC have been available for some time. New ones have been developed recently. Their respective benefits are well proven and have been made known. System studies have to be done to make full use of FACTS and HVDC problem solving capabilities. This paper is described the technical and commercial benefits that FACT and HVDC solutions provided and case studies are presented showing how the relevant problem of power system can solved by this paper. Index Terms: FACTS, HVDC, POWER SYSTEM
These slides focus on preliminary discussions about wide area monitoring, protection and control in future smart grid. Later in the class i will show its application through simulation and case study results.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
These slides present the basics of different categories of energy storage devices, and their application to power system. Apart from that one control strategy has been presented. Later of the class I will discuss about its control strategies.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
Dealing With Reactive Power in Islanded Micro Grid Corresponding Power Distri...ijtsrd
A Micro grid MG is a local energy system consisting of a number of energy sources e.g., wind turbine or solar panels among others , energy storage units, and loads that operate connected to the main electrical grid or autonomously. MGs provide flexibility, reduce the main electricity grid dependence, and contribute to changing large centralized production paradigm to local and distributed generation. However, such energy systems require complex management, advanced control, and optimization. Moreover, the power electronics converters have to be used to correct energy conversion and be interconnected through a common control structure is necessary. A classical droop control system is often implemented in MG. It allows correct operation of parallel voltage sourced converters in grid connection, as well as islanded mode of operation. However, it requires complex power management algorithms, especially in islanded MGs, which balance the system and improves reliability. The novel reactive power sharing algorithm is developed, which takes into account the parameters of the converter as apparent power limit and maximum active power. The developed solution is verified in simulation and compared with other known reactive power control methods. G. Amulya | Dr. S. V. D. Anil Kumar "Dealing With Reactive Power in Islanded Micro Grid-Corresponding Power Distribution in Hierarchical Droop Control using Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26498.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26498/dealing-with-reactive-power-in-islanded-micro-grid-corresponding-power-distribution-in-hierarchical-droop-control-using-photovoltaic-system/g-amulya
Photo Voltaic Cell Integrated DVR for Power Quality ImprovementIJMTST Journal
Grid integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) is increasing rapidly. Integration of various types of energy storage technologies like batteries, ultra capacitors (UCAPs), superconducting magnets and flywheels to support intermittent DERs, such as solar and wind, in order to improve their reliability is becoming necessary. Of all the energy storage technologies UCAPs have low energy density, high power density and fast charge/discharge characteristics. They also have more charge/discharge cycles and higher terminal voltage per module when compared to batteries. All these characteristics make UCAPs ideal choice for providing support to events on the distribution grid which require high power for short spans of time. UCAPs have traditionally been limited to regenerative braking and wind power smoothing applications. The major contribution of this dissertation is in integrating UCAPs for a broader range of applications like active/reactive power support, renewable intermittency smoothing, voltage sag/swell compensation and power quality conditioning to the distribution grid. Renewable intermittency smoothing is an application which requires bi-directional transfer of power from the grid to the UCAPs and vice-versa by charging and discharging the UCAPs. This application requires high active power support in the 10s-3min time scale which can be achieved by integrating UCAPs through a shunt active power filter (APF) which can also be used to provide active/reactive power support. Temporary voltage sag/swell compensation is another application which requires high active power support in the 3s-1min time scale which can be provided integrating UCAPs into the grid through series dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). All the above functionalities can also be provided by integrating the UCAPs into a power conditioner topology.
These slides present the introduction to FACTS devices. Later we will discuss about its modelling and control aspect applications. This comes under the topic on power electronics application in smart and microgrid systems.
As the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years with the growth of electricity demand, integration of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) to the distribution system is emerging to fulfil the demand. There are benefits and drawbacks to the distribution system due to the penetration of PVDG. This paper discussed and investigated the impacts of PVDG location and size on distribution power systems. The medium voltage distribution network is connected to the grid with the load being supplied by PVDG. Load flow and short circuit calculation are analyzed by using DigSILENT Power Factory Software. Comparisons have been made between the typical distribution system and the distribution system with the penetration of PVDG. Impacts in which PVDG location and size integrates with distribution system are investigated with the results given from the load flow and short circuit analysis. The results indicate positive impacts on the system interconnected with PVDG such as improving voltage profile, reducing power losses, releasing transmission and distribution grid capacity. It also shows that optimal locations and sizes of DGs are needed to minimize the system’s power losses. On the other hand, it shows that PVDG interconnection to the system can cause reverse power flow at improper DG size and location and increases short circuit level.
Simulation of 3 Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmissio...ijtsrd
Gate Turn off GTO thyristor based power control controller for flow control of transmission system is used to regulate voltage and reactive power improment. GTO thyristor switching devices with high power handling capability and the advancement of the other type of power semiconductor devices such as IGBTs, MOSFETs, Ideal switch and so on have led to the development of fast controllable reactive power source utilizing new electronic switching and converter technology. Nowadays, the development of a large capacity Gate Turn off thyristor has made it possible to manufacture self commutated converter employing GTO thyristor for power applications. At present, most of the research on GTO thyristor has focused on their use in power electronic systems at high switching frequencies. GTO thyristor enable the design of the solid state shunt equipment based upon switching technology. The improved rating of GTOs made possible the use of voltage sourced converter VSC in power system applications. In this paper, GTO based voltage source converter VSC is used in high power Flexible AC Transmission Systems FACTS which are used to control power flow on transmission grids. It can be used to build a model of shunt or series static compensator STATCOM or SSSC or, using two such converters, a combination of shunt and series devices known as Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC . This paper has shown a basic application of MATLAB SimPowerSystems programming for 24 pulse GTO converter STATCOM. Zin Wah Aung | Aye Myo Thant | Hnin Yu Lwin "Simulation of 3-Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27887.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27887/simulation-of-3-phase-24-pulse-gto-converter-for-flow-control-of-transmission-system/zin-wah-aung
Location of Shunt FACTS Devices for First-Swing Stability Enhancement in Inte...Editor IJMTER
This paper deals with the location of shunt FACTS devices to improve transient stability
in a long transmission line with predefined direction of real power flow. Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices, when placed at the mid-point of a long transmission line,
play an important role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power network and hence both
the system voltage fluctuations and transient stability. The validity of the mid-point location of shunt
FACTS devices was verified using Simulink, with different shunt FACTS devices, namely static var
compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in a long transmission line
using the actual line model. It has been observed that the FACTS devices, when placed slightly offcentre towards sending-end, give better performance in improving transient stability and the location
depends on the amount of local/through load. The results are experimented and simulated on
MATLAB/Simulink environment.
An Adaptive Virtual Impedance Based Droop Control Scheme for Parallel Inverte...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents an adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme for parallel inverter operation in low voltage microgrid. Because it is
essential to achieve power sharing between inverters in microgrid, various
droop control schemes have been proposed. In practice, the line impedance
between inverters and the point of common coupling (PCC) in microgrid are
not always equal. This imbalance in line impedance often results in a reactive
power mismatch among inverters. This problem has been solved by
introducing a virtual impedance loop in the conventional droop control
scheme. However, the reactive power sharing performance of this method is
still deteriorated when the line impedances change during operation. To
overcome such a problem, a new control scheme that is based on a virtual
impedance loop and an impedance estimation scheme is proposed.
To monitor the changes in line impedances, the impedance estimator is
implemented by using the output voltages and currents of inverters as well as
the voltages at the PCC. To compensate for the reactive power mismatch due
to the line impedance changes, the estimated line impedance is fed to the
virtual impedance loop in which it adjusts the virtual impedance value.
Comparative simulation results with the conventional ones verify the
effectiveness of the proposed adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme.
This paper presents application and control of the gate-controlled series capacitor (GCSC) for series compensation and subsynchronous resonance (SSR) damping in doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms. The GCSC is a new series FACTS device composed of a fixed capacitor in parallel with a pair of antiparallel gate-commuted switches. The study considers a DFIG-based wind farm, which is connected to a series-compensated transmission line whose parameters are derived from the IEEE first benchmark model for computer simulation of the SSR. The small-signal stability analysis of the system is presented, and the eigenvalues of the system are obtained. Using both modal analysis and time-domain simulation, it is shown that the system is potentially unstable due to the SSR mode. Therefore, the wind farm is equipped with a GCSC to solve the instability of the wind farm resulting from the SSR mode, and an SSR damping controller (SSRDC) is designed for this device using residue-based analysis and root locus diagrams. Using residue-based analysis, the optimal input control signal to the SSRDC is identified, which can damp the SSR mode without destabilizing other modes, and using root-locus analysis, the required gain for the SSRDC is determined. MATLAB/Simulink is used as a tool for modeling, design, and time-domain simulations.
This slide presents about the basic and importance about load shedding in smart microgrid distribution systems. Later of the class i will discuss about in detail on the process of executing the load shedding.
Power system solution provided by facts and hvdceSAT Journals
Abstract Various types of FACTS as well as HVDC have been available for some time. New ones have been developed recently. Their respective benefits are well proven and have been made known. System studies have to be done to make full use of FACTS and HVDC problem solving capabilities. This paper is described the technical and commercial benefits that FACT and HVDC solutions provided and case studies are presented showing how the relevant problem of power system can solved by this paper. Index Terms: FACTS, HVDC, POWER SYSTEM
These slides focus on preliminary discussions about wide area monitoring, protection and control in future smart grid. Later in the class i will show its application through simulation and case study results.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
These slides present the basics of different categories of energy storage devices, and their application to power system. Apart from that one control strategy has been presented. Later of the class I will discuss about its control strategies.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
Dealing With Reactive Power in Islanded Micro Grid Corresponding Power Distri...ijtsrd
A Micro grid MG is a local energy system consisting of a number of energy sources e.g., wind turbine or solar panels among others , energy storage units, and loads that operate connected to the main electrical grid or autonomously. MGs provide flexibility, reduce the main electricity grid dependence, and contribute to changing large centralized production paradigm to local and distributed generation. However, such energy systems require complex management, advanced control, and optimization. Moreover, the power electronics converters have to be used to correct energy conversion and be interconnected through a common control structure is necessary. A classical droop control system is often implemented in MG. It allows correct operation of parallel voltage sourced converters in grid connection, as well as islanded mode of operation. However, it requires complex power management algorithms, especially in islanded MGs, which balance the system and improves reliability. The novel reactive power sharing algorithm is developed, which takes into account the parameters of the converter as apparent power limit and maximum active power. The developed solution is verified in simulation and compared with other known reactive power control methods. G. Amulya | Dr. S. V. D. Anil Kumar "Dealing With Reactive Power in Islanded Micro Grid-Corresponding Power Distribution in Hierarchical Droop Control using Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26498.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26498/dealing-with-reactive-power-in-islanded-micro-grid-corresponding-power-distribution-in-hierarchical-droop-control-using-photovoltaic-system/g-amulya
Photo Voltaic Cell Integrated DVR for Power Quality ImprovementIJMTST Journal
Grid integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) is increasing rapidly. Integration of various types of energy storage technologies like batteries, ultra capacitors (UCAPs), superconducting magnets and flywheels to support intermittent DERs, such as solar and wind, in order to improve their reliability is becoming necessary. Of all the energy storage technologies UCAPs have low energy density, high power density and fast charge/discharge characteristics. They also have more charge/discharge cycles and higher terminal voltage per module when compared to batteries. All these characteristics make UCAPs ideal choice for providing support to events on the distribution grid which require high power for short spans of time. UCAPs have traditionally been limited to regenerative braking and wind power smoothing applications. The major contribution of this dissertation is in integrating UCAPs for a broader range of applications like active/reactive power support, renewable intermittency smoothing, voltage sag/swell compensation and power quality conditioning to the distribution grid. Renewable intermittency smoothing is an application which requires bi-directional transfer of power from the grid to the UCAPs and vice-versa by charging and discharging the UCAPs. This application requires high active power support in the 10s-3min time scale which can be achieved by integrating UCAPs through a shunt active power filter (APF) which can also be used to provide active/reactive power support. Temporary voltage sag/swell compensation is another application which requires high active power support in the 3s-1min time scale which can be provided integrating UCAPs into the grid through series dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). All the above functionalities can also be provided by integrating the UCAPs into a power conditioner topology.
These slides present the introduction to FACTS devices. Later we will discuss about its modelling and control aspect applications. This comes under the topic on power electronics application in smart and microgrid systems.
As the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years with the growth of electricity demand, integration of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) to the distribution system is emerging to fulfil the demand. There are benefits and drawbacks to the distribution system due to the penetration of PVDG. This paper discussed and investigated the impacts of PVDG location and size on distribution power systems. The medium voltage distribution network is connected to the grid with the load being supplied by PVDG. Load flow and short circuit calculation are analyzed by using DigSILENT Power Factory Software. Comparisons have been made between the typical distribution system and the distribution system with the penetration of PVDG. Impacts in which PVDG location and size integrates with distribution system are investigated with the results given from the load flow and short circuit analysis. The results indicate positive impacts on the system interconnected with PVDG such as improving voltage profile, reducing power losses, releasing transmission and distribution grid capacity. It also shows that optimal locations and sizes of DGs are needed to minimize the system’s power losses. On the other hand, it shows that PVDG interconnection to the system can cause reverse power flow at improper DG size and location and increases short circuit level.
Simulation of 3 Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmissio...ijtsrd
Gate Turn off GTO thyristor based power control controller for flow control of transmission system is used to regulate voltage and reactive power improment. GTO thyristor switching devices with high power handling capability and the advancement of the other type of power semiconductor devices such as IGBTs, MOSFETs, Ideal switch and so on have led to the development of fast controllable reactive power source utilizing new electronic switching and converter technology. Nowadays, the development of a large capacity Gate Turn off thyristor has made it possible to manufacture self commutated converter employing GTO thyristor for power applications. At present, most of the research on GTO thyristor has focused on their use in power electronic systems at high switching frequencies. GTO thyristor enable the design of the solid state shunt equipment based upon switching technology. The improved rating of GTOs made possible the use of voltage sourced converter VSC in power system applications. In this paper, GTO based voltage source converter VSC is used in high power Flexible AC Transmission Systems FACTS which are used to control power flow on transmission grids. It can be used to build a model of shunt or series static compensator STATCOM or SSSC or, using two such converters, a combination of shunt and series devices known as Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC . This paper has shown a basic application of MATLAB SimPowerSystems programming for 24 pulse GTO converter STATCOM. Zin Wah Aung | Aye Myo Thant | Hnin Yu Lwin "Simulation of 3-Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27887.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27887/simulation-of-3-phase-24-pulse-gto-converter-for-flow-control-of-transmission-system/zin-wah-aung
Location of Shunt FACTS Devices for First-Swing Stability Enhancement in Inte...Editor IJMTER
This paper deals with the location of shunt FACTS devices to improve transient stability
in a long transmission line with predefined direction of real power flow. Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices, when placed at the mid-point of a long transmission line,
play an important role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power network and hence both
the system voltage fluctuations and transient stability. The validity of the mid-point location of shunt
FACTS devices was verified using Simulink, with different shunt FACTS devices, namely static var
compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in a long transmission line
using the actual line model. It has been observed that the FACTS devices, when placed slightly offcentre towards sending-end, give better performance in improving transient stability and the location
depends on the amount of local/through load. The results are experimented and simulated on
MATLAB/Simulink environment.
An Adaptive Virtual Impedance Based Droop Control Scheme for Parallel Inverte...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents an adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme for parallel inverter operation in low voltage microgrid. Because it is
essential to achieve power sharing between inverters in microgrid, various
droop control schemes have been proposed. In practice, the line impedance
between inverters and the point of common coupling (PCC) in microgrid are
not always equal. This imbalance in line impedance often results in a reactive
power mismatch among inverters. This problem has been solved by
introducing a virtual impedance loop in the conventional droop control
scheme. However, the reactive power sharing performance of this method is
still deteriorated when the line impedances change during operation. To
overcome such a problem, a new control scheme that is based on a virtual
impedance loop and an impedance estimation scheme is proposed.
To monitor the changes in line impedances, the impedance estimator is
implemented by using the output voltages and currents of inverters as well as
the voltages at the PCC. To compensate for the reactive power mismatch due
to the line impedance changes, the estimated line impedance is fed to the
virtual impedance loop in which it adjusts the virtual impedance value.
Comparative simulation results with the conventional ones verify the
effectiveness of the proposed adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme.
This paper presents application and control of the gate-controlled series capacitor (GCSC) for series compensation and subsynchronous resonance (SSR) damping in doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms. The GCSC is a new series FACTS device composed of a fixed capacitor in parallel with a pair of antiparallel gate-commuted switches. The study considers a DFIG-based wind farm, which is connected to a series-compensated transmission line whose parameters are derived from the IEEE first benchmark model for computer simulation of the SSR. The small-signal stability analysis of the system is presented, and the eigenvalues of the system are obtained. Using both modal analysis and time-domain simulation, it is shown that the system is potentially unstable due to the SSR mode. Therefore, the wind farm is equipped with a GCSC to solve the instability of the wind farm resulting from the SSR mode, and an SSR damping controller (SSRDC) is designed for this device using residue-based analysis and root locus diagrams. Using residue-based analysis, the optimal input control signal to the SSRDC is identified, which can damp the SSR mode without destabilizing other modes, and using root-locus analysis, the required gain for the SSRDC is determined. MATLAB/Simulink is used as a tool for modeling, design, and time-domain simulations.
Smart Power Transmission System Using FACTS DeviceIJAPEJOURNAL
Making of smart grids puts mounting pressure on the nation’s aging electric power transmission system. Just planting additional towers and stringing more line won’t practice the nation’s electric power transmission infrastructure to meet up the energy challenges ahead. Smart grids stand geared up to play a much larger role in the energy equation for reduction of transmission line losses. The FACTS controllers come out with the capability of enhancing transmission system control, reliability, and operation. This paper will discuss and express how Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) has effectively been applied to power system for efficiently regulating system voltage and thus increase system load ability. This paper investigates the effects of (STATCOM) on voltage stability of a power system at different positions.The simulation analysis of this paper can be used as guideline for power industry. The study is thereby simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software and simulation results show that STATCOM is effective in midpoint voltage regulation on transmission line. In this paper comparison is also performed between STATCOM and SVC under fault condition and it is proved that STATCOM have the capacity to provide more capacitive power for the period of a fault than SVC.
Comparison of upqc and dvr in wind turbine fed fsig under asymmetric faultselelijjournal
This paper presents the mitigation of faults in wind turbine connected fixed speed induction generator using unified power quality conditioner and static compensator. The UPQC consists of shunt and series converters connected back-to-back through a dc-to-dc step up converter. The presence of the dc-to-dc step converter permits the UPQC to compensate faults for long duration. The series converter is connected to the supply side whereas the shunt converter is connected to the load side. The control system of the proposed UPQC is based on Id-Iq theory. The DVR consists of shunt and series converters connected back-to-back through a dc-to-dc step up converter. The presence of the dc-to-dc step converter permits the DVR to compensate faults for long duration. The series converter is connected to the supply side whereas the shunt converter is connected to the load side. The control system of the proposed DVR is based on
hysteresis voltage controlThe proposed wind turbine fed fixed speed induction generator is evaluated and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment with UPQC and DVR under asymmetric faults
A Novel Back Up Wide Area Protection Technique for Power Transmission Grids U...Power System Operation
Current differential protection relays are widely applied
to the protection of electrical plant due to their simplicity,
sensitivity and stability for internal and external faults. The proposed
idea has the feature of unit protection relays to protect large
power transmission grids based on phasor measurement units. The
principle of the protection scheme depends on comparing positive
sequence voltage magnitudes at each bus during fault conditions
inside a system protection center to detect the nearest bus to
the fault. Then the absolute differences of positive sequence current
angles are compared for all lines connecting to this bus to
detect the faulted line. The new technique depends on synchronized
phasor measuring technology with high speed communication
system and time transfer GPS system. The simulation of the interconnecting
system is applied on 500 kV Egyptian network using
Matlab Simulink. The new technique can successfully distinguish
between internal and external faults for interconnected lines. The
new protection scheme works as unit protection system for long
transmission lines. The time of fault detection is estimated by 5
msec for all fault conditions and the relay is evaluated as a back
up relay based on the communication speed for data transferring.
Voltage Regulation with Hybrid RES based Distributed Generation in the for Ac...IJMTST Journal
In this paper adaptive zone-based Volt/VAR management is proposed, which coordinates active
participation of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment. To achieve a flexible and scalable
solution while minimizing complexity and requirements for data-handling capability, DG management
systems are integrated with decentralized parts of the Volt/VAR management system in smaller
geographical zones. Coordination of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment is based on
predefined control hierarchies. However, to reduce requirements for data handling capability, the distribution
grid is divided into zones with individual voltage regulation and reactive support schemes. To add flexibility
and scalability, these zones can be combined into larger zones with a common Volt/VAR management
scheme. This is referred to as adaptive zoning. The results indicate that the control schemes successfully
restore voltage to within limits after disturbance of grid conditions. Adaptive zoning effectively reduces
system complexity and requirements for data handling capability, while still ensuring a grid-wide solution.
The proposed concept is implemented to hybrid RES method the simulation results are presented by using
Matlab/Simulink platform.
Development of Power System Stabilizer Using Modern Optimization Approachijtsrd
The utilization of energy has increased manifold because of the industrial revolution. The development of the induction motor by Nikola Tesla in 1888 triggered the increasing demand of electrical energy in the industrial world and also its usage for artificial lighting. Higher amount of energy required for present society is provided by means of electrical energy. Highly complicated power systems have been constructed to deal with the increasing demand. The development in electric power production is focused on the interconnecting the transmission lines, generators and loads into huge integrated systems, which helps in providing reliable and quality power system to the consumers.Power system stability is an idea that focuses on the way the system adjusts with the occurrence of disorder. These disorders can result because of switching off a load or a modification in the mechanical input to the system. Because of these disturbances oscillations may happen in the system that could ultimately build up to a larger extent, resulting in the synchronous generators to go out of step and lose synchronism.Due to the importance of the power system and its stability, there are several techniques developed by various researchers for the stabilization of the power systems. The paper addresses enhanced Artificial Bee Colony ABC technique applied to design a robust power system stabilizer PSS in order to improve transient and dynamic stabilities of a turbo alternator connected to an infinite bus system comparisons wind, thermal and solar power generations the design of the proposed controller initially is formulated as an optimization problem and then enhanced ABC is employed for obtaining optimal controller parameters. The results shows that the proposed algorithm are better in performance than the conventional methods. Mr. Qamar ul Zaman | Mr. Deepak Joshi | Mr. Yuvraj Ranawat "Development of Power System Stabilizer Using Modern Optimization Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47776.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47776/development-of-power-system-stabilizer-using-modern-optimization-approach/mr-qamar-ul-zaman
Inter-Area Oscillation Damping using an STATCOM Based Hybrid Shunt Compensati...IJPEDS-IAES
FACTS devices are one of the latest technologies which have been used to
improve power system dynamic and stability during recent years. However,
widespread adoption of this technology has been hampered by high cost
and reliability concerns. In this paper an economical phase imbalanced shunt
reactive compensation concept has been introduced and its ability for power
system dynamic enhancement and inter-area oscillation damping are
investigated. A hybrid phase imbalanced scheme is a shunt capacitive
compensation scheme, where two phases are compensated by fixed shunt
capacitor (C) and the third phase is compensated by a Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM) in shunt with a fixed capacitor (CC). The power
system dynamic stability enhancement would be achieved by adding
a conventional Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) to the main control
loop of the single phase STATCOM. Two different control methodologies
are proposed: a non-optimized conventional damping controller
and a conventional damping controller with optomised parameters that are
added to the main control loop of the unbalanced compensator in order to
damp the inter area oscillations. The proposed arrangement would, certainly,
be economically attractive when compared with a full three-phase
STATCOM. The proposed scheme is prosperously applied in a 13-bus
six-machine test system and various case studies are conducted to
demonstrate its ability in damping inter-area oscillations and power system
dynamic enhancement.
Analysis and Damping of Inter-Area Oscillations in the UCTE/CENTREL Power SystemPower System Operation
This paper concerns steady state stability of the
UCTE/CENTREL power system in order to maintain
reliability of system operation in the future
environment of the electricity sector given by further
system extensions and open market.
To this aim Inter-Area Oscillation are analysed
using recordings of a Wide Area Measuring System
(WAMS) and a detailed dynamic model of the
UCTE/CENTREL power system. The model is
validated by comparing eigenvectors, frequency
and damping of inter-area modes resulting from its
eigenvalue analysis and from signal decomposition
using Prony analysis of the recordings.
WAMS-Based SSR Damping Controller Design for FACTS Devices and Investigating ...IJPEDS-IAES
Recent technological progresses in the wide-area measurement systems
(WAMS) are realizing the centralized controls as a breakthrough for
improving the power systems stability. The most challenging deficiency
against WAMS technology is related to communication delays. If this latency
is neglected, it can deteriorate the damping performance of closed loop
control or even degrade the system stability. This paper investigates a
conventional Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) for a static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to damp out the Sub-Synchronous
Resonance (SSR) and also investigation of the destructive effect of time
delay in remote feedback signal. A new optimization algorithm called
teaching-learning-based- optimization (TLBO) algorithm has been
implemented to normalize and optimize the parameters of the global SSR
damping controller. The IEEE Second Benchmark Model is considered as the
system under study and all simulations are carried out in
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
A Review on Optimization of Coordinated Control Plan for PSS and STATCOM Devi...ijtsrd
This thesis work introduces the control of the coordinates of PSS and STATCOM to damp the inter field oscillations of the multi machine system. In previous eras, PSS was used as a local controller in multi machine systems to dampen such oscillations between fields. Reactive FACTS devices, such as synchronous static compensators STATCOM are taken into account and evaluated for their design of a damping controller. STATCOM is a reactive power compensator based on a voltage source converter that uses electronic power devices with stop capacity as switching devices. Its main function is to support the voltage of the bus from which it is connected to the system by providing a quick response to the delivery or absorption of reactive power. In order to dampen the power oscillations, the power oscillation damping function POD must be used, in which its output is summed with the voltage reference at the input of STATCOM. Gautam Kumar | Prof. Govind Prasad Pandiya "A Review on Optimization of Coordinated Control Plan for PSS and STATCOM Devices to Improve Power System Oscillation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30922.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30922/a-review-on-optimization-of-coordinated-control-plan-for-pss-and-statcom-devices-to-improve-power-system-oscillation/gautam-kumar
RELIABILITY OF INTERCONNECTED GENERATION SYSTEM, in this paper it is describe that how interconnected system is reliable by cost point of view and by performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper suggests the theory of distance protection criteria in power distribution systems for power plant generation. Multi-developed countries have energy power plants that placed in remote areas which are far from the grid line. Hence, they should be coupled to the low power transportation systems necessarily. While higher-rating relays are adopted to preserve feeders at power substations, fuses are merely obtainable outside on feeder channel. The safe system process, space protection is dispatched to save feeders. In this review, feeders with distance relays are equipped, together with over-current protection relays and fuses. Energy power plant having distance protection system is designed the implemented system was a 6-MW unit of compressed power energy reproduction. The sample feeder was shortened to be equal four-bus experiment feeder for transmitting resolution. The fault currents have chances adopted to form protecting regions of distance relays. Protection of the power line through the designed power plants for distance relaying can decrease problem in relay location because of the impedance-based location of the distance relay.
TCSC AND SVC OPTIMAL LOCATION TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEM WITH...eeiej_journal
Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this
effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper optimal location
of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration. Two case studies
are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system one with wind reduction to 20% and the second with wind
penetration increase by 50% in the two cases system suffer from outage of one generator with load at bus
39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW.
Load Frequency Control of Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controllerijtsrd
This paper proposes a method to determine the magnitude and location of load disturbances in multi area power systems via monitoring tie line power flows, implementing demand response regionally. In this work, proposes an intelligent coordination between secondary control and demand response through a supervisory fuzzy PI based coordinator. The simulations were performed in the environment of MATLAB SIMULINK. K. Sumanth Kumar | S. Thirumalaiah ""Load Frequency Control of Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controller"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29823.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29823/load-frequency-control-of-three-area-power-system-using-fuzzy-logic-controller/k-sumanth-kumar
Analysis of Six Active Power Control Strategies of Interconnected Grids with ...Power System Operation
In this paper, the generator angle stability of several active power control schemes of a
voltage-source converter (VSC)-based high-voltage DC (HVDC) is evaluated for two interconnected
AC systems. Excluding frequency control, there has been no detailed analysis of interconnected grids
depending upon the converter power control, so six different types of active power control of the
VSC-HVDC are defined and analyzed in this paper. For each TSO (transmission system operator),
the applicable schemes of two kinds of step control and four kinds of ramp-rate control with a droop
characteristic are included in this research. Furthermore, in order to effectively evaluate the angle
stability, the Generators-VSC Interaction Factor (GVIF) index is newly implemented to distinguish
the participating generators (PGs) group which reacts to the converter power change. As a result,
the transient stabilities of the two power systems are evaluated and the suitable active power control
strategies are determined for two TSOs. Simulation studies are performed using the PSS®E program
to analyze the power system transient stability and various active power control schemes of the
VSC-HVDC. The results provide useful information indicating that the ramp-rate control shows a
more stable characteristic than the step-control for interconnected grids; thus, a converter having a
certain ramp-rate slope similar to that of the other generator shows more stable results in several cases.
Optimizing Power Ramp Capabilities of PV Systems using Fuzzy MPPTijtsrd
Maximal Power Point Tracking MPPT algorithms are generally sufficient for tracking the optimum power point of a solar or photo voltaic PV system. But when ramps occur in the PV systems, then only MPPT controllers are not sufficient and we need an improved controller to perform the task of ramp minimization. In this paper we propose a fuzzy based MPPT controller to control the ramp capabilities of a PV system, which is found to be superior to the normal MPPT based controller. The results and observations show that the proposed controller has 10 higher efficiency in ramp control when compared to standard MPPT controller, and thus it can be used in real time environments where there is a need to control the ramp capabilities to a large extent. Mr. Sukhdeo R. Patankar | Prof. Pratik Ghutke ""Optimizing Power Ramp Capabilities of PV Systems using Fuzzy MPPT"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23759.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23759/optimizing-power-ramp-capabilities-of-pv-systems-using-fuzzy-mppt/mr-sukhdeo-r-patankar
Similar to Wide Area Oscillation Damping using Utility-Scale PV Power Plants Capabilities (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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2. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708
Wide Area Oscillation Damping using Utility-Scale PV Power Plants Capabilities (Pouria Maghouli)
682
Besides widespread installation of large scale wind farms, worldwide capacity of grid-connected PV
power plants is growing rapidly in recent years [7]. Although the current PV penetration is nearly 1% of the
peak load demand, for the present growth rate, it is anticipated that this amount will increase to 10 – 15%
over the next decade [8-10]. Furthermore, among these installed capacities, 33% are centralized grid-
connected PV systems [11]. A significant number of large-scale PV plants such as Ontario (100 MW) in
Canada, Perovo (100 MW) in Ukraine, and Briest (91 MW) in Germany are already in operation. Moreover,
PV plants over hundred MW size such as Charanka (214 MW) in India and New South Wales (154 MW) in
Australia will be in operation or build soon [8] and [12]. When the penetration of PV plant is significant, the
damping of oscillations by controlling the PV plant becomes a feasible and important option.
Owing to the fact that FACTS devices and HVDC links are commonly located in the central areas of
power systems, say as bulk generation centers or transmission corridor terminals, local signals show adequate
content to be used in damping controller of this equipment. This assumption is however, not true regarding
PV farms which are commonly installed far away from the power system central areas thus the necessity of
using WAMS technology in designing damping controllers for PV farms is clear.
Wide-area measurement system (WAMS) enabled by dispersed deployment of phasor measurement
units (PMUs), is capable of capturing the dynamic information of power system including voltage, current,
angle, and frequency with a high resolution and in a near real-time manner. WAMS accordingly offers an
unprecedented opportunity in controlling power system dynamics and oscillations. The achievements are
mostly due to time-stamped synchronous measurements applicable to various points of a geographically
spread electric network [13]. However, the issue of communication delay in these systems should be
addressed. The time which is demanded to communicate PMU data in the system or regional control center
plus that of transferring commands to control devices is totally considered as the communication delay or
latency. This time delay depends on the communication system loading and, in the feedback control loop,
diminishes the effectiveness of the control system and may even result in the system instability [14].
Accordingly, considering the latency during the controller design process is an essential requirement. In the
literature, a few papers have been proposed to govern the latency impacts on PV based wide area damping
controllers [15-16]. In [15] a mini max linear quadratic Gaussian-based power oscillation damper (POD) for
a large-scale PV plant is proposed for inter area oscillation damping. Only one controller is designed, and
reactive control loop is used for applying auxiliary damping controller. Furthermore, constant time delays are
considered in WADC design. In [16] a norm bounded linear quadratic Gaussian controller synthesis method
is utilized to design a WAMS-based power oscillation damping controller at PV plants. In this paper like
previous one, only one controller is designed, and reactive control loop is used for applying auxiliary
damping controller.
A serious bottleneck in effective design of wide-area damping controller (WADCs) while
accommodating the impact of feedback signal latency is the uncertainty associated with the single delays.
The availability of time information associated with the received data, and controller location renders the
precise calculation of time delays a feasible opportunity. However continuous compensation of time-varying
latency might be hard to achieve since 1) a large number of pre-designed controllers should be in use for
switching from one to another depending on the actual latency, or 2) the designed controller should be
inherently robust against the variable time latencies.
The main contribution of this paper is demonstrating the applicability of PV farms in improving the
oscillatory behavior of a power system, particularly when wide-area information is available. In all papers
that published in the literature about the application of PV plant on inter area oscillation damping [15-16],
just reactive power modulation of PV plant is used. But in this paper, both active and reactive power control
loops of PV plant is considered to applying auxiliary damping controller and also a comprehensive
comparison between active and reactive power modulation is presented. Regarding wide-area applications,
the adverse effect of signal latency is a bottleneck and should be truly accommodated in the analysis.
Otherwise, the outcomes might be theoretically outstanding but lacking practical merits. The proposed
WADC is a conventional damping controller tuned by the Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO)
approach for inter-area oscillations damping and continuous compensation of feedback signal latencies. In all
papers that published in the literature about design of WADCs, a constant time delay is considered in wide
area signals. But in practical applications, time varying time delay on WAMS signals causes instability on
damping controllers. So in this paper a time varying latency is considered in the WADC design process.The
PV farm impact on inter area oscillation mitigation is interrogated in various case studies, namely with the
WADC on the active power control loop and with WADC on the reactive power control loop. In the
following sections, coordinated tuning of the WAMS based active and reactive damping controllers to
enhance the damping of the oscillatory modes using QPSO technique is presented.
3. ISSN:2088-8708
IJECE Vol. 7, No. 2, April 2017 : 681–691
683
2. PV MODEL
Numerous PV generator models have been developed and used in literatures. However, a PV model
based on a manufacturer-provided field or factory tests as a benchmark for stability analysis is required. Thus
in this paper, a generic (standardized) model of a PV plant is considered as it has been validated and widely
used for power system stability analysis [17].
For power system dynamic studies the solar farm is modeled as a single-generator equivalent. A
complete model of solar farm with a large-number of PVs increases the computational burden. Moreover,
this assumption is reasonable when the power system under consideration is large, and the main purpose is to
observe the effect of penetration on the external network rather than within the large-scale PV plant. But in
this study for accurate controller tuning, the model of the PV plant includes the PV array, converter
dynamics, and associated control systems dynamics [15]. As seen from Figure 1(a), there are two main
components contributing into the dynamic behavior of the PV: converter and converter controller.
Figure 1(b) depicted the block diagram of the grid-side converter and controller of a PV power plant.
According to NERC’s special report on standard models for variable generation [18], a PV model can be
based on the grid-side model of the type-4 wind turbine generator (WTG) as shown in Figure 1(a). From the
figure, it can be seen that the power generated is processed through the power converter which serves as a
buffer between the generator and the grid and controls reactive power or voltage at the point of common
coupling (PCC).
There are different possibilities for converter transfer functions; however, the following two models
are probably the most appropriate ones [19]: 1) the first-order function with unity steady-state gain;
and 2) the closed-loop controller transfer function. Moreover, both provide very similar results and hence the
first one is adopted in this paper. Figure 1(a) dictates that the active power to be delivered to the system is
based on the solar power profile , whereas reactive power generation depends on the comparative signal
generated from the reactive power controller. Figure 1(b) shows the reactive power controller of PV. This
controller can be switched to power factor control or voltage control mode. Depending on the required
control task, each of these control units can be activated by a proper flag. In this paper, the voltage control
mode operation of a PV plant has been considered and the reference voltage generated by the voltage
control becomes a reactive power control input to the converter control in Figure 1(b). The details of the
model presented here can be found in [20].
ControlConverter
ConverterarrayPV Network
Irradiance
Solar
PVP
refV
V
GG QP ,
(a)
V
refV
refP
converter
current limit
PI Controller
STp1
1
STq1
1
converter Converter control
WADC for Q loop
1U
WADC for P loop
2U
Power
System
PMU
PMU
Communication
Time Delay
WAMS data center
and control center
(Centralized POD)
Comunication
Time Delay
Comunication
Time Delay
(b)
Figure 1. (a) Block diagram of PV with a type-4 WTG grid-side converter; (b) Block diagram of a grid-side
converter and controller of the PV power plant
4. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708
Wide Area Oscillation Damping using Utility-Scale PV Power Plants Capabilities (Pouria Maghouli)
684
3. WAMS-BASED DAMPING CONTROLLER DESIGN
The use of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) is growing around the world due to its large extent
applications. The most significant feature of PMUs is the matter of time synchronization availing of the
global positioning system. This ability makes measurements accurate enough to achieve phase angles which
are essential information in the system transient studies. A Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS) is
required to gather PMUs’ data which is sent from selected locations in the power system and stored in a data
concentrator every 100 milliseconds. One of the most practical applications of WAMS is oscillation
damping, which is highly depended on the number and location of PMUs placed in the grid. The PMU
placement problem is a well investigated subject area and many aspects of this issue have been so far
assessed in depth [21-23]. For oscillation damping it seems that a definite number of PMUs will meet the
objective if the places of PMUS are chosen properly. The numerical studies presented in the following
sections support this conclusion. The authors intend to work on this issue in the future while some pioneering
research is available presently [24].
A local damping controller is not able to access any global inter-area oscillation signals with wide-
area modal observability. In contrast, WAMS implementation makes it possible to achieve global inter-area
oscillation information to apply to the damping controller. The most important contributing factor in the
effective performance of WADC is feeding the feedback signal delays to the controller while, there is no
such a concern in the local damping controller design. Obviously, WADC and local controller structure
design are basically different due to the difference in their input signals. WADC is capable of damping out
multi-mode fluctuations. This feature is indicated by multi-band controllers which each of them exerts its
own global input signal for damping one of the oscillation modes. But the local damping controller has
merely one band to damp one oscillation mode. So for a multi area power system with several different
oscillatory modes, a multi band WADC should be designed according to Figure 2(a). The WADC output that
is indicated by Equation (1) is thus utilized to modulate PV plant active or reactive power and consequently
adjusts to yield a proper damping of inter-area oscillations. Each WADC1 to WADCn is a conventional
damping controller that is shown in Figure 2(b). Each of the band controllers is denoted by WADC1 to
WADCn and the whole unit is recognized by WADC.
nnOutWOutWOutWoutput .....2211 (1)
where, and considered as weighting factors which should be obtained from the Prony
analysis inversely proportional to normalize damping ratio of their dominant mode.
If the parameters of damping controllers are properly optimized, the damping of oscillation will be
achieved effectively. For this reason, damping controller parameters will be optimized by an optimization
algorithm that will be introduced in the next sections.
WADC1
WADC2
++
2W
1W
1Out
+
output
Input Signal 1
Input Signal 2
Input Signal n
...
WADCn
+
nW
nOut
2Out
sT1
sT
w
w
sT
sT
4
3
1
1
K
max
min
SignalInput SignalDamping
sT1
sT1
2
1
.
(a)
(b)
Figure 2. Structure and the block diagram of the classical wide area damping controller (a) Structure of a
multi-band WADC and (b) The block diagram of the classical damping controller
5. ISSN:2088-8708
IJECE Vol. 7, No. 2, April 2017 : 681–691
685
Apparently, it is essential to have n (The number of oscillating modes) suitable supplementary
signals containing all modes of oscillations to damp out multi-mode oscillations. One of the fundamental
issues in designing a suitable WADC is the selection of wide area input signal for the WADCs. Any kind of
input signal that has a good modal observability of inter-area oscillation can be used such as the power of tie
line interconnecting areas, the frequency difference between areas, the angle difference of two buses in two
areas and etc.
Another fundamental issue in designing a damping controller for PV plant is the choice of proper
point for applying damping controller output signal for oscillation damping. As shown in Figure 1(b), the
control system of PV plant consists of two control loops; namely active power control and reactive power
control loop. Because of existing two separate controllers in the PV control system additional functions can
be carried out by supplementing the auxiliary controllers. The active and reactive power modulations will be
achieved if the auxiliary controller is added to the active power or reactive power control loops respectively.
Active power modulation for oscillation stability enhancement has been applied in HVDC and
DFIG [4] while reactive power modulation for oscillation stability has been applied in Static Var
Compensator (SVC) and again DFIG [3] and [5]. In this paper, both active and reactive power modulation is
investigated. The active power modulation will modulate the active power reference value while the reactive
power modulation will modulate the reactive power reference value.
Time synchronized data gathering and sending by PMUs equipped with the time stamp makes the
communication latency computable if the local time of controller location is available through a dedicated
GPS device. The total latency of transferred data is calculated by subtracting the local time at the controller
location and the instant of origin at the PMU locations [25]. It is necessary to note that if the equipment under
control is far away from the controller location, the transmitting time of the commands should be considered
as well. Due to the uncertainty of the communication system, the latency does not get fixed completely.
Here we tend to design a delay-compensated WADC in order to compensate the destructive effects
caused by the time delays. To meet this end an additional input signal indicating the latency of feedback
signal is required to feed the PV farm location to the damping controller. The parameter of the time delay is
considered in the simulation setup during the design process and then the controller parameters are optimized
by the QPSO algorithm. In this method the parameters of lead-lag compensators are adjusted so that the
phase shift between speed deviation and resulting electrical damping torque is compensated for, and the
adverse effect of latency is minimized also.
The main drawback of the PSO algorithm has convinced the researchers to improve this
optimization method. This drawback can be mentioned as: it cannot be considered for global convergent. In
traditional PSO technique, the trajectory of the particle is determined through its position vector iX and
velocity vector iV . The main problem is that the exact values of the iX and iV cannot be determined because
the dynamic characteristics of the particle is different from that is considered in traditional PSO.
According to uncertainty principle, the iX and iV of each particle cannot be specified
simultaneously. So the term trajectory doesn’t have any definitions in quantum world. As a result, if a
particle in a PSO system has quantum behavior, the PSO algorithm will be bound to work in a different
manner. In a quantum based PSO, terms position and velocity are eliminated and the state of a particle is
defined by wave function ),( tx . By using the Monte Carlo method, the particles will move according to
these Equations [26]:
)
1
ln(.)(.)1(
u
tXMbestptX iiid if K≤0.5
)
1
ln(.)(.)1(
u
tXMbestptX iiid if K>0.5
(2)
where u and K are values which are generated according to a uniform probability distribution in
range, the parameter β is contraction or expansion coefficient which if be tuned will be able to control the
convergence speed of the particle. In order to guarantee the convergence of the particle, the β should be
selected in range of β<1.782 [26]. So the Equation 2 is the basic Equation of the particle’s position in QPSO
method. Furthermore the QPSO needs no velocity vector and also has fewer parameters than traditional PSO
algorithm because only β should be controlled. So this fewer parameters make the implementation of this
algorithm easier. It is revealed by the manuscripts that the QPSO acts more efficient than the classic PSO
algorithm [26]. In Equation above, Mbest is the mean best position which is the mean of the Pbest of
6. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708
Wide Area Oscillation Damping using Utility-Scale PV Power Plants Capabilities (Pouria Maghouli)
686
all particles:
N
d
id tP
N
Mbest
1
)(
1
(3)
If each particle converges to its local attractor, the convergence of the QPSO algorithm will be
achieved:
)()( 2121 ccPcPcP gdid (4)
In the following a brief explanation of the procedure for implementation of the QPSO algorithm is
expressed:
1. A random distribution of positions will be initialized in n-dimensional space for each particle.
2. The fitness value of each particle is evaluated.
3. The fitness value which is obtained in the last section will be compared to Pbest. If the fitness value is
better than the Pbest, the Pbest is set to current fitness value and the location of Pbest is set to the current
location.
4. The fitness will be compared with the overall previous best of population. If the current value is better
than gbest, then the gbest is set to current particle’s array index and value.
5. Calculate the Mbest through Equation 3
6. The position of each particle will be changed through Equation 2 and the algorithm will be proceed
through the second step
It should be noted that, 1c and 2c are two random numbers between 0 and 1. If the convincible
criterion is not achieved, the evolutionary cycle will be repeated. The termination criterion is usually a
sufficient fitness, or a maximum number of iteration of process.
In order to ameliorate the overall system dynamic stability and achieve the best damping of
oscillations, the parameters of the proposed WADCs shown on figure 2 should be tuned. The parameter wT
and limiter parameter are set manually but the other parameters will be optimized by QPSO algorithm in
order to yield optimal performance in oscillations suppression. In this study an objective function which is
come from speed deviation of the rotor shafts (which means the inter-area signal come from speed deviation
of generators) is utilized in order to yield the fittest output parameters for WADC. The mentioned objective
function is an integral of time multiplied absolute value of the speed deviation, and can be expressed by:
iterationt
klij dttJ
sim
1 0
.. (5)
where, simt is the simulation time, and Iteration is the number of iterations. The main aim of
optimization is to minimize the objective function with the following constrains:
maxmin
KKK
max
11
min
1 TTT
max
22
min
2 TTT
max
33
min
3 TTT
max
44
min
4 TTT
(6)
The QPSO algorithm search for the optimal value of parameters above in range of: [0.001-200] for
K and [0.001-3] for 1T , 2T , 3T and 4T . These parameters are defined in Figure 2. With implementing the
time domain simulation model of the power system on simulation period, the objective function is computed
and after reaching to specified criterion, the optimal parameters of the controller will be obtained.
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4. THE POWER SYSTEM UNDER STUDY AND SIMULATION RESULTS
The power system adopted for this study is illustrated in Figure 3 [1], [5], [14]. It has originally 15
buses and six machines in three areas. Bus 16 is added here to host a utility scale PV farm. The PV farm is
connected to one of the system central buses, bus 7, through a 100 km transmission line located in area 1.
Aggregation of collector system can be done by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory equivalency
method [17]. Entire capacity of the PV plant is 202.5 MW and it means that the PV plant penetration is
adopted to provide 20% of the system installed capacity. In this study the time frame of analysis (oscillation)
is restricted to a few seconds. It is accordingly reasonable to assume that the sunlight remains constant during
this period and the PV plant output power is also constant.
The power system under study has five distinct oscillatory modes: three local modes and two inter-
area modes which have been obtained by the Eigen value analysis. The inter-area mode 1 is characterized by
having a slightly higher frequency (0.78 Hz) than mode 2 (0.46 Hz). Mode 1 consists of generators of area 1
swinging against those of area 3. While, mode 2 consists of generators of area 2 oscillating against those of
areas 1 and 3 [5]. As a result in order to mitigate the unstable oscillation modes, two QPSO-based WADC is
designed and added to the main control loop of the PV farm.
1 5 61G
2
7L
7C
7
8
9L
9C
9
31110 3G
4
2G 4G
1L
2L
12
14
5G
136G 15
15L
MW5.202
16
PV Farm
PMU
PMU PMU
WAMS Data
Center
WADC
Communication Network
Figure 3. Three-area six-machine power system aggregated with a PV farm
To evaluate the effects of time delay, an ideally designed WADC is examined in this study where
the feedback signal has various levels of time delay. As shown in Figure 4, the total latency is the summation
of a constant value plus a random number, say 300 ±rand(100)ms where the time delay variable is applied
randomly.
Figure 4. Random time delay of the remote feedback signal
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.2
0.3
0.4
time (s)
variabletimedelay(s)
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300 ± rand (100) ms latencies in remote feedback signals are considered here in order to design the delay-
compensated WADC. It should be noted that for WADC parameter optimization, the number of particles are
set to 30, the particle size is set as 5, number of iteration is 40 and β is set to 1.4. The final values of the
WADC parameters obtained through the proposed optimization process are presented in Table 1 and 2.
Figure 5 shows dynamic response of power system following a fault at bus 8
Figure 5. Dynamic response of power system following a fault at bus 8: (a) rotor speed difference of G1 and
G3, (b) rotor speed difference of G3 and G4.
Figure 6. Dynamic response of PV plant active power following the fault at bus 8
Table 1. Parameters of Latency-Compensated QPSO-Based WADCs for P loop
Type K TW T1 T2 T3 T4 min & max
WADC1 40 2 1.887 2 0.034 1.087 ±0.15
WADC2 40 2 2 0.589 0.008 1.468 ±0.15
Table 2. Parameters of Latency-Compensated QPSO-Based WADCs for Q loop
Type K TW T1 T2 T3 T4 min & max
WADC1 40 2 0.154 0.001 2 0.001 ±0.15
WADC2 40 2 1.548 0.048 1.65 0.008 ±0.15
To simulate a disturbance on the system, a self-cleared three phase fault with duration of 0.3 second
is applied at t = 5 s near bus 8 to confirm the control operation of PV farm based WADC.To show the
superior performance of the proposed WADC, simulations are repeated in four scenarios. In the first scenario
there is no damping controller on the PV plant control loop, in the second case the WADC is added to active
control loop of PV plant. In the third case, the WADC is applied to reactive power control loop of PV plant
and finally both active and reactive power control loops are enhanced with WADCs. Figure 5 displays the
dynamic reaction of the system with the disturbance. It is obvious that in the case without WADC there are
unstable inter-area and local oscillations between power system areas, which is obviously displayed by the
rotor speed difference of G1 and G3 and G3 and G4 (shown in Figure 5a-b). In contrast when the designed
WADCs is added to the main control loop of PV farm, all sorts of oscillations are well damped and the PV
farm equipped with WADC can easily mitigate the inter-area oscillations with stochastic latency on remote
feedback signals (shown in Figure 5a-b). In addition, from these figures it can be noted that reactive power
modulation can effectively enhance the damping of the oscillations but the operation of WADC on active
0 5 10 15 20
-0.01
0
0.01
Time (s)
W1-W3(p.u)
0 5 10 15 20
-2
0
2
x 10
-3
Time (sec)
W3-W4(p.u)
Without WADC
P-Modulation
Q-Modulation
(a) (b)
0 5 10 15 20
150
200
time (sec)
P-PV(Mvar)
Without WADC
With WADC on P-Modulation
With WADC on Q-Modulation
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power control loop prepares very little damping in comparison with implementation of WADC on reactive
power control loop. These figures approves that designed WADCs display a good robustness against the time
delay unpredictability and this feature of proposed WADC could be of interest for real-world applications.
In Figure 6, the active poweroutput of the PV plant is shown. It can be seen on Figure 6 that the
proposed PV plant equipped with WADC can stabilize the system even with 300 ± rand (100) ms latency on
remote feedback signals and the designed WADC can easilydamp system oscillations. Alsowith considering
300 ± rand (100) ms latency on feedback signals, the designed WADC displays a good robustness against the
time delayunpredictability and this feature of proposed WADC could be of interest for real-world
applications.
5. ROBUSTNESSVALIDATION
In section 4 it was shown that the designed QPSO based WADC displays a good robustness against
the time delay unpredictability. But other important subject in designing wide area damping controllers is
robustness of proposed controller against changes on power system operation point. In this section this
feature of proposed WADC would be investigated. Robustness of the proposed WADC is validated for a
range of operating conditions i. e. PV farm generated power changing and power system reconfiguration.
However due to space restriction, only a few representative case studies are reported here. The robustness
analysis is carried out to find out the capability of the proposed controller in tolerating the unfavorable
conditions as well as the accuracy of its performance. It would be beneficial for the damping controller to
keep its performance balanced even in harsh conditions.
Two different cases are examined to evaluate designed controller performance in oscillation
mitigation. The cases considered here are as follows:
a. robustness against increasing the fault clearing time and system reconfiguration
b. robustness against changing PV farm output power
In the subsequent sections, simulation results are obtained for each situation individually and a
complete discussion is presented.
5.1. Robustness against Increasing Fault Clearing Time and Power System Reconfiguration
The effect of the system configuration on the success of the proposed supplemental control in
mitigating oscillations is investigated at a different system topology. In this section in order to change the
system configuration, the fault duration is increased to 0.4 sec near bus 8. It is also assumed that this fault
will be cleared by the operation of distance relays. As a result after the occurrence of the fault, distance relays
of the line between buses 7 and bus 8 respond to the fault with tripping this line. As a result of this action, the
line between bus 7 and 8 is switched off from the system and the system topology will be changed.
Simulation results of the rotor speed difference of G1 and G3, and the power flow in the tie-line 7–9, during
and after clearing the fault, with and without supplemental control are shown in Figure 7(a-b) respectively. It
can be seen from the simulation results that in such situation the system will be faced with very severe
fluctuations but the supplemental control is also capable of damping all sorts of oscillations resulting from
such a disturbance with the new system configuration.
Figure 7. Dynamic response of power system following a fault at the line between bus 7 and 8 when the
power system configuration is changed: (a) rotor speed difference of G1 and G3, (b) the power flow in the
tie-line 7–9.
5 10 15 20
-200
0
200
400
600
800
TieLinePower(MW)
Time(sec)
Without WADC
With WADC and Line 2 in circuit
With WADC and Line 2 out ofcircuit
0 5 10 15 20
-0.01
0
0.01
Time(s)
W1-W3(p.u)
(a) (b)
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5.2. Robustness against Decreasing of PV Farm Generated Power
To evaluate the robustness of the proposed WADC when the PV plant active power delivered to the
system varies to a lower value, simulation results are carried out in lower values for PV plant output active
power. For this case the PV plant active power is set to 120 MW and again the contingency occurs at
t = 15sec near bus 8. Figure 8(a) and (b) shows the generator rotor speed deviations between G1 and G3 and
the power flow in the tie-line 7–9, during and after clearing fault, with and without supplemental control. As
observed in these figures, the proposed structure successfully damps out the oscillations when the PV farm
active power varies to lower values.
Figure 8. Results of proposed WADC in oscillations attenuation when the PV farm active power is changed:
(a) rotor speed difference of G1 and G3, (b) the power flow in the tie-line 7–9
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper, oscillation damping is realized not by additional FACTS controller but by adjusting
the active and reactive power of a PV plant own converter with two conventional double channel WADC.
The PV plant auxiliary damping controllers used the different areas’ generator rotor speed variations as a
feedback signal to produce the auxiliary damping signal and the active and reactive power regulation of the
PVs was utilized for inter-area fluctuation damping. The rotor speed deviations for damping controller were
obtained through wide-area information thanks to the utilization of PMUs dispersed over the network. The
QPSO method was used for best tuning of the controller parameters and possible signal delay of feedback
signals on WAMS was considered in the controller design process. It was properly shown that the designed
WADC operates suitably and displays excellent robustness against the transmission time delay uncertainties.
Simulation results demonstrated that the PV plant with WADC on reactive power control loop offers better
damping of the oscillations than the one associated with the active power control loop. This feature arises due
to the stronger effect of PV’s reactive power on the power system buses voltage by injecting or absorbing
reactive power into the buses. Hence, it would be so fruitful to make use of PV’s reactive power control loop
as the controller of the fast response oscillations.
This study demonstrated that the idea of having a PV plant with supplementary controller on
reactive power control loop would be more beneficial in attenuating inter area oscillations as well as
enhancing power system stability. Also simulation results with robustness analysis revealed that the
performance of the proposed latency-compensated WADC is very robust against changing the PV plant
active power or the power system working point. With the rapidly increasing application of utility-scale PV
plants and PMUs, designing WAMS based supplementary control for PV plants for power systems dynamic
enhancement is necessary and needs many research activities. In this subject area, the most important issue is
the coordinated design of PVs and other renewable power generation systems like wind farms with the use of
WAMS technology and considering the time-varying communication system delays. These subjects are open
future research themes in the scope of renewable energy systems and smart transmission grids.
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