Theory is defined as a set of principle based on which some activity is based. Theory can be normative or prescriptive. They can account for the action and enable the person to look beyond the regular conformities of society. In some cases theory can be used as a tool to explain many claims and help look beyond the obvious. Theory is a tool that can be used to extract details and decipher a situation. They are used in every aspect of human endeavor . This is also used in the field of architecture to look beyond the obvious physical structure and layering of the building. This notion of theory can be used to understand the concepts behind spatial arrangement of buildings and its hidden connotations . This aspect of why there is a need for theory is probed in this analysis. For this the works of Derrida and Eisenman are used to divulge more details along with other analysis. Reflective analysis for the concepts of theory is also probed in the analysis below.
A presentation about and for Postmodernism. By no means exhaustive and hardly worth noting. ( Please note: I have also uploaded a version of this slideshow that includes citation information, it can be viewed here: http://www.slideshare.net/ryanbeitz/postmodernism-and-you-revised ).
The usefulness of Marxism and Critical Theory to International RelationsOwen Bell
Outlines Marxism and Critical Theory as frameworks used to understand relations between states. Assess the extent to which the liberal international order can be understood as a capitalist construct.
Applying a Foucauldian Power Analysis to University / Community RelationsMichael Dillon, Ed.D.
This session will demonstrate an application of Foucault’s views of power relations to analyze University / Community relationships. Participants will be able to incorporate a Foucauldian analysis of power relations to their engagement with the community as well as other interpersonal relations.
The New Socrates. Some notes on methodology in Pierre Bourdieu's «The Weight ...Lorenza Boninu
My presentation for the 12th Conference of the European Sociological Association 2015, Prague 25-28.8. The general title of the ESA's Conference was «Differences, Inequalities and Sociological Imagination».
Rethinking Michel Foucault: The Political Circle of Parrhesia and DemocracySydney Democracy Network
As part of SDN's seminar series, Professor Henrik Bang (University of Canberra) indicates perspectives on Michel Foucault that can inform our understanding of democracy.
Michel Foucault has become an exemplar in the disciplines of philosophy, sociology, history, linguistics and literary criticism. Ironically, he has never made much of an impact upon the political discipline, to which he first of all belongs, and in which he deserves a prominent position as one of the best political theorists and researchers of all time. In particular in his later strings of lectures from 1978 to 1984 he develops an empirical and normative approach to studying the political as governmentality.
A presentation about and for Postmodernism. By no means exhaustive and hardly worth noting. ( Please note: I have also uploaded a version of this slideshow that includes citation information, it can be viewed here: http://www.slideshare.net/ryanbeitz/postmodernism-and-you-revised ).
The usefulness of Marxism and Critical Theory to International RelationsOwen Bell
Outlines Marxism and Critical Theory as frameworks used to understand relations between states. Assess the extent to which the liberal international order can be understood as a capitalist construct.
Applying a Foucauldian Power Analysis to University / Community RelationsMichael Dillon, Ed.D.
This session will demonstrate an application of Foucault’s views of power relations to analyze University / Community relationships. Participants will be able to incorporate a Foucauldian analysis of power relations to their engagement with the community as well as other interpersonal relations.
The New Socrates. Some notes on methodology in Pierre Bourdieu's «The Weight ...Lorenza Boninu
My presentation for the 12th Conference of the European Sociological Association 2015, Prague 25-28.8. The general title of the ESA's Conference was «Differences, Inequalities and Sociological Imagination».
Rethinking Michel Foucault: The Political Circle of Parrhesia and DemocracySydney Democracy Network
As part of SDN's seminar series, Professor Henrik Bang (University of Canberra) indicates perspectives on Michel Foucault that can inform our understanding of democracy.
Michel Foucault has become an exemplar in the disciplines of philosophy, sociology, history, linguistics and literary criticism. Ironically, he has never made much of an impact upon the political discipline, to which he first of all belongs, and in which he deserves a prominent position as one of the best political theorists and researchers of all time. In particular in his later strings of lectures from 1978 to 1984 he develops an empirical and normative approach to studying the political as governmentality.
This version of the book is current as of: April 10, 2010. The current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology
What is the role of THEORY in Urbanism?Roberto Rocco
This is a presentation prepared for the course Methodology for Urbanism (Ar2U090) of the the TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture. In this presentation we discuss what is theory and why we need theories in Urbanism.
History, Philosophy & Theory in Visualization: Everything you know is wrongLiz Dorland
A poster for the Gordon Research Conference on Visualization in Science and Education 2007, commenting on the complexity of dealing with different perspectives on learning from visualizations.
This is a presentation of the research proposal in 2011, presented for the research dissertation Principles of Liberty by Tabea Hirzel in 2015.
It does not show the final methodology, but it illustrates the path of thoughts and the controversies which led to the final solution later on.
Principles of Liberty: Worksheet Chp. 2 (Hirzel, 2015)Dr Tabea HIRZEL
This is a worksheet on the literature review, i.e. the theoretical background of the research thesis.
It forms part of the lectures on the theory of constitutional processes, titled Principles of Liberty.
Constructivist Political EconomyRawi Abdelal, Mark Blyth, .docxmaxinesmith73660
Constructivist Political Economy
Rawi Abdelal, Mark Blyth, and Craig Parsons
January 14, 2005
13,330 words, including footnotes
Chapter One: The Case for a Constructivist International Political Economy
Introduction: Constructivism – Where to Find it, and Where Not
Social constructivism focuses on the social facts of the world. These social facts
exist only because everyone agrees that they exist. Social facts are very real, and they are
the product of intersubjectively (that is, collectively) held beliefs that cannot be reduced
to a series or summation of subjective, individual beliefs. Social facts differ
fundamentally from material facts, the reality that exists irrespective of collective beliefs
about its existence, but they nonetheless have causal properties.. As John Ruggie
observes, “collectivities of individuals within states hold intersubjective understandings
that affect their behavior,” just as do “collectivities of states.”
Although what we think of as “the world economy” is composed of both material
and social facts, the field of international political economy (IPE) within political science
has tended until recently to focus almost exclusively on the material facts of the
economy. Materialist scholars have attempted to map individual, firm, and government
preferences over outcomes onto these material facts, thereby privileging the rational,
goal-oriented pursuit of policies as the central causal mechanism in accounts of economic
policy making. In IPE, the combination of materialism and rationalism has become the
dominant, even orthodox, view of the world economy.
IPE has been remarkably impervious to inroads from sociological approaches to
economic policy making. The intersubjective beliefs that give the world meaning are
absent in almost all IPE scholarship. Indeed, IPE is increasingly the last bastion for the
materialists and rationalists, who have had increasingly to share the intellectual terrain
with the constructivists on virtually all other topics. Constructivists have made
contributions that are recognized as fundamentally important to economics and sociology,
as well as to every other sub-field in political science. Similarly, economic sociology has
produced a vibrant research program that has influenced policy and management
scholarship as well. As Frank Dobbin observes,
“Sociologists began to explain economic behavior in terms of the same four social
mechanisms they had observed shaping all of social behavior. These mechanisms entered
the common lexicon under the terms institution, network, power, and cognition.
Sociology’s core insight is that individuals behave according to scripts that are tied to
social roles. Those scripts are called conventions at the collective level and cognitive
schemas at the individual level.”
Similarly, cultural, ideational, and institutionalist theorists have made similar
claims in comparative politics for .
Increased human activities in the Arctic has led to the diminishment of Arctic sea ice, about 70,000 km2 per year and has raised concerns for the region’s future. Measurements show that the ice has grown thinner, approximately 40% in the last two decades. The region is opened to increased human activities like commercial shipping, Arctic oil and gas exploration, in addition to deposition of soot by the maritime vessels. Black carbon from incomplete combustion is lodging over the ice and is causing graying of ice caps which was once a reflective surface to absorb more of sunlight and warm the water. Increased water temperatures are having grave impacts on the flora and fauna that are dependent on ice. In near future Polar bears are likely to face extinction as their breeding habitat is given to melting ice. Trapped green house gases like methane are released due to the melting areas of permafrost. Some simple maths can give us the glimpse of the complexity faced by the scientists in handling ice-ocean-climate models.
Social construction of race and gender, patriarchy and prejudice and discrimi...Service_supportAssignment
Social construct may be defined as the social mechanism or a category which has been created by the society. It may either be a perception which is created by an individual, a group or an idea which is constructed because of a culture. The present society has created a large number of constructs which are not good. In this research paper, the discussion will be done on the social construction of race and gender and the problems associated with the same. In addition to this, how can social construct forms to be the basis for discrimination and prejudice? Further, racism and sexism will be discussed with examples and the role of power in the same. To end, patriarchy will be discussed and its role in racism and sexism will be added
A daydream has to be sweet and hence the term dream. A coffee day dream for a girl combines not only the right coffee but also gives her a lucid daydream on similar sweet elements, making her a princess in a castle waiting to be rescued by a prince. This pretty much forms the thematic background for the animation advertisement ‘Coffee Daydream’. Visual effects set the mood here as the viewer watches a girl having coffee, she sprinkles sugar on the coffee and when the advertisement is over she has completed her coffee and her dream. The use of visual technology adds the elements for the dream which is very subtly weaved into the story plot. Techniques of compositing, particle effects and smoke animation are used here to represent the goodness of the coffee being advertised for.
Organizational Management has been defined as the style of managing business of an organization is big or small. This management process involves the process of organizing, planning, leading and controlling the resources along with the main essence of achieving the goal of the business as well. The reason why organizational management is approached is that it provides better decision making capabilities which is both effective and useful to the way in which an organization can run and also carry on proper management strategies (Nikolakopulos, n.d.).
Nike has been the most successful organizations which has excelled in the development of the sports good. Over the years it has been consistently maintained its brand and is regarded as the most innovative organization. Over the years, Nike has been producing new and advanced sports accessories and has consistently been the top choice of the sportspersons.
The Coca-Cola Company, incorporated on September 5th, 1919 is a well known beverage company. The company has a ownership and licensing of brands and markets over 500 non-alcoholic beverages brands which usually consist of sparkling beverages but also a varied number of still beverages like water , enhanced water , juice and juice drinks , ready to drink teas and coffees and also many sports and energy drinks. For every industry who has to spend reasonable time and effort in marketing, Coca Cola serves as a true inspiration (World of Coca-Cola, 2015).When most of the company belongs to mature stage of the product life cycle, and is operating in a competitive market with little product differentiation, the company has been successful to grow in terms of strength as a brand and its marketing techniques. (Cokecce.com, 2015)
The recent downturn in the economy and recent failures in the business have been merged for the creation of a financial environment to make reports unlike any other within present memory. There has been a major impact on the confidence of investors that had been shaken up by an increase in the volatility within the markets of capital. This has further been followed up by unsettlement in the extremely publicized restatements being drafted for the statements of finance (Bond and Cummins 2010). These have resulted in the generation of several questions regarding the quality being presented in the reports of finance.
Background: Samsung Electronics Ltd is a multinational electronics company which has many manufactory and distribution centers all around the world. A subsidiary of the Samsung Group that is based out of South Korea, the company at presents is much diversified being in the production and sales of consumer electronics.
The country selected to be analyzed from the perspective of international business is Ireland. This country notebook will have its basis on making an organization to expand its operations to the business world of Ireland which has been regarded due to several reasons as the best country for doing business (Hill 2014). The target market selected is the hospitality industry of Ireland and the organization selected is Double Tree Hilton expansion internationally into the realms of Ireland.
The choice of consumers differs from one product to another. For example in case of skincare products, the choices are much different because youth under the age of 20-25 have different mindsets for the products because these age groups youth look for costly, from reputed brands. The lifestyle has changed as so the demand has changed. The consumer behavior and thoughts are changes as the time passes. The skincare or say as cosmetics products are highly concerns for female than male, and therefore this research also focuses on female participants a most to understand their choice criterion for skin care products and the value they perceive. The aim of this report is to understand consumer prospective, thoughts and choices while buying the skincare or cosmetics products. The results are obtained using SPSS software as quantitative analysis and conclusion is drawn based on that only. The results show that lifestyle; variety of products, and interest level of skin care products and more has impacted the choices of the consumers under the age of 20-25 in China. The analysis suggests that there have been done enough spending in last 5 years in China which is many folds of the last decades spending for skin care or cosmetics products. The value of choice of skin care or cosmetics products are also discussed and analyzed in the reports, through understanding of lifestyle, the kind of products, income and more factors that impacts the value of skin care or cosmetics products. The obtained results from the survey it is observed that most of the youth have various choices for skin care products depending on their budget, lifestyle, education and occupation. The upper age youth who used the skin care products mostly belong to employment as they need these products highly. The other group who used mostly was prescribed by the doctors. The rest were dependent on the income group and interests to have different choices for the skin care products and brand
Title: Millennium Bridge at London - Steel Structure Failure
This is 320 m span aluminum and steel bridge across the river Thames. This bridge has steel structure failure because it had vertical, lateral and torsional stiffness. The problem occurred because of side vibration of the bridge deck because of pedestrian lateral excitation. The main reasons for this failure were lateral stiffness of the deck and low damping potential which happens in steel structure only. This bridge was made of two dimensional cable truss. The stiffness in this bridge structure caused this failure in this bridge. Therefore, this bridge was closed for few days to fix the problem. It is therefore highly relates to steel structure failure and is suitable for the case study as well. This problem was rectified with help of installation of lateral dampers. All these characteristics of this bridge failures relates to steel structure failure.
With time the whole of the world is being influenced by the social media like YouTube (Bennett & Strange, 2011). The impact of YouTube can be seen in some recent TV programs and feature films. Some of the new TV programs and feature films have adopted the key elements of YouTube aesthetics, including the found dotage device and hand – held camera work to influence the viewers of the authenticity of a viewpoint of character or of narrative (Snickars & Vonderau,2009).
The following paper compares and contrasts the three recent feature films and TV programs, including 127 Hours, Paranormal Activity 3, and Blue Valentine. Each of these movies utilized the same element of YouTube aesthetics that is hand held camera work
Sports, Business, Theatre or Drama; change seldom discriminates. It resonates in each and every walk of life. On the brink of a terrific change is Politics, courtesy the social media. Social media has rapidly grown as a forum for political discourse and activism. Its various platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube etc. are providing a plethora of new ways to engage citizens in politics (Benkler, 2006). A great advantage inherent in social media is the possibility of personal, ie., one to one communication. Politicians as well as political parties are seemingly benefitting with this new found ability to reach out to their potential voters. It has become possible for politicians to reach voters in a well targeted manner without relying on the media as an intermediary (Gentle, 2012). Various reactions, messages, feedbacks and debates are generated online. In addition to this, support for offline causes of a political party are also generated through social media petitions
This research proposal is on the effect of the lending of bank capital and the link between the actual financial condition and the real activities that has been going around. This has succeeded in gaining a lot of attention in past few times because of the financial crisis the world has seen. The techniques of panel-regression can be used to study the lending techniques of bank’s large holdings and companies and the effects small or big of capital on lending (Pelosky, 1991). Then the effect of the capital ratios will be concluded using a variant model, and again the researcher will look for the results that are in marked contrast to estimate obtained by using simple practical relations between the aggregate commercial-bank assets and leverage growth, this has recently been very powerful which was kind of influential for policy maker’s as a result point of views regarding how the loan growth is affected by the bank capital. The models which have been estimated will be used to understand the recent developments in bank lending
The expression and gesture of an artist worth more than action, in today’s culture Artistic expression pays a civilly prevalent. In today’s society dance plays a very important role, to communicate their ideas through various medium. The variety form of dance use the oldest expressions from the culture, and experiment it in a new style. For many in the society dance are entertainment, education, stress release, and a form of worship. Beyond everything in life the thoughts of dance and art serves a greater purpose, artist believes that dance denotes the meaning of tradition and the results of its expression depicts the reaction of culture on society. Dance is an initiation of culture and tradition to the human torso in its most raw form, whether one is bringing up their hand or performing in ballet, in whatever way the artist is holding out and holding back the tradition and style alive.
Understanding the social gifts of drinking rituals an alternative framework f...Service_supportAssignment
The drinking behavior of the binge was described as the most significant reason for the health issues in college campus. By interrelating the ritual behavior and the health condition of the students, the authors conducted focus groups discussion. Through the in-depth interview they explored the nature of alcohol consumption was high among college students. This report extracted from the discussion provides a clear picture about the role of Ritual with student drinking in the campus. With the interpretation of the subject “Drinking-as-ritual” in a theoretical Framework let the authors to discuss how developers of public service announcement captured and contextually drinking rituals. This study makes PSA a more relevant to the target audience
Music to me is an art that stands amongst a few other things I enjoy profoundly. Music is something I can turn to in whichever mood I’m in. It can cheer me up when I’m feeling down. It can calm me down when I’m worked up and very often it has been able to give me good energy. It can motivate me when I feel demotivated with anything. Music has also been a great source of inspiration to me. Music alone has not captured me but lyrical content has also contributed towards my love for music
Modern HRM practices try to recruit employees within the organization. The reasons for internal recruitment are as follows. It is less time consuming in order to hire resources within the company. There is no need for extensive skill assessment process. Employee is well known to the company. There is no need to scout for new candidates. This increases procedural efficiency (Moser, 2005). This process of internal hiring ensures that the employees within the organization sense job security (Chan, 1996). Apart from this it has been observed that new hires joining rate is lesser when compared to internal employees. It takes time for the external candidate to understand the official process of the company. During certain times for some positions there is high employment rate. There is lack of external resources during this time internal sourcing is preferred by the companies (Moser, 2005). This process is saves time. This is found to boost productivity and overall morale of the company
Nike is basically an American establishment for athletic merchandises. It has managed to garner immense brand recognition around the world. They design, manufacture, produce and have an effective distribution system. The company is involved in a number in selling number of sporting gears and athletic accessories (Osayawe Ehigie, 2006). Nike has adopted multi level marketing channels in order to sell. Logistic management of the company is well known. There are a number of factors that needs to be changed in the marketing strategy in order to ensure that Nike presence increases sales in the Nigerian markets and the company manages to expand its consumer base. There is potential for the company emerges as a strong brand in under serviced Nigeria and in African continent. The purpose of this thesis is to look into current Nike presence in Nigeria and recommendations will be proposed based on the analysis
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. Why Theory?
Introduction:
Theory is defined as a set of principle based on which some activity is based. Theory can
be normative or prescriptive. They can account for the action and enable the person to
look beyond the regular conformities of society. In some cases theory can be used as a
tool to explain many claims and help look beyond the obvious. Theory is a tool that can
be used to extract details and decipher a situation. They are used in every aspect of
human endeavor1
. This is also used in the field of architecture to look beyond the obvious
physical structure and layering of the building. This notion of theory can be used to
understand the concepts behind spatial arrangement of buildings and its hidden
connotations2
. This aspect of why there is a need for theory is probed in this analysis. For
this the works of Derrida and Eisenman are used to divulge more details along with other
analysis. Reflective analysis for the concepts of theory is also probed in the analysis
below.
Theory and its underlying implications
In societies people tend to adapt to reductionism or scientism. Reductionism means
certain aspects of society tend to reduce various theoretical underpinnings into two or
three elements. There are a number of nuances involved for a situation or event but
reductionism rejects those notions3
. They try to produce simplified version of the events.
There are variety of methods and practices that people use to combine with concepts of
1 McMillan, David W., and David M. Chavis. "Sense of community: A definition and theory." Journal of community
psychology 14, no. 1 (1986): 6-23.
2 ibid
3 Leiter, Brian. "Objectivity, morality and adjudication." (2001).
3. reductionism. Scientism is defined as looking at aspects that are related to the notions of
science. They try to look at the scientific implications for each of the concepts. In this
science is given precedence to look at the events surrounding each of the factors4
.
Reductionism and scientism tends to make things impersonal. They try to look at factors
from an impersonal viewpoint5
. According to Midgley this notion does not hold value in
real life. They compare the notions of theory to the concept of plumbing. In plumbing
people tend to look at the nuances of plumbing set up only when there is issue6
. If there is
plumbing issues people look at the physical set up of the plumbing device tries to
decipher what is wrong with the set. Subsequently they try to find what is wrong and
rectify it7
. Similar to these postulations, people tend to look at theory. In society there is
not much emphasis given to the notions of theory. People start to look for the issues in
the theoretical underpinning only when there is chaos in the society. There is theoretical
underpinnings and philosophy of thought that is omnipresent in every one of the activities
undertaken by people. This is reflected in the actions, mannerisms of people and also in
the behavior.
Causes of an event
Derrida defines the factors involved in the central definition of event. It is a procedure
characterized with impossible option. This is convoluted the event that actually happens
in a society cannot be planned or forecasts. There are a number of changes that actually
happens when an event actually occurs8
. This is a paradoxical viewpoint. There is
4 ibid
5 ibid
6 Midgley, Mary. "Philosophical plumbing." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 33 (1992): 139-151.
7 ibid
8 Derrida, Jacques. "A certain impossible possibility of saying the event."Critical Inquiry 33, no. 2 (2007): 441-461.
4. impossibility involved in predicting outcomes that are exact. There are a number of issues
and factors that deviates from the original planning of an event. Event cannot be
predicted. Event has a number of undertones embedded in it. The notions of theory
influence it. Theory causes certain events to occur however event in itself cannot be
controlled by theoretical underpinnings. But every action that occurs in society is a
reflection of ideologies of the people. Hence in order to look into the consequence of
actions there is a need to look into the underlying theoretical principles behind the event.
In the case of spatial arrangement of buildings every creation that is produced in the
spatial arrangement of buildings is a reflection of the events that are surrounding it.
Derrida Philosophy is that people in western societies tend to shift towards Marxism9
.
There are a number of collectivistic socialist notions that are embedded in many
ideologies of the west. This is reflected in the architecture of the buildings. The scientific
notions and technology conform society esp. in construction of architecture. There is a lot
of importance given to the aspects of technology and the scientific underpinnings. People
tend to overlook the notions of philosophy and theory behind the architecture of the
buildings10
. There is a need to understand about the principles of deconstruction.
Deconstructivism and Phenomology
Deconstructivism is defined as the relationship between the spatial arrangement of
buildings and underlying theoretical implications. A number of nuances are involved in
the constructions and pattern of the buildings. Derrida encourages the people to
deconstruct the notions in societal events. In the field of architecture in the years 1980
9 Coyne, Richard. Derrida for architects. Vol. 7. Routledge, 2011.
10 ibid
5. there was a post modernist approaches undertaken in order to understand the ideologies
of the architect 11
. It involved deliberate careful planning in developing the final
outcomes. The visual aesthetics of the building and the significance of each of the
architectural piece is a significance of the architect ideology and societal conformities. It
is a concept of controlled chaos that is reflected in the spatial arrangement.
Phenomonology is the study of structure of events. They try to look into the theoretical
underpinning of a construction from a first person point of view. Central theme of
phenomology is looking at the central intention behind an event12
. They’re a number of
nuances involved in these concepts. It articulates that a person beliefs and ideology are
seen in the events that are occurring. Even though events and outcomes cannot be
predicted the intentions behind the events can be expressed in the notions of
phenomology. From this notion it can be understood that phenomology has a number of
undertones that are amalgamated13
. It essentially coalesces intentions of the creator and
also reflects the views of the societies. There is a paradoxical relationship that exists
between the concepts of society, intention behind the creator and the actual event that
occurs14
. These notions essentially create theoretical underpinning behind the events.
This notion greatly influences the notions of architecture. In order to further probe into
the nuances of Central Holocaust memorial in Berlin has been probed. the elements,
spatial arrangement, societies and the central theme of the architect are deconstructed in
this approach.
Murdered Jews of Europe
11 ibid
12 Dastur, Françoise. "Phenomenology of the event: Waiting and surprise."Hypatia 15, no. 4 (2000): 178-189.
13 ibid
14 ibid
6. Helmet Kohl started his first term as officer in the year 1982 in Germany. There was a
strong left ideology that existed in the nations. There was a lot of hegemony that existed
in the process. This was further bolstered by the fact that socialist party previous actions
had deeply impacted the society15
. Kohl endeavored in a number of attempts in order to
rebuild some of the central notions of the society in Germany. It was also to rebuild
Germany and move towards a central path between socialism and left liberal ideologies.
One of these initiatives was the construction of the Holocaust memorial in East Berlin
wall in order to express regret about the events that occurred to the Jews during the era.
This memorial is also termed as the “ Murdered Jews of Europe”16
. On deconstructing the
ideologies behind Berlin wall it can be found that there are a lot of elements that denote
sadness over the murdering of the Jews in Europe. It is a reflection of how intolerance
and marginalizing people can lead to such ramifications. Central postulate theory of this
refers to the fact that owing to intolerant ideology genocide had occurred in the societies.
This memorial also serves as a warning to the people to not indulge against
marginalization of certain factions in a society. Construction of this monument serves as
a warning to the people more than it being a denotation of the events17
. This building also
reiterates some of fundamental human values of morality and empathy. This spatial
15 Knischewski, Gerd, and Ulla Spittler. "Remembering in the Berlin Republic: The debate about the central Holocaust memorial in
Berlin." Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe 13, no. 1 (2005): 25-42.
16 ibid
17 Dekel, Irit. "Ways of looking: Observation and transformation at the Holocaust Memorial, Berlin." Memory Studies 2, no. 1 (2009):
71-86.
7. arrangement is to explain to the people the importance of conducting themselves in the
veracious honorable and decent path.
Central Holocaust memorial in Berlin is a place where there is a memorial built for the
holocaust victims. There were a number of Jews who were murdered by the anarchist
Nazi Government in Germany. This memorial is a significance of the events that had
taken place and represents the untold travesties encountered by the Jews during that time.
There are a lot of issues that is portrayed and essayed in the building. Holocaust
memorial in Berlin represents only certain victims. Some of the holocaust survivors have
been overlooked. The Agents for Sinti and Roma put this accusation forward they feel
that the central theme of the building overlooks the central notions behind Holocaust18
.
They explain that the theoretical underpinnings exclude many factions of the holocaust
survivors.
Interesting dynamics exist between theory and practical issues. The Murdered Jews of
Europe presents a warning to the society to highlight the issue that would arise from arise
from marginalizing people19
. There are a number of undertones in the spatial arrangement
to explain about the issues. Hence the importance of theory is manifested in the
architecture of the building.
Essence of theory and its manifestations in architecture
Art and architecture have a lot of relation to each other. Art essentially tries to create
personifications that are only based on theory and are not conformed by social and
18 ibid
19 Marcuse, Peter. "Reflections on Berlin: The meaning of construction and the construction of meaning." International Journal of
Urban and Regional Research 22, no. 2 (1998): 331-338.
8. economic pressures by the society. Architecture is also an extension of ideologies that
allows the people to look beyond the societal conformities. Key difference between Art
and Architecture is that architecture has a purposefulness that is embedded into it.
Architecture serves a multitude of functions and provides people with basic facilities. Art
in its conventional definition is considered to have only theme that is has no pragmatic
applications20
. Architecture operates on a number of key themes and ideologies. It is not
limited to any one factor it can be used for thematic interpretations and also have a
purposefulness that is associated with it. Architecture and spatial arrangement of a
building is nothing but a thematic representation of the arts in society, beliefs of society
and also about the conformities of the society.
Need for theory.
Conclusion
To conclude, theory is defined, as the set of believes that is held by people in the society.
Events cannot be predicted. It is impossible to predict the actual outcome of any event. It
is based on numerous factors and issues. It cannot be derived based on any one factor.
Nevertheless theory enables the people to look into the causative factor of the events.
There is a number of theoretical underpinning that defines architecture. The Murdered
Jews of Europe memorial was built in Berlin in order to denote the ramifications such as
genocide could happen in society by marginalizing. Theory enables the people to divulge
in more details about the art that is involved. Architecture is one medium that gives a lot
of emphasis to the theme apart from serving purposeful actions. Hence theory and
societal beliefs exists in the society either blatantly or it is hidden. Nevertheless they do
exist. It is imperative to analyze the theory before it manifests itself in other incorrigible
20 ibid
9. notions. Theory like plumbing should not be considered only when issues arise in the
societies rather it should be analyzed and changed for creation of a better society.
10. Reference:
Coyne, Richard. Derrida for architects. Vol. 7. Routledge, 2011.
Dastur, Françoise. "Phenomenology of the event: Waiting and surprise."Hypatia 15, no. 4
(2000): 178-189.
Dekel, Irit. "Ways of looking: Observation and transformation at the Holocaust
Memorial, Berlin." Memory Studies 2, no. 1 (2009): 71-86.
Derrida, Jacques. "A certain impossible possibility of saying the event."Critical
Inquiry 33, no. 2 (2007): 441-461.
Knischewski, Gerd, and Ulla Spittler. "Remembering in the Berlin Republic: The debate
about the central Holocaust memorial in Berlin." Debatte: Journal of
Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe 13, no. 1 (2005): 25-42.
Leiter, Brian. "Objectivity, morality and adjudication." (2001).
Marcuse, Peter. "Reflections on Berlin: The meaning of construction and the construction
of meaning." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 22, no. 2
(1998): 331-338.
McMillan, David W., and David M. Chavis. "Sense of community: A definition and
theory." Journal of community psychology 14, no. 1 (1986): 6-23.
Midgley, Mary. "Philosophical plumbing." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 33
(1992): 139-151.