The document discusses several key concepts in sociological theory, including: 1) Auguste Comte, regarded as the founder of sociology, who argued that human thought progresses through theological, metaphysical, and positive/scientific stages of development. 2) Phenomenology, which studies conscious experience and how individuals construct the social world, influencing sociologists like Alfred Schutz. 3) Theories, concepts, propositions, hypotheses, and paradigms as important components of sociological frameworks for understanding social phenomena. 4) Emile Durkheim's study of suicide, which hypothesized that stronger social integration leads to stronger social cohesion within a society.

1. สัปดาห์ที่ 16-17 เอกสารประกอบการสอน วิชา 427-303 Sociological Theories ภาคเรียนที่ 1/2554 เรื่อง แนวคิด พัฒนาการของทฤษฎีสังคมวิทยา

3. image of George Ritzer's integrative ( micro - macro ) theory of social analysis

4. ทฤษฎีสังคมวิทยา Auguste Comte ( 1798 - 1857 ) http :// www . hewett . norfolk . sch . uk / CURRIC / soc / comte . htm

5. Auguste Comte ( 1798 - 1857 ) French philosopher regarded as the founder of sociology, a term he coined 1830 . He sought to establish sociology as an intellectual discipline, using a scientific approach ( 'positivism' ) as the basis of a new science of social order and social development .

6. Auguste Comte ( 1798 - 1857 ) In his six-volume "Cours de philosophie positive" 1830–42, Comte argued that human thought and social development evolve through three stages: the theological, the metaphysical, and the positive or scientific. Although he originally sought to proclaim society's evolution to a new golden age of science, industry, and rational morality, his radical ideas were increasingly tempered by the political and social upheavals of his time. His influence continued in Europe and the USA until the early 20th century.

7. Auguste Comte ( 1798 - 1857 ) Comte, born in Montpellier, was expelled from the Paris Ecole Polytechnique for leading a student revolt 1816. In 1818 he became secretary to the socialist Saint-Simon and was much influenced by him. He began lecturing on the 'Positive Philosophy' 1826, but almost immediately succumbed to a nervous disorder and once tried to commit suicide in the river Seine. On his recovery he resumed his lectures and mathematical teaching.

8. http :// www . socresonline . org . uk / home . html Sociological Research Online : focusing on theoretical, empirical and methodological discussions which engage with current political, cultural and intellectual topics and debates. Email : [email_address]

9. Phenomenology and Sociology Phenomenology is a 20th century philosophical way of thinking about the nature of reality which has influenced Sociology . The German Philosopher Edmund Husserl is closely linked with phenomenology . Phenomenology argues that the only 'PHENOMENA' that we can be sure of is that we are 'conscious' thinking beings . Therefore we should study any phenomena around us in terms of the way we conscoiusly experience them . This examination should be free of preconceptions and causal ideas .

10. These ideas influenced sociologists such as Alfred Schutz ( 1899-1959 ) who thought that Sociology should look at the way individual 'construct' the social world . He tried to combine the work of Weber with that of Husserl in his book " The Phenomenology of the Social World " ( 1932 ). Phenomenology

11. Ethnomethodology http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/CURRIC/soc/ethno/intro.htm

12. http :// www . hewett . norfolk . sch . uk / CURRIC / soc / crime / devmap . htm

13. Erving Goffman Symbolic Interactionist Brief Biography 1922-88, American sociologist; b. Manville, Alta. He developed a performance-oriented theory of behavior in The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959). Asylums (1961), which dealt with personality changes among inmates of a mental asylum, led to his study of other institutions. He taught at the universities of California and Pennsylvania. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life

14. Scientific Inquiry versus Common Sense Common Sense The definition of common sense is: 1: the unreflective opinions of ordinary men 2: sound and prudent but often unsophisticated judgement (Mish 1991:266) Common sense is a valuable tool for our everyday lives -- we would not want to totally demean its value

15. Scientific Inquiry versus Common Sense Scientific Inquiry The definition for scientific inquiry is: A deliberate, focused, systematic, and logical means of explaining an observable event in one’s world (Bolender 1993:11)

16. Scientific Inquiry versus Common Sense The scientific method provides a more thorough, thoughtful explanation of events than most common sense answers could give. The scientific method may conclude that it has not found a good answer to the purpose of the event, however that is generally still a more thorough answer than most common sense answers provide (Bolender 1993:11-12).

17. Scientific Inquiry versus Common Sense Most people are constantly in the process of making informal observations about their world. Attempts are made to describe, explain, predict, and control daily events (Bunker, Pearlson, and Schulz 1975).

18. Scientific Inquiry versus Common Sense Perception Screening Devices Common Sense The layperson uses common sense to deal with everyday observations (Selltiz, Wrightsman, and Cook 1976). Laypeople use subjective ideas (opinions) to determine if an observation is reliable (Bunker, Pearlson, and Schulz 1975).

19. Scientific Inquiry versus Common Sense Scientific Inquiry Evidence (objective facts) is used in scientific inquiry to indicate if an idea is supportable (Bunker, Pearlson, and Schulz 1975).

20. Scientific Inquiry versus Common Sense Real World Examples Freshman Seminar (Bolender 1994) Reducing Crime in Major Cities (Moffit 1996)

21. Scientific Inquiry versus Common Sense The sociologist as a destroyer of myths. Norbert Elias ([1970] 1978:50)

22. Scientific Inquiry versus Common Sense Scientific inquiry-- How will this help me in real life?

23. Theory and Paradigm Paradigm The definition of a paradigm is: Paradigms. . . are taken-for-granted ideas and assumptions not debated by members of a scientific discipline (Denisoff, Callahan, and Levine 1974).

24. Theory and Paradigm When paradigms change, the world itself changes with them. Led by a new paradigm, scientists adapt new instruments and look in new places. Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1970:110?)

25. Theory and Paradigm Does one’s paradigm make any difference in the real world? You bet it does ! “ Why Doctors Are Not Curing Ulcers ” Brian O’Reilly (1997:100-112)

26. Theory and Paradigm Assumption The definition of assumption is: . . . a preconception or “given.” . . . it refers to something that is taken for granted (Perdue 1986:5-6).

27. Theory and Paradigm For example: Plato’s Six Basic Assumptions of Society (he was a sociologist before the discipline officially existed) Man is an organism. Organisms tend toward survival. Man survives in groups. Man is a social animal. Man lives in an ordered society. The order of society is knowable. (Rose 1967 and Carroll 1972 in Denisoff, Callahan, and Levine 1974:4-5)

28. Theory and Paradigm Theory A definition of theory is: . . . A theory is a logical deductive-inductive system of concepts, definitions, and propositions which states a relationship between two or more selected aspects of phenomena and from which testable hypotheses can be derived (Ward 1974:39).

29. Theory and Paradigm Theories in sociology are intended to be descriptive, explanatory, and predictive of phenomena of interest to the discipline and to its individual practitioners (Ward 1974:39). A theory is a set of concepts plus the interrelationships that are assumed to exist among those concepts. A theory also includes consequences that we assume logically to follow from the relationships proposed in the theory. These consequences are called hypotheses (Selltiz, Wrightsman, and Cook 1976).

30. Theory and Paradigm Proposition A definition of proposition : . . . are “statements about the nature of reality” which describe connections between phenomena or events. “Man is an organism and must eat to survive” is a propositional statement which can easily be put to the test. At a higher level sociologists may say, “Changes in the economic structure will result in changes in the nonmaterial aspects of society.” This statement can also be put to the test (Phillips 1971:52 in Denisoff, Callahan, and Levine 1974:23).

31. Theory and Paradigm Concept Theories also contain concepts, which are created by giving names to events, phenomena, and processes. Concepts are merely the symbols scientists use as a form of shorthand (Denisoff, Callahan, and Levine 1974:23).

32. Theory and Paradigm “ Each concept communicates to the specialist a vast amount of experience, abstracted and clarified for those who understand the term (Goode and Hatt 1952:44 in Denisoff, Callahan, and Levine 1974:23). Example: Status is a concept which refers to an individual’s location in society-high, low, or middle range (Denisoff, Callahan, and Levine 1974:23).

33. Theory and Paradigm Definition Nominal Definition Is a substitute for some concrete object Sports car

34. Theory and Paradigm Real Definition Is anchored in concrete or observable phenomena and has empirical or testable implications The President of the United States (Bierstedt in Denisoff, Callahan, and Levine 1974:23-24)

35. Theory and Paradigm Operational Definition Measurement theory concerns the linkage between concepts and indicators in a study. Operational definitions are always based on measurement theories that assign empirical meaning to concepts. . . The operational definition stipulates which specific indicators (or observations) are to be assigned which specific meanings (Selltiz, Wrightsman, and Cook 1976:40). Example: IQ is an operational definition of intelligence

36. Theory and Paradigm Hypothesis The definition of hypothesis is: is a statement outlining the relationship between two or more factors of events, such as X causes Y . A hypothesis is reasoned or deducted from a theory and seeks to make a general statement specific (Denisoff, Callahan, and Levine 1974: 24).

37. Theory and Paradigm Emile Durkheim’s Study of Suicide Theory: Society is a closed system with each member interrelated to all the other members within the society. There is a phenomenon of social integration. Proposition: Society is an organism with interrelated parts, therefore, the stronger the social cohesion, the stronger the society.

38. Theory and Paradigm Concepts: Social cohesion Solidarity Operational Definition: Suicide is an objective measurement of social cohesion Hypothesis: The annual suicide rate for Catholics will be lower than Protestants The hypothesis is a deduction of the theory

39. Theory and Paradigm Logic Deductive reasoning Use of logic and authority Inductive reasoning Use of empirical observation

40. Theory and Paradigm Deductive Reasoning From the General To the Particular

41. Theory and Paradigm Inductive Reasoning To the General From the Particular

42. Theory and Paradigm Common Sense versus Scientific Inquiry 500 plus years ago--Why did the uneducated man think the earth was flat (or hump-back)?

43. Theory and Paradigm What impact did this “paradigm” have on mankind?

44. ICA: Theory and Paradigm Worksheet Go to page 7 of the worksheet The theme: The earth is flat (or hump-back) Make an attempt to complete each component as if you accepted this paradigm

45. ICA: Theory and Paradigm Worksheet Go to page 8 of the worksheet Paradigm The earth is flat (or at least hump-back). Assumptions The world ends at the “four corners” of the earth. The “known” surface land mass has been explored.

46. ICA: Theory and Paradigm Worksheet The edges of all the “known” surface land mass is bordered by water. Theories The is flat (or at least hump-back). The earth has “edges.” Propositions Man cannot travel beyond the edge of the earth without falling off.

47. ICA: Theory and Paradigm Worksheet All of the surface land mass has been explored or at least mapped. Concepts Four corners of the earth Edge of the world Definitions Real Definition Boundaries of the earth

48. ICA: Theory and Paradigm Worksheet Operational definition The earth has only X number of nautical miles between the western coast of Europe and the western boundary of the earth. Hypothesis If a ship sails indefinitely in one direction (west, east, south, or north), it will fall off the edge of the earth.

49. Theory and Paradigm The development of sociological theories has been slow. Attempting to develop scientific theories about society is very complex. The variables are endless. Does that make it any less of a worthy goal? The answer is no. It just makes the task that much more challenging.

50. Theory and Paradigm Review Paradigms Comparison Table and Paradigm and Assumption Document