The expression and gesture of an artist worth more than action, in today’s culture Artistic expression pays a civilly prevalent. In today’s society dance plays a very important role, to communicate their ideas through various medium. The variety form of dance use the oldest expressions from the culture, and experiment it in a new style. For many in the society dance are entertainment, education, stress release, and a form of worship. Beyond everything in life the thoughts of dance and art serves a greater purpose, artist believes that dance denotes the meaning of tradition and the results of its expression depicts the reaction of culture on society. Dance is an initiation of culture and tradition to the human torso in its most raw form, whether one is bringing up their hand or performing in ballet, in whatever way the artist is holding out and holding back the tradition and style alive.
Is it true that today's society is impacted with the cultural values for example dance, movements and expressions from the pasts? According to Vaughan, D. and Cunningham, M. (2002), the expression and gesture of an artist worth more than action, in today’s culture Artistic expression pays a civilly prevalent. In today’s society dance plays a very important role, to communicate their ideas through various medium. The variety form of dance use the oldest expressions from the culture, and experiment it in a new style. For many in the society dance are entertainment, education, stress release, and a form of worship. Beyond everything in life the thoughts of dance and art serves a greater purpose, artist believes that dance denotes the meaning of tradition and the results of its expression depicts the reaction of culture on society. Dance is an initiation of culture and tradition to the human torso in its most raw form, whether one is bringing up their hand or performing in ballet, in whatever way the artist is holding out and holding back the tradition and style alive (Vaughan, D. and Cunningham, M. 2002).
Line dancing may have probably existed for many centuries and like other dances, it has evolved to fit in with modern music. It makes everyone move simultaneously to a certain kind of music hence making the act as fun and free-flowing as possible.
PEOPLE’S MUSIC : A RECONSTRUCTION (SERENDIPITY ARTS FOUNDATION)Localturnon
Sight and Sound are the most powerful of senses bestowed to us. They catch our attention & our imagination to transport us in a world where we are our own creators. At the end its all about feeling & living the impact. And there’s nothing better than an interdisciplinary exhibition curated by Sumangala Damodaran, designed by Sudhanva Deshpande, and animated by Shaaz Ahmed that delivers this loud and clear. If Music wasn’t powerful enough as a medium to drive the message add to it the force of Art and Animation and what you get is People’s Music in ways reconstucted through community, conflicts and music
A #localturnon take on the whole concept !
Is it true that today's society is impacted with the cultural values for example dance, movements and expressions from the pasts? According to Vaughan, D. and Cunningham, M. (2002), the expression and gesture of an artist worth more than action, in today’s culture Artistic expression pays a civilly prevalent. In today’s society dance plays a very important role, to communicate their ideas through various medium. The variety form of dance use the oldest expressions from the culture, and experiment it in a new style. For many in the society dance are entertainment, education, stress release, and a form of worship. Beyond everything in life the thoughts of dance and art serves a greater purpose, artist believes that dance denotes the meaning of tradition and the results of its expression depicts the reaction of culture on society. Dance is an initiation of culture and tradition to the human torso in its most raw form, whether one is bringing up their hand or performing in ballet, in whatever way the artist is holding out and holding back the tradition and style alive (Vaughan, D. and Cunningham, M. 2002).
Line dancing may have probably existed for many centuries and like other dances, it has evolved to fit in with modern music. It makes everyone move simultaneously to a certain kind of music hence making the act as fun and free-flowing as possible.
PEOPLE’S MUSIC : A RECONSTRUCTION (SERENDIPITY ARTS FOUNDATION)Localturnon
Sight and Sound are the most powerful of senses bestowed to us. They catch our attention & our imagination to transport us in a world where we are our own creators. At the end its all about feeling & living the impact. And there’s nothing better than an interdisciplinary exhibition curated by Sumangala Damodaran, designed by Sudhanva Deshpande, and animated by Shaaz Ahmed that delivers this loud and clear. If Music wasn’t powerful enough as a medium to drive the message add to it the force of Art and Animation and what you get is People’s Music in ways reconstucted through community, conflicts and music
A #localturnon take on the whole concept !
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 12 - Nature of Dance
LESSON 1
At the end of this lesson the student will be able to . . .
○ Learn the reason why do people dance.
○ Discuss the nature of different dances
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 12 - Nature of Dance (Improved)Marvin Bronoso
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 12 - Nature of Dance
Learning Content
○ Dance as an art
○ Why do people dance?
○ Significant feature of dance
○ Feature of dance
○ Kinds of Dance
○ Elements of Dance
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 12 - Nature of Dance
LESSON 1
At the end of this lesson the student will be able to . . .
○ Learn the reason why do people dance.
○ Discuss the nature of different dances
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 12 - Nature of Dance (Improved)Marvin Bronoso
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 12 - Nature of Dance
Learning Content
○ Dance as an art
○ Why do people dance?
○ Significant feature of dance
○ Feature of dance
○ Kinds of Dance
○ Elements of Dance
Increased human activities in the Arctic has led to the diminishment of Arctic sea ice, about 70,000 km2 per year and has raised concerns for the region’s future. Measurements show that the ice has grown thinner, approximately 40% in the last two decades. The region is opened to increased human activities like commercial shipping, Arctic oil and gas exploration, in addition to deposition of soot by the maritime vessels. Black carbon from incomplete combustion is lodging over the ice and is causing graying of ice caps which was once a reflective surface to absorb more of sunlight and warm the water. Increased water temperatures are having grave impacts on the flora and fauna that are dependent on ice. In near future Polar bears are likely to face extinction as their breeding habitat is given to melting ice. Trapped green house gases like methane are released due to the melting areas of permafrost. Some simple maths can give us the glimpse of the complexity faced by the scientists in handling ice-ocean-climate models.
Social construction of race and gender, patriarchy and prejudice and discrimi...Service_supportAssignment
Social construct may be defined as the social mechanism or a category which has been created by the society. It may either be a perception which is created by an individual, a group or an idea which is constructed because of a culture. The present society has created a large number of constructs which are not good. In this research paper, the discussion will be done on the social construction of race and gender and the problems associated with the same. In addition to this, how can social construct forms to be the basis for discrimination and prejudice? Further, racism and sexism will be discussed with examples and the role of power in the same. To end, patriarchy will be discussed and its role in racism and sexism will be added
A daydream has to be sweet and hence the term dream. A coffee day dream for a girl combines not only the right coffee but also gives her a lucid daydream on similar sweet elements, making her a princess in a castle waiting to be rescued by a prince. This pretty much forms the thematic background for the animation advertisement ‘Coffee Daydream’. Visual effects set the mood here as the viewer watches a girl having coffee, she sprinkles sugar on the coffee and when the advertisement is over she has completed her coffee and her dream. The use of visual technology adds the elements for the dream which is very subtly weaved into the story plot. Techniques of compositing, particle effects and smoke animation are used here to represent the goodness of the coffee being advertised for.
Organizational Management has been defined as the style of managing business of an organization is big or small. This management process involves the process of organizing, planning, leading and controlling the resources along with the main essence of achieving the goal of the business as well. The reason why organizational management is approached is that it provides better decision making capabilities which is both effective and useful to the way in which an organization can run and also carry on proper management strategies (Nikolakopulos, n.d.).
Nike has been the most successful organizations which has excelled in the development of the sports good. Over the years it has been consistently maintained its brand and is regarded as the most innovative organization. Over the years, Nike has been producing new and advanced sports accessories and has consistently been the top choice of the sportspersons.
The Coca-Cola Company, incorporated on September 5th, 1919 is a well known beverage company. The company has a ownership and licensing of brands and markets over 500 non-alcoholic beverages brands which usually consist of sparkling beverages but also a varied number of still beverages like water , enhanced water , juice and juice drinks , ready to drink teas and coffees and also many sports and energy drinks. For every industry who has to spend reasonable time and effort in marketing, Coca Cola serves as a true inspiration (World of Coca-Cola, 2015).When most of the company belongs to mature stage of the product life cycle, and is operating in a competitive market with little product differentiation, the company has been successful to grow in terms of strength as a brand and its marketing techniques. (Cokecce.com, 2015)
The recent downturn in the economy and recent failures in the business have been merged for the creation of a financial environment to make reports unlike any other within present memory. There has been a major impact on the confidence of investors that had been shaken up by an increase in the volatility within the markets of capital. This has further been followed up by unsettlement in the extremely publicized restatements being drafted for the statements of finance (Bond and Cummins 2010). These have resulted in the generation of several questions regarding the quality being presented in the reports of finance.
Background: Samsung Electronics Ltd is a multinational electronics company which has many manufactory and distribution centers all around the world. A subsidiary of the Samsung Group that is based out of South Korea, the company at presents is much diversified being in the production and sales of consumer electronics.
The country selected to be analyzed from the perspective of international business is Ireland. This country notebook will have its basis on making an organization to expand its operations to the business world of Ireland which has been regarded due to several reasons as the best country for doing business (Hill 2014). The target market selected is the hospitality industry of Ireland and the organization selected is Double Tree Hilton expansion internationally into the realms of Ireland.
The choice of consumers differs from one product to another. For example in case of skincare products, the choices are much different because youth under the age of 20-25 have different mindsets for the products because these age groups youth look for costly, from reputed brands. The lifestyle has changed as so the demand has changed. The consumer behavior and thoughts are changes as the time passes. The skincare or say as cosmetics products are highly concerns for female than male, and therefore this research also focuses on female participants a most to understand their choice criterion for skin care products and the value they perceive. The aim of this report is to understand consumer prospective, thoughts and choices while buying the skincare or cosmetics products. The results are obtained using SPSS software as quantitative analysis and conclusion is drawn based on that only. The results show that lifestyle; variety of products, and interest level of skin care products and more has impacted the choices of the consumers under the age of 20-25 in China. The analysis suggests that there have been done enough spending in last 5 years in China which is many folds of the last decades spending for skin care or cosmetics products. The value of choice of skin care or cosmetics products are also discussed and analyzed in the reports, through understanding of lifestyle, the kind of products, income and more factors that impacts the value of skin care or cosmetics products. The obtained results from the survey it is observed that most of the youth have various choices for skin care products depending on their budget, lifestyle, education and occupation. The upper age youth who used the skin care products mostly belong to employment as they need these products highly. The other group who used mostly was prescribed by the doctors. The rest were dependent on the income group and interests to have different choices for the skin care products and brand
Title: Millennium Bridge at London - Steel Structure Failure
This is 320 m span aluminum and steel bridge across the river Thames. This bridge has steel structure failure because it had vertical, lateral and torsional stiffness. The problem occurred because of side vibration of the bridge deck because of pedestrian lateral excitation. The main reasons for this failure were lateral stiffness of the deck and low damping potential which happens in steel structure only. This bridge was made of two dimensional cable truss. The stiffness in this bridge structure caused this failure in this bridge. Therefore, this bridge was closed for few days to fix the problem. It is therefore highly relates to steel structure failure and is suitable for the case study as well. This problem was rectified with help of installation of lateral dampers. All these characteristics of this bridge failures relates to steel structure failure.
With time the whole of the world is being influenced by the social media like YouTube (Bennett & Strange, 2011). The impact of YouTube can be seen in some recent TV programs and feature films. Some of the new TV programs and feature films have adopted the key elements of YouTube aesthetics, including the found dotage device and hand – held camera work to influence the viewers of the authenticity of a viewpoint of character or of narrative (Snickars & Vonderau,2009).
The following paper compares and contrasts the three recent feature films and TV programs, including 127 Hours, Paranormal Activity 3, and Blue Valentine. Each of these movies utilized the same element of YouTube aesthetics that is hand held camera work
Sports, Business, Theatre or Drama; change seldom discriminates. It resonates in each and every walk of life. On the brink of a terrific change is Politics, courtesy the social media. Social media has rapidly grown as a forum for political discourse and activism. Its various platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube etc. are providing a plethora of new ways to engage citizens in politics (Benkler, 2006). A great advantage inherent in social media is the possibility of personal, ie., one to one communication. Politicians as well as political parties are seemingly benefitting with this new found ability to reach out to their potential voters. It has become possible for politicians to reach voters in a well targeted manner without relying on the media as an intermediary (Gentle, 2012). Various reactions, messages, feedbacks and debates are generated online. In addition to this, support for offline causes of a political party are also generated through social media petitions
This research proposal is on the effect of the lending of bank capital and the link between the actual financial condition and the real activities that has been going around. This has succeeded in gaining a lot of attention in past few times because of the financial crisis the world has seen. The techniques of panel-regression can be used to study the lending techniques of bank’s large holdings and companies and the effects small or big of capital on lending (Pelosky, 1991). Then the effect of the capital ratios will be concluded using a variant model, and again the researcher will look for the results that are in marked contrast to estimate obtained by using simple practical relations between the aggregate commercial-bank assets and leverage growth, this has recently been very powerful which was kind of influential for policy maker’s as a result point of views regarding how the loan growth is affected by the bank capital. The models which have been estimated will be used to understand the recent developments in bank lending
Understanding the social gifts of drinking rituals an alternative framework f...Service_supportAssignment
The drinking behavior of the binge was described as the most significant reason for the health issues in college campus. By interrelating the ritual behavior and the health condition of the students, the authors conducted focus groups discussion. Through the in-depth interview they explored the nature of alcohol consumption was high among college students. This report extracted from the discussion provides a clear picture about the role of Ritual with student drinking in the campus. With the interpretation of the subject “Drinking-as-ritual” in a theoretical Framework let the authors to discuss how developers of public service announcement captured and contextually drinking rituals. This study makes PSA a more relevant to the target audience
Music to me is an art that stands amongst a few other things I enjoy profoundly. Music is something I can turn to in whichever mood I’m in. It can cheer me up when I’m feeling down. It can calm me down when I’m worked up and very often it has been able to give me good energy. It can motivate me when I feel demotivated with anything. Music has also been a great source of inspiration to me. Music alone has not captured me but lyrical content has also contributed towards my love for music
Modern HRM practices try to recruit employees within the organization. The reasons for internal recruitment are as follows. It is less time consuming in order to hire resources within the company. There is no need for extensive skill assessment process. Employee is well known to the company. There is no need to scout for new candidates. This increases procedural efficiency (Moser, 2005). This process of internal hiring ensures that the employees within the organization sense job security (Chan, 1996). Apart from this it has been observed that new hires joining rate is lesser when compared to internal employees. It takes time for the external candidate to understand the official process of the company. During certain times for some positions there is high employment rate. There is lack of external resources during this time internal sourcing is preferred by the companies (Moser, 2005). This process is saves time. This is found to boost productivity and overall morale of the company
Nike is basically an American establishment for athletic merchandises. It has managed to garner immense brand recognition around the world. They design, manufacture, produce and have an effective distribution system. The company is involved in a number in selling number of sporting gears and athletic accessories (Osayawe Ehigie, 2006). Nike has adopted multi level marketing channels in order to sell. Logistic management of the company is well known. There are a number of factors that needs to be changed in the marketing strategy in order to ensure that Nike presence increases sales in the Nigerian markets and the company manages to expand its consumer base. There is potential for the company emerges as a strong brand in under serviced Nigeria and in African continent. The purpose of this thesis is to look into current Nike presence in Nigeria and recommendations will be proposed based on the analysis
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.
Weather guard Tiling solutions (WTS) are involved in manufacturing, distributing and of Roof tiles. They also have to ensure smooth employee relations that are in accordance with the law. Nature of business of the company is to involve itself in a number of contractual agreements with employees, customers and logistic suppliers. The contracts are in the form of oral or written contracts. The company also should adhere to the proper duty of care and ensure there can be no claims of negligence (Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, & Levine, 2003). Some cases are foreseeable events and some claims are not foreseeable they are many layers to make this determination according to contractual laws. Only certain aspects are considered to make a contractual law valid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. „
History of dance and its impact on society
The expression and gesture of an artist worth more than action, in today’s culture
Artistic expression pays a civilly prevalent. In today’s society dance plays a very important role,
to communicate their ideas through various medium. The variety form of dance use the oldest
expressions from the culture, and experiment it in a new style. For many in the society dance
are entertainment, education, stress release, and a form of worship. Beyond everything in life
the thoughts of dance and art serves a greater purpose, artist believes that dance denotes the
meaning of tradition and the results of its expression depicts the reaction of culture on society.
Dance is an initiation of culture and tradition to the human torso in its most raw form, whether
one is bringing up their hand or performing in ballet, in whatever way the artist is holding out
and holding back the tradition and style alive.
Dance allows the creative people to display their talents to the creation by linking up the society
in every level, through its magnificent art form (Brown, 1998). It offers numerous customs and
tradition for the people to arise the talent in them towards dance, whether it is alone or with a
partner. When all artists come together in one platform of perform art, the term “dance” the
serves an amusing purpose based on the atmosphere. What is happens when all these dances
forms occur at places surrounded by the society gazing at your body? There are more than 100
art forms in the world and the society what we leave in share one single thought. When an
artist is been trained by experts during his/her practices, they come across many features which
will help them to curb their fear (to face society). Recreational dancing is one of the most
3. revealing forms of movement in today’s culture, and artists under this kind of dancing expose
their body to people close to them.
In dance when individuals come together with different gesture and look in various
actions, they tend to respect each other in the most elementary fashion. Dance of any from are
very flexible in terms of thoughts and expression, any dance form doesn’t hold any sort of
restriction or rule on their artists. Many artists think that dislike of a subject might curb the full
expression and performance of an artist, for example – if a woman does not like the way a man
dances, she is ultimately not related to him, and could not live with him. Today the society has
adopted dance as a medium to sell a product, advertise a show, or to produce the daily beauty
image, with which the image of dance is faded, the word gesture and movement matters a lot.
For example – Commercials often display woman as a medium to sell the product and the
cameras provide a perfect viewing of her entire body from different angles and later they use to
demonstrate the merchandise. Slowly as and when dance took its stage, the entire creation of
advertising focused more on dance and performance. We can catch the performer, which gets
them nearer to our reality, and nearer to our note cases!
Moving from violating to blessed, dance is still reflected as a part of many aspects of
admiration. Many ancient philosophers have stated dance as a sacred form that allows
participants to translate their belief towards tradition and respect through expression. Decades
back dance was a major piece of spiritual rituals and parades, people use to come together to
make a dance for themselves or for their divine (Daly,2002). The creativity displayed in dance as
an art form ultimately highlights the function of dance as an exposure and expression of the
4. human body. Today, the concept is same but the way to present the dance form is different,
the new forms that are created make an audience see the lengths the human body can achieve.
The new emergence of pop, jazz and other dance forms involve lots of flexibility and force of
the body move through space without any limits. “There is vitality, a life force, energy, a
quickening that is translated through you into action, and because there is only one of you in all
time, this expression is unique. And if you block it, it will never exist through any other medium
and will be lost.” Martha Graham (good read.com). As the quote suggests today a dancer has a
theme, perfects there body and has come to know their body so well, it moves with a rhythm of
music, each beat has a new step included with a new gesture (Newman, 1998). Each and every
movement is a part of the language of the dancer, they are revealing to the audience (the
world) and choreographer who has created them. The expression of the dancer can find us
within her soul, while the choreography can find us within the theme.
Dance ultimately exposes the danger and the recipients of their campaign, pull together
an understanding of one another. The consistency is the vehicle for this sympathy; it is revealed
to the cosmos, providing an unsaid language for all to learn. Whether a professional dancer is
performing a choreographed piece of work or a school girl walks down the street, etc.
everything involves a way of showing it. Dance functions as a communicator in every facet of its
existence.
One of the popular choreographer merce Cunningham gave a different meaning to dance. His
style varied from others, he did not believe in having the dance rely on music nor does the
music rely on the dance. His concept of dance involved various sequence, his dance showed
5. dance based on relationship, love and concern (regarding issues). His abstract dance forms
varied greatly in mood but often the art form characterized contrasts in movement and unique
expression. When cage stated that, any form of art should performed based on the agreement,
but permitted to stroll freely during the time and space of performance. But, each performance
should contain separate tones and rhythms. Debating on the same subject of time and space,
Cunningham made a statement that there is no fixed point in space and every point is
interesting and equally changeable. Theory of one space inspired Cunningham to discover many
forms of dance with no limits and space.
His form of dance and performance were criticized by many expert and religious
believers in the society. Society raised their voice against his art form, because people found
that his performance was too obscene and his themes for feminine group were bad. Even after
lots of hurdles, Cunningham led his art form and today it’s called as one of the best art form in
the world.
There is no fixed point
“So I decided to open up the space to consider it equal, and any place, occupied or not,
just as important as any other. In such a context you don’t have to refer to a precise point in
space. When I happened to read that sentence of Albert Einstein’s: ‘There are no fixed points in
space’, I thought, indeed, if there are no fixed points, then every point is equally interesting and
equally changing.” Merce Cunningham
In general this tile of “There are no fixed points in space’ was borrowed from Albert
Einsteins quote. Merce Cunningham was a master of ne conveying performer and he
6. maintained his bond with his audience through his work (Kostelanetz, 1998). Merce overcame
all traditional limitations of the stage, by training his artists through positioning them through
nonverbal gestures. Traditionally, surpass areas are detached from the audience and they are
considered as the weaker class, while downstage population were considered as the close
group. When it came to dancing merce dint bother or neither did he believe ranking system in
artists while training! He was a master of perfection; his stage had four different fronts,
remaining open on all sides. He structured the space which ensured the performers’ bodies
angled at fluctuating heights, expressing a new visual tale to each audience member.
According to him there is no fixed point in space, indeed he believed that every point is
equal interest and equal shifting moves. In a dance form there is no fixed sequence the
movement can be continuous and numerous transformation can be imagined. According to him
a person can dance in different forms and different phrases on one stage at the given time.
Different phrases divide one dance form in to different ways and each time the space could be
constant fluid, instead of being fixed space in the theater (Kostelanetz,1998). As an artist we are
well aware of fixed space on the stage to which spectators and dancers refer. His view about
“There are no fixed points in space’ created a sensation message among artists and society that
was inspired by many artists. His philosophy of “There are no fixed points in space’ by taking
nothing else than space, an artist can see how many possibilities does he/she have to reveal.
Suppose you take a dimension of time, the artists can do more than six different movements
with perfect rhythm and expression. But there are artists who can perform more than 8
different style of dance on different rhythm and that are where the real complexity comes in.
7. Society may not like it, but once if an artist thinks beyond the circle of “no fixed points in space’
then the possibilities can be enormous.
In his concerts, he showcased different style of dance where his artists sometimes fell out of
“character” intentionally, and the audience could just gaze at each move the way they spoke,
bothered, swallowed, strained and refreshed themselves for short-term. Of all his partnerships,
with John Cage, they proposed a number of radical innovations (Leonard, 1995). The most
famous and considered piece of performance concerned the bond between dance and music,
which they concluded may occur at the same time and space. The two forms of art made wide
use of casual actions by avoiding musical forms, narrative and other predictable elements of
dance composition. His dance doesn’t have any sort of cause, effect or climax it was an act that
depicted more than 8 stories in it, which made it popular. Spectators of the act were not
allowed to distract not even for a sec, indeed they were connected with the artists throughout
the act. It is believed that every ordinary person performs a daily dance through their particular
patterns of movement. For example - a person while mopping the floor through graceful arcs, a
toddler’s indefinite motions forward. As a popular dancer he /she will no longer be dancing
under his name, they will be dancing in the choreography of daily life in the city.
For Cunningham the subject of his dances was always silent fiction, for him dance has no
sound since audience hears sounds in different ways and he wanted them to make up their
own interpretation. He explored motion capture technology to create décor for dance and his
interest in new media contributed to the creation of Mondays with Merce. He believed that
timing was based on how long an artist take a chance to apply his move, how long did they use
8. the form of dance in a minute and seconds. He used random chance operation by flipping a
coin, he wouldn't know how the two would look together still he tried the performance in
silent. He made up phrases and then teaches his dancers in silence.
His thought and his debate on “there are no fixed points in space’ inspired many artists
to form their own style of dance with silence. The theme selected by the artists were unique
and the elements of chance and indeterminacy to free their imagination from habitual
movement (David Mason, 2007). Cage and Cunningham composed musical scores for the dance
shows independently that the resulting dance deserted conservative efforts for dance to match
music. The group performance in New York City earned lot of popularity, a number of works
such as The Seasons (1947) and Inlets (1978) earned lots of standing ovation. In 1952
Cunningham formed his own dance company, but however he used the “there are no fixed
periods in space’ in each movement that he made.
Most of his dance form included Paxton’s style of dance making depart from
Cunningham’s resolve on heteronormative associate. Paxton’s style as in he followed classic
ballet form men still supported and lifted women in quite traditional ways. The opposite sex
respected each other’s form and concentrated deeply in their performance. For example-Men
did not follow or worked together with men nor did women support women. They supported
each other without any restrictions or bias!
For the first time in the entire form of art and performance a new theme of time space
created sensation all around the world. He demonstrated the act of time and space in dance
through silence, he just expected his fellow artists to communicate the spectators through
9. action and keep them engaged through expression. His logic towards dance as a mode to
communication with audience in silence actually gained popularity. Because the cerography of
Cunningham was so unique that people were stuck gazing at the expressions and the act was so
clear that the spectators dint require any explanation. Earlier Cunningham was gripped by the
factors of chance, such as filling in cube on charts or tossing coins to determine specific
movement combinations.
His work in space and time has narrated his interest in developing character and
through performance he made people realize that movement and music are equal. In whole the
theme “There are no fixed points in space” used quick and unexpected tempo and dramatic
pauses in action between all performance, explained varied background, to add further
enthusiasm in the pieces of performance delivered by the artists. Once this art form became
famous among societies, from then his performance witnessed some influence of this theme on
different art performance.
Merce Cunningham and his dance form
“All my subsequent involvement with dancers who were concerned with dance as a conveyor of
social message or to be used as a testing ground for psychological types have not succeeded in
destroying that feeling Mrs. J. W. Barrett gave me that dance is most deeply concerned with
each single instant as it comes along, and its life and vigor and attraction lie in just that
singleness. It is as accurate and impermanent as breathing” Merce Cunningham (good read
quotes)
10. In 1932, a 13-year-old boy developed a special interest towards dance; based out of
interest the little passionate boy joined Maud Barrett. At the age of 23 the little boys changed
the traditional style of dance to modern dance (Bondi, 1995). The little boy is none other than
Merce Cunningham; the young dancer formed his own style of dance and performance. When
people of his age were experimenting with chemicals, he researched on different gesture of art
and performance because he believed in entertaining people with his performance (Humphrey,
1991). In a very short span of time he choreographed more than 100 original works, through a
series of colorfully tracked conservative notions of art far behind imagination.
His first work in the 1940s created a new vocabulary and style in the book of art and
movement. The standard blend of expressions from modern dance and ballet, created a new
gestures of vocabulary in the urban movements/ performance. Urban performances from years
were known as the art of tradition, and it was considered as a single mode of communication
between society and the culture awareness. The art form was popular until Cunningham
introduced his silent featured art performance, the original sequence was improvised. He
introduced unplanned tasks in middle of the performance and made the quality of being vague
and poorly defined through better and effective composition. His relationship between dance,
music, and visual décor created difference, but performed simultaneously with a positive
outlook. Performance of space and time was taken into pieces of different notion; the
performance urbanized the actions of dancers radiate from a fundamental spot
(Vaughan,1999). His law of dance was, a perfectionist on the stage can’t be known through his
/her name rather people should recognize him with is art form. Also, through artists he
displaced the linear, plot-driven narrative of traditional dance with a dynamic arena in which
11. outcome was no longer governed the performers’ actions. Since, structures were not strictly
arranged, the necessity of moment in space and time, sustained in a countless interpretations.
Cunningham’s career as a professional dancer was not simple as other renowned artists. He
always believed in perfection and to achieve that he augured on various subjects like future of
dance, time & space, performance of different gesture and silent actions etc. Under the
guidance of Bonnie Bird at the Cornish School of Performing and Visual Arts, Cunningham
learned the Martha Graham dance technique. While he was learning his performing art, He
met John Cage, who later became one of most significant and long-lasting creative partner of
Cunningham. Cunningham joined Martha Graham Company of performance art and delivered
his art in many states and countries like California, United states etc.
By pairing with Martha Graham, Cunningham developed his skills as a dancer and her
company moved him to imagine and perform different forms of fundamentally different
possibilities for innovative dance. Throughout his life he admired Graham’s efforts to reach
beyond classical ballet and he appreciated all, her ability to reach the weight sector of the
torso, to achieve gravity in expressive form. But, as and when the days passed by the principle
objective of strong emotionalism used in performance by Graham’s, hindered his form of
performance. Graham’s, art form relied mostly on the narrative version of vulnerable summary
about life (Lansdale, 1994). When he accompanied Graham’s in her art form, he felt her art
form is amazing but didn’t think the rest of it. He just tried his best to learn and experiment his
skills by applying her lessons. While he was being trained by Graham’s, he use to always feel
12. stuck between ballet and its proficiency. But, later when he was equipped to use his learned
skills in a different way, the method and process of each movement was improvised from
narrative to just silent expression. His work in the dance field like Totem Ancestor and Root of
an unfocused had a blended of Cunningham’s own ideas about movement and Graham’s ballet
dance. He adopted gestures and movements from ballet and Graham’s style of modern dance.
He choreographed and composed the music for them, and the collaboration marked the
commencement of a striking new relationship between music and dance.
Slowly when he paired with John Cage, cage refused the concept of a one art form
supporting another art form or any art relying on another art form, for survival. But, cage loved
one concept of independence and he along with Cunningham found several form of dance that
catered music and dance (Mark Swed, 2012). They performed different forms of dance in solo
without any music support. Though the artists felt a bit difficulty while performing art form but
at the same time there was wonderful excitement flowing inside the artists while performing.
The independent yet synchronized union of dance and music lead both the artists to perform
an effective expression and a work of sense, freshness and unpredictability. They believed in
being dependent upon the music but hitting the rhythm with dance. They always came after
the term “Be loose and precise at the same time", because they assumed that a person with
liberal mind can perform any kind of dance.
The cultural climate created by Cunningham and his fellow artists dint shine more in
New York. Indeed, a lot of parallels separated the modern developments of the city’s art world
13. and Cunningham’s idea of renovations in modern dance (John,1991). Cunningham used the
new technologies to strike the chance and indeterminacy.
Induced from these developments from Chinese classes and signs from contemporary Fluxus
artists, helped Cunningham to use methods to design a structure based on his phrase. He
designed a structure based on the number of dancers he handled, how they will be aligned and
from where would they enter and exit (Bremser,1999). He designed this structure to maintain
uniformity and perfection. He was a unique and innovative master of his dance form, he use to
choreograph a piece or section of dance by tossing a coin. He found his resource in the play by
following his idea, energy and law, which some think is in human and systematic in creating a
dance instead of thumbing through old notepads for ideas.
While choreographing for time and space, he stated that each dancer in the hall had
different flaws. He demonstrated the act of time and space in dance through silence, he just
expected his fellow artists to communicate the spectators through action and keep them
engaged through expression. For the first time in the entire form of art and performance a new
theme of time space created sensation all around the world (Foulkes, 2002). His logic towards
dance as a mode to communication with audience in silence actually gained popularity among
many because the chorography of Cunningham was so unique that people were stuck gazing at
the expressions and the act was so clear that the spectators dint require any explanation.
In whole the theme “There are no fixed points in space” and other art work like the unbalanced
march, courante, contagion, renaissance testimonials, seeds of brightness, credo in us ad lib,
totem ancestor, in the name of the holocaust, shimmer, a root of an unfocused, unavailable
14. memory of the spontaneous earth, tossed as it is untroubled, triple-paced, four walls and
others Used unexpected tempo and dramatic pauses in action between all performances,
explained varied background, to add further interest in the pieces of performance delivered by
the artists.
Feminism (dance form)
Feminism during 1960s was struggling to enter the art of dance, as the dance of emotions,
narrative and Ballet was meant only for men. When fine arts became the source of
entertainment, the society categorized the style of dance offered to a female group as
ridiculous and obscene. From old traditional format of dance to modern art form of ballet had
inspires many feminine artists around the world.
Ballet for many women, were not so easy task, they held to face lots of constrains and
restriction by torturing their body. Rather than getting artificial in expressing the dance form
constructed by the male group, the ladies like Martha Graham, Isadora Duncan, Katharine
Dunham, and others moved forward and designed their own performance circle. These women
incorporated self-expression and danced with bare feet, and allowed emotion, narrative and art
of gravity to breath a bit in the restricted movement designed by the male (Catriona Moore,
1994). The societies initially were against this form of dance and women’s participation was
restricted completely. But still the mothers of modern dance set back all the hurdles and leaved
their passion.
Slowly when the fame of expression and narration hit the field of art, women became
famous in the field of ballet. As a result many popular male artists joined their movement
15. leaving their ego a side. Why Women Dominate Modern Dance? Modern dance tracked its
roots from some founding fathers and several founding mothers. The foundations of modern
dance with the emergence of founding mother got departed from the male-driven tradition to
female centric art forms (Long, 1995). The bond between feminism and modern dance were
going well and good when they performed. The Women when they developed a play in ballet
they often used themes related to female, so they played a key role in each act at the time of
modern art and the post-modern art.
Many renowned artists like merce Cunningham, cage, etc learned their lessons of ballet
from the founding mothers. Women in ballet were meant to be flexible and very expressive in
nature, they were asked to perform their art in any form. The term of any form /style, troubled
the society a lot in terms of status, act and tradition. So, many critics raised their voice against
the growth of women in the field as an artist.
In mid 1960s modern dance firms employed only female dancers; working women who
attended Graham’s dance classes after work were employed by the company for choreography.
Modern dance choreographers explored the different aspects of feminism. Graham who
inspired merce Cunningham, was the founder of all radical, sexual technique centered on the
natural concept of contraction. She was in to many controversies due to her art form Marnie.
The artist was tagged as a trouble maker; her description about sex was so unsparingly that her
"Phaedra" was picked apart in Congress as obscene (Tracie,2007). She defined “ballet as a
femininity condition of miraculous lightness” this form of art was a major for all woman
choreographer in ballet; she challenged the vision through modern art managed to displace it.
16. Choreographers such as Twyla Tharp, Isadora Duncan, Katharine Dunham, and others
moved and other artists moved ahead and accepted the challenge form Graham. They
collectively presented intellectual pieces that focused on the dance rather than sexual aspects
of the female figure. Over time, choreographers such as Tharp, Dunham, Duncan etc created a
form of art that reflected an understanding between the stages, society and artist who
performed it. Graham's technique of "Phaedra” in general offered a wide concept of female
identity rooted in the earth. Soon the technique contained terms of manhood and technique,
its essential element achieved the definition of woman as somebody connected to procedures
followed by the nature from both ends outside and within her. This sense of combination
established new standards of success and identity for Euro-American dance and with the
identity female freedom shined to the core
Following the success Graham created a theater that changed the male views of myth
and history in the society. When the student of Graham, merce Cunningham entered the field
of art and performance, he introduced a piece of art which was unique and standard in its own
way. Women were good at narratives and expression but with the introduction of unique art
form, the women felt like they are placed back in the jail (Roszika Parker,1981). For
Cunningham the subject of his dances was always silent fiction, for him dance has no sound
since audience hears sounds in different ways and he wanted them to make up their own
interpretation. He explored motion capture technology to create décor for and his interest in
new media contributed to the creation of Mondays with Merce. He believed that timing was
based on how long an artist take a chance to apply his move, how long did they use the form of
17. dance in a minute and seconds. Women in his class had to struggle a lot to learn his form,
because it was a new form of art had no actions beside silence.
For the first time in the entire form of art and performance a new theme of time space
created sensation all around the world. He demonstrated the act of time and space in dance
through silence, he just expected his fellow artists to communicate the spectators through
action and keep them engaged through expression. His logic towards dance as a mode to
communication with audience in silence actually gained popularity. Because the cerography of
Cunningham was so unique that people were stuck gazing at the expressions and the act was so
clear that the spectators dint require any explanation. Earlier Cunningham was gripped by the
factors of chance, such as filling in cube on charts or tossing coins to determine specific
movement combinations.
This form of art was known as modern art and the role of women in ballet were very
complex, but slowly as and when the days passed by women got equipped with all forms of
ballet dance. Today, ballet is referred as an art preferred only for feminine and discipline
involved in training requires Enormous will. The most famous and debated piece of
performance concerned the bond between dance and music, which they concluded may occur
in the same time and space (Brown, 2007). The two form of art made wide use of casual actions
by avoiding musical forms, narrative and other predictable elements of dance composition.
Spectators of the act were not allowed to distract not even for a sec, indeed they were
connected with the artists throughout the act.
18. Most of his dance form included Paxton’s style of dance making depart from
Cunningham’s resolve on heteronormative associate. Paxton’s style as in he followed classic
ballet form men still supported and lifted women in quite traditional ways. The opposite sex
respected each other’s form and concentrated deeply in their performance. For example-Men
did not follow or worked together with men nor did women support women. They supported
each other without any restrictions or bias!
Today modern dance has repeatedly represented a female-driven territory that breaks it
limitations, holds freedom, and reflects altering social group like society and community more.
Earlier women dint have any uniformity when it comes to dress, but today perfection starts
from uniformity in dress to expression. The modern dancers today are expected to wear pink
dresses, apply attractive eyelashes, and wax their legs to achieve the choreographer’s vision.
Feminist artists tested all forms of art like dance learned from their masters were
reinvented in their own style. They played with the ideas of gender differences, theme of
society and their identity they used the theme to performance art in terms of recording,
training and other artistic expression that would relate to significant in Postmodernism. But,
the theme presented by the feminine group had no touch of tradition, urban style which was
seen in high art.
In between society and art many women struggled to learn the art during 1950s, but
many women realized their passion towards art and tried to leave it. With the help of many
women artist in the field of performance, women relived the passion of art by keeping distance
from the Comment received by the society. Lately but at the right time society realized that
19. Feminist Art venerated connectivity and saw the artist as part of society, not working
separately.
Impact of his dance form on society
In mid 1960s modern dance firms employed only female dancers; the society was against this
law of hiring female dancers. Graham the popular feminist artist was the founder of all radical,
sexual technique focused on the natural concept of reduction. She was in to many arguments
and debates due to her art form “Marnie”. The society felt that her art form was misguiding
many young girls and crossing the level of obscenity. The artist was tagged as a trouble maker
from her start; her description about sex was so liberal or profuse that her "Phaedra" was
criticized in Congress as obscene (de Mille, 1991). She defined “ballet as a femininity condition
of amazing grace” and she argued that this form of art is a major form of performance at all
woman choreographers in ballet; she challenged the vision through modern art managed to
displace it.
Choreographers such as Twyla Tharp, Isadora Duncan, Katharine Dunham, and other
artists moved ahead and accepted the challenge form Graham. In a group the artists presented
intellectual pieces that focused on the dance rather than sexual aspects of the female figure.
Over time, choreographers such as Tharp, Dunham, Duncan etc created a form of art as an
answer to Graham’s challenge; the act reflected an understanding between the stages, society
and artist who performed it. Graham's technique of "Phaedra” in general offered a wide
concept of female identity rooted in the earth. Soon the technique contained terms of
manhood and technique, its essential element achieved the definition of woman as somebody
20. connected to procedures followed by the nature from both ends outside and within her. This
sense of combination established new standards of success and identity for Euro-American
dance and with the identity female freedom shined to the core
Following the success Graham created a theatre that overturned male views of myth
and history. When the student of Graham, merce Cunningham entered the field of art and
performance, he introduced a piece of art which was unique and standard in its own way.
Women were good at narratives and expression but with the introduction of unique art form,
the women felt like they are placed back in the jail. For Cunningham the subject of his dances
was always silent fiction, for him dance has no sound since audience hears sounds in different
ways and he wanted them to make up their own interpretation. He explored motion capture
technology to create décor for and his interest in new media led to the creation of Mondays
with Merce. He believed that timing was based on how long an artist take a chance to apply his
move, how long did they use the form of dance in a minute and seconds. Women in his class
had to struggle a lot to learn his form, because it was a new form of art had no actions beside
silence. Slowly the dance forms allowed the artists to expose their talent to the world by
connecting the society in every stage, through its splendid art form. Amusing dance forms like
Line dancing, western dancing, aerobic, salsa, samba etc serves many purposes in society. It
provides various traditions for people to arise the talent in them towards dance, whether it is
alone or with a partner. Dance serves an amusing purpose when all people come together in
dance at a party, club, or celebratory atmosphere.
21. His form of dance and performance were criticized by many expert and religious
believers in the society. Society raised their voice against his art form, because people found
that his performance was too obscene and his themes for feminine group were bad. Even after
lots of hurdles, Cunningham led his art form and today it’s called as one of the best art form in
the world. Have you ever thought, what happens when all these dances forms occur at places
surrounded by the society gazing at your body? There are more than 100 art forms in the world
and the society what we leave in share one single thought. When an artist is been trained by
experts during his/her practices, they come across many features which will help them to curb
their fear (to face society). Recreational dancing is one of the most revealing forms of
movement in today’s culture, and artists under this form of dancing expose their body to
people around them.
Conclusion
Merce Cunningham was a master of innovation; he performed many forms of art that
let the spectators in blue. His philosophy of “There are no fixed points in space’ by taking
nothing else than space, an artist can see how many possibilities does he/she have to reveal.
Suppose you take a dimension of time, the artists can do more than six different movements
with perfect rhythm and expression. But there are artists who can perform more than 8
different style of dance on different rhythm and that are where the real complexity comes in.
Society may not like it, but once if an artist thinks beyond the circle of “no fixed points in space’
then the possibilities can be enormous.
22. Feminism during 1960s was struggling to enter the art of dance, as the dance of
emotions, narrative and Ballet was meant only for men. When fine arts became the source of
entertainment, the society categorized the style of dance offered to a female group as
ridiculous and obscene. From old traditional format of dance to modern art form of ballet had
inspires many feminine artists around the world.
Keeping all the facts and assumes a side he tried his maximum to maintain bond with his
audience through his art work. Merce overcame all traditional limitations of the stage, by
training his artists through positioning them through nonverbal gestures. Traditionally, surpass
areas are detached from the audience and they are considered as the weaker class, while
downstage population were considered as the close group. When it came to dancing merce dint
bother or neither did he believe ranking system in artists while training! He was a master of
perfection; his stage had four different fronts, remaining open on all sides. He structured the
space which ensured the performers’ bodies angled at fluctuating heights, expressing a new
visual tale to each audience member.
The society reverted back to his act in all ways, but he ignored it and tried different
techniques or art form to pull them to his court. As a result today the society realized that
Feminist Art idealized connectivity and saw the artist as part of society, not working separately.
23. Reference
1. Roszika Parker; Griselda Pollock (1981). Old Mistresses: Women, Art and Ideology.
Pandora, RKP.
2. Catriona Moore (1994). Dissonance: Feminism and the Arts, 1970-1990. Allen and
Unwin and Artspace.
3. Vaughan, David (1999), Merce Cunningham: Fifty Years. Aperture.
4. Vaughan, D. and Cunningham, M. (2002), Other Animals. Aperture. ISBN 978-0-89381-
946-0
5. Bremser, M. (Ed) (1999), Fifty Contemporary Choreographers. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-
10364-9
6. Kostelanetz, R. (1998), Merce Cunningham: Dancing in Space and Time. Da Capo Press.
ISBN 0-306-80877-3
7. Brown, Carolyn (2007), Chance and Circumstance Twenty Years with Cage and
Cunningham. Alfred A. Knopf.
8. Leonard, George J. (1995). Into the Light of Things: The Art of the Commonplace from
Wordsworth to John Cage. University of Chicago Press. p. 120 ("...when Harvard
University Press called him, in a 1990 book advertisement, "without a doubt the most
influential composer of the last half-century," amazingly, that was too modest.")
9. Greene, David Mason (2007). Greene's Biographical Encyclopedia of Composers.
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10. Mark Swed (August 31, 2012), John Cage's genius an L.A. story Los Angeles Times.
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March 14, 2007.
12. Gerald, Newman (1998). Martha Graham: Founder of Modern Dance. Danbury,
Connecticut: Franklin Watts.
13. Darnell, Tracie (2007-04-17). "Martha Graham Dance Company returns to Chicago for
long-awaited performance at MCA". Medill. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12.
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14. Bondi (1995) p.74 quote: "Picasso of Dance [...] Martha Graham was to modern dance
what Pablo Picasso was to modern art."
15. Adshead-Lansdale, J. (Ed) (1994) Dance History: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-
09030-X
16. Brown, J. Woodford, C, H. and Mindlin, N. (Eds) (1998) (The Vision of Modern Dance: In
the Words of Its Creators). Independent Publishers Group. ISBN 0-87127-205-9
17. Daly, A. (2002) Done into Dance: Isadora Duncan in America. Wesleyan Univ Press. ISBN
0-8195-6560-1
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19. Foulkes, J, L. (2002) Modern Bodies: Dance and American Modernism from Martha
Graham to Alvin Ailey. The University of North Carolina Press.
20. Humphrey, D. and Pollack, B. (Ed) (1991) The Art of Making Dances Princeton Book Co.
ISBN 0-87127-158-3
21. Long, R. A. (1995) The Black Tradition in Modern Dance. Smithmark Publishers.