The document discusses engineering ethics and moral dilemmas. It provides an introduction to ethics and explains why engineering ethics is important to study. It discusses Kohlberg's stages of moral development and uses examples like the Heinz dilemma to illustrate the stages. The document also outlines procedures for facing moral dilemmas, such as assessing situations, discussing with others, and determining the best course of action. Overall, the document aims to introduce key concepts around engineering ethics and provide guidance for addressing moral dilemmas.
Senses of “Engineering Ethics” – Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action – Self-interest – Customs and Religion – Uses of Ethical Theories
Unit-3 Professional Ethics in EngineeringNandakumar P
About an engineer's responsibility towards safety and risk taken by him/her in critical circumstance.
This PPT will give them a basic approach towards engineer's work towards safety for the society.
Senses of Engineering Ethics– Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action
Lawrence Kohlberg, the famous psychologist developed his six-stage theory on moral development which became popular as Kohlberg’s theory of moral & development.
Three levels of pyramid -
Pre-Conventional Level – This level consist of two bottom stages of pyramid which show that an individual tend to behave morally only to avoid punishment or get reward as appreciation to good work. Mostly children from birth to 9 years of age are found at this stage of morality.
Conventional Level – This level consist of next two stages of pyramid which show that an individual tend to act morally to show oneself as a good person and to be respectful towards law and order. Approximate age of individual falling in this category is 9 to 20 years.
Post-Conventional Level – This level consist of two topmost stages of pyramid which shows the highest level of an individual’s morality and development as one tends to act in way that is based on justice in society and being ethical. Age 20 years onwards.
Giligan's theory -
Gilligan was a student of Developmental Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, who introduced the theory of stages of moral development
Carol Giligan opined that Kohlberg’s theory on morality was biased upon male thinking process and did not address the gender differences of moral development
She believed men and women exhibit different behaviour where women are more emotional, caring and understand inter-personal relationship well
Three levels-
Pre-conventional : A person in this stage cares for oneself to ensure survival.
Conventional : In this stage the person feels responsible and show care towards other persons.
Post- conventional : This is the stage where the principle of care for oneself and others is accepted.
Care based Morality
Avoidance of violence
Helping those in need
Respect and dignity
Linked to emotion and feeling
Maintenance of harmony & relation
Found mostly in girls
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Senses of “Engineering Ethics” – Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action – Self-interest – Customs and Religion – Uses of Ethical Theories
Unit-3 Professional Ethics in EngineeringNandakumar P
About an engineer's responsibility towards safety and risk taken by him/her in critical circumstance.
This PPT will give them a basic approach towards engineer's work towards safety for the society.
Senses of Engineering Ethics– Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action
Lawrence Kohlberg, the famous psychologist developed his six-stage theory on moral development which became popular as Kohlberg’s theory of moral & development.
Three levels of pyramid -
Pre-Conventional Level – This level consist of two bottom stages of pyramid which show that an individual tend to behave morally only to avoid punishment or get reward as appreciation to good work. Mostly children from birth to 9 years of age are found at this stage of morality.
Conventional Level – This level consist of next two stages of pyramid which show that an individual tend to act morally to show oneself as a good person and to be respectful towards law and order. Approximate age of individual falling in this category is 9 to 20 years.
Post-Conventional Level – This level consist of two topmost stages of pyramid which shows the highest level of an individual’s morality and development as one tends to act in way that is based on justice in society and being ethical. Age 20 years onwards.
Giligan's theory -
Gilligan was a student of Developmental Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, who introduced the theory of stages of moral development
Carol Giligan opined that Kohlberg’s theory on morality was biased upon male thinking process and did not address the gender differences of moral development
She believed men and women exhibit different behaviour where women are more emotional, caring and understand inter-personal relationship well
Three levels-
Pre-conventional : A person in this stage cares for oneself to ensure survival.
Conventional : In this stage the person feels responsible and show care towards other persons.
Post- conventional : This is the stage where the principle of care for oneself and others is accepted.
Care based Morality
Avoidance of violence
Helping those in need
Respect and dignity
Linked to emotion and feeling
Maintenance of harmony & relation
Found mostly in girls
Thank you for Watching
Subscribe to DevTech Finance
En este documento se pretende analizar la legislación médica y estatal respecto a tres situaciones de conflicto ético en la actualidad y sentar las bases para un debate sobre las mismas, así como recordar qué es éticamente correcto en la actualidad y cuál debe ser nuestra manera de proceder.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
3. INTRODUCTION
• What is Ethics?
– Ethics is the study of the characteristics of morals.
– Ethics also deals with the moral choices that are made
by each person in his or her relationship with other
persons.
• Engineering ethics is the rules and standards
governing the conduct of engineers in their role as
professionals.
• It encompasses the more general definition of ethics,
but applies it more specifically to situations involving
engineers in their professional lives.
4. ETHICS
• Study of human morality
• Determining values in human conduct
• Deciding the “right thing to do” - based upon a
set of norms
• In Engineering:
– dealing with colleagues
– dealing with clients
– dealing with employees
– dealing with “users’
– dealing with public
5. WHY FOCUS ON ETHICS?
Make decisions – make the right choice
Take action – do the right thing
Personal integrity and self-respect
Element of professional reputation
HIGH ETHICS -> HIGH PROFITS
6. ENGINEERING ETHICS
• Engineering ethics is the study of moral values, issues
and decisions involved in engineering practice.
• The moral values take many forms, including
responsibilities
ideal character traits
social policies
relationships desirable for individuals
corporation engaged in technological development.
7. ENGINEERING ETHICS
• Teaching engineering ethics can achieve at least four
desirable outcomes:
increased ethical sensitivity
increased knowledge of relevant standards of conduct
improved ethical judgment
improved ethical will-power (i.e., a greater ability to act
ethically when one wants to).
9. ENGINEERING AS AN ETHICAL
PROFESSION
• What is a Profession?
– special expertise
– shared moral values
– dependent public
– self-regulation
– promote and protect right actions
• The responsibility to be ethical
• The right to be ethical
• Values embedded in technology
10. Why Ethics?
• Integral part of the success of your career
• Integrity can be our most valuable asset,
– Leads to trust in work relationships
– Frees them from controls necessary
when trust doesn’t exist
11. SO WHY BOTHER WITH ETHICS??
• Special knowledge
• Involved in decision-making
“Practicing engineers are more apt to get into trouble as
a result of a failure to properly anticipate and handle
ethical problems rather than as a result of a traditional
engineering problems!”
12. RESULT OF ETHICAL EQUATIONS
ETHICAL BEHAVIORETHICAL BEHAVIOR UNETHICAL BEHAVIORUNETHICAL BEHAVIOR
Quality products
Conservation of resources
Pride in work
Public safety
Timeliness
GOOD BUSINESS
Shoddy products
Waste, fraud, greed
Abuse of expertise
Guilt, fear
Lack of safety
Cutting corners
-poor design
-rushed testing
DISASTERS!
13.
14. ETHICAL ISSUED FACED BY ENGINEERS
Public Safety
Bribery and Fraud
Environmental Protection
Fairness
Honesty in Research and Testing
Conflicts of Interest
15. WHY STUDY ENGINEERING ETHICS?
Engineering ethics should be studied because it
is important , both in preventing grave
consequences of faulty ethical reasoning and in
giving meaning to engineers’ endeavors, but it is
complex. It cannot be understood through
casual observation.
16. WHY STUDY ENGINEERING ETHICS?
• Increased awareness of importance due to publicity
surrounding high profile engineering failures.
• Engineering decisions can impact public health, safety,
business practices and politics.
• Engineers should be aware of moral implications as they
make decisions in the workplace.
17. WHY STUDY ENGINEERING ETHICS?
• Study of ethics helps engineers develop a moral
autonomy.
• Ability to think critically and independently about moral
issues.
• Ability to apply this moral thinking to situations that arise in
the course of professional engineering practice.
19. Moral dilemmas
• A situation in which, whatever choice is
made, the agent commits a moral wrong.
1. Something morally
right
2. Something morally
wrong
Bad outcome
Good or better
outcome
20. Moral Dilemma
A woman was near death from a unique kind of
cancer. There is a drug that might save her. The drug
costs $4,000 per dosage. The sick woman's husband,
Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money
and tried every legal means, but he could only get
together about $2,000. He asked the doctor scientist
who discovered the drug for a discount or that he let
him pay later. But the doctor scientist refused.
25. Kohlberg’s Stages
Level 1 (Pre-conventional)
Reasoners judge the morality of an action by its direct
consequences
Stage One: Obedience and Punishment
Stage Two: Individualism, Instrumentalism, and
Exchange
26. Heinz Dilemma
Stage One (obedience): Heinz should not
steal the medicine, because otherwise he will
be put in prison.
27. Pre-conventional level
Stage One (obedience orientation)
Individuals focus on the direct consequences
that their actions will have for themselves.
28. Heinz Moral Dilemma
• Pre-conventional Level
Stage Two (self-interest): Heinz should steal
the medicine, because he will be much
happier if he saves his wife, even if he will
have to serve a prison sentence.
29. Kohlberg’s Stages
Stage Two (self-interest orientation):
what's in it for me position. Right behavior is
defined by what is in one's own best interest.
31. Kohlberg’s Stages
Level 2 (Conventional)
People who reason in a conventional way judge the morality
of actions by comparing these actions to social rules and
expectations.
Stage Three: Interpersonal Concordance ("Good boy/girl")
Stage Four: Law and Order
32. Heinz Moral Dilemma
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
• Stage Three (conformity): Heinz should steal the medicine,
because his wife expects it.
33. Conventional level
Stage Three (conformity orientation)
Individuals seek approval from other people. They judge the
morality of actions by evaluating the consequences of these
actions for a person's relationships.
35. Conventional level
Stage Four (law-and-order mentality).
In stage four, individuals think it is important to obey the law
and conventions of society.
36. Kohlberg’s Stages
Level 3 (Post-conventional)
(Most people do not reach this level of moral reasoning)
• Stage Five: Human Rights
• Stage Six: Universal Ethical Principles (Principled
Conscience)
38. MORAL DILEMMA
• Moral dilemmas often test our character and our
commitment to the greatest good for the greatest number of
people.
• Some moral dilemmas are simply complicated decisions
which must be thoroughly evaluated before choosing a
course of action.
• Other choices are genuine moral dilemmas which challenge
our ability to makes fair and just choices.
39. MORAL DILEMMA
• Some people have hypothetical minds that like to debate
what is right and wrong.
• Sometimes, however, what is right and wrong is not so clear,
as is the case in a moral dilemma.
40. LONG,SHORT TERM
CONSEQUENCES
• Moral dilemmas can also be evaluated on the
basis of their short-term and long-term
consequences.
• If short-term consequences are
overshadowed by long-term benefits, then
moral dilemma can find its ethical solution by
pursuing an outcome which obtains the
greatest long-term benefit for the greatest
number of people.
41. Should you always
tell the truth?
• A murderer at the door is looking for your
friend who is hiding in your house.
• Your co-worker is cheating on her time-sheet.
• You witness a parking-lot accident.
42. Should you take this
job?
• You are offered a job that will require you to
do things that you find morally questionable.
– If you don’t take it, someone else will.
– Maybe you can work for good from the inside.
– With the money you can take care of your family
and even give back to charities
43. MORAL DILEMMA
SCENARIOS
Debt to your Friend
• What would you do?
• There is a train that, is about to run over your own son, who
has been tied to its track.
• It just so happens that you have only enough time to pull a
lever which will send the train down an alternate track saving
your son.
• However, you see that, tied to the other track, is your best
friend, who recently saved your life and you have yet to
repay him for doing so.
44. SCENARIOS
• Friendship
• Right or wrong?
• You have the responsibility of filling a position in his firm.
Your friend Paul has applied and is qualified, but someone
else seems even more qualified. You wants to give the job to
Paul, but you feels guilty, believing that you ought to be
impartial.
• You gives the job to Paul. Was he right?
45. How to Respond to
an Ethical Dilemma
• Assess the situation.
– Responding to an ethical dilemma requires that you are
able to, in a sense, step back from the situation and
properly look at the situation as a whole.
– You need to understand who is affected by the dilemma
aside from yourself, what potential decisions could be
made and what the outcomes of those decisions might be
for all those involved.
– By gaining a wider perspective of the problem as a whole,
you will be more informed and able to make a decision
that is perhaps justifiable based on your assessment of
the circumstances.
46. How to Handle
MORAL Dilemmas
• Discuss the issues with a trusted friend or colleague.
Understand that listening to an additional opinion can
provide more insight. It can also help you focus on issues
that you may have overlooked.
• Spend time thinking about the appropriate decision to make.
Avoid thinking about your decision in terms of “right” or
“wrong,” as this can make it easier to be trapped in your own
thoughts.
47. RESOLVING AN
MORAL DILEMMA
• Step 1: Identify the Problem
• Step 2: Identify the Potential Issues Involved
• Step 3: Evaluate Potential Courses of Action
• Step 4: Obtain Consultation
• Step 5:Determine the Best Course of Action
48. Step 1: Identify the
Problem
• Gather as much relevant information as
possible.
• Talk to the parties involved.
• Clarify if the problem is legal, moral, ethical or
a combination.
49. Step 2: Identify the Potential
Issues Involved
• List and describe the critical issues.
• Evaluate the rights, responsibilities and welfare of those
affected by the decision.
• Consider basic moral principles of autonomy, beneficence,
non-maleficence and justice.
• Identify any competing principles.
• Ascertain the potential dangers to the individuals,
department or college.
50. Step 3: Evaluate Potential
Courses of Action
• Brainstorm ideas.
• Enumerate the outcomes of various decisions.
• Consider the consequences of inaction.
51. Step 4: Obtain Consultation
• Colleagues or a supervisor can add an outside perspective.
• It’s a serious warning sign if you don’t want to talk to another
person about actions you are contemplating.
• You must be able to justify a course of action based on
sound reasoning which you can test out in the consultation.
52. Step 5:Determine the Best
Course of Action
• Map out the best way to resolve the problem (e.g., who
should be contacted first if multiple parties are involved? Do
you need outside support? Do you need to talk to a
supervisor?).
• Then consider who, if anyone, should know about the
problem (such as a work supervisor, friend, administrator or
colleague).
53. SOLVING THE DILEMMAS IN STUDENTS LIFE
• There is only one way to solve the moral dilemma and that is
opting for one of the situations.
• Parents and teachers play a major role in this task of solving
dilemmas for students.
• Though they cannot be there with children everywhere, they
must mentally prepare their children to face such situations.
• It is important to note that younger children base their moral
judgments on consequences and not on the motive behind
the act.
54. SOLVING THE DILEMMAS IN STUDENTS LIFE
• This happens because many of the parents just
explain what is wrong but not why a certain thing is
wrong.
• Explaining this helps children analyze the situation
better and solve the moral dilemma effectively.
Always appreciate the positive behavior of your
children without any conditions.
55. SOLVING THE DILEMMAS IN STUDENTS LIFE
• For example, If your child is studying hard,
appreciate it but do not say that you will reward his
hard work only if he gets good marks. An overall
good child development process prepares students
to face various moral dilemmas in their school life.
• It helps them cope with stressful events with ease
and stay content without losing mental peace.