This document summarizes a presentation given by James Robinson on the book Why Nations Fail. It discusses three key topics:
1. The origins of institutional differences between nations, tracing how extractive institutions emerged in Latin America under Spanish colonization focused on resource extraction, while more inclusive institutions developed in the early United States and Britain.
2. The concepts of inclusive and extractive political and economic institutions and how inclusive institutions encourage growth while extractive institutions face resistance from economic and political elites benefiting from the status quo.
3. Examples of how small differences in early institutions and critical junctures can lead to divergence, as well as the difficulty but importance of transitioning to more inclusive institutions through broad political coal
Why Nations Fail: the origins of power, prosperity and povertymehvish shafiq
The document summarizes chapters from the book "Why Nations Fail" by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson. It discusses the authors' thesis that economic prosperity depends on inclusive political and economic institutions, while extractive institutions lead to poverty. The analysis examines several historical examples to show how institutional developments can create either virtuous or vicious cycles that reinforce inclusive or extractive institutions over time. However, the summary also notes some shortcomings, including the book's failure to explain how to prevent the emergence of extractive institutions or acknowledge that growth under inclusive institutions is not guaranteed. It argues the book is still relevant to understanding Pakistan's challenges in developing extractive political institutions that benefit elites over broader society.
This document provides an overview of realism and liberalism as major international relations theories. It discusses key thinkers and principles of political realism such as Hans Morgenthau, E.H. Carr, and Reinhold Niebuhr. Realism focuses on the state as the key actor and priorities of survival and self-help under conditions of anarchy. It also discusses structural realism and the differences between defensive and offensive structural realism. The document then discusses liberalism, highlighting Immanuel Kant's idea of a federation of free states and Richard Cobden's views on free trade promoting peace. It provides a four-fold definition of liberalism and discusses how its principles can be applied to international relations.
This document discusses different political and economic systems including liberal political economy, regulated capitalism, mercantilism, Marxism, communism, and socialist democracies. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as how political systems interact with economic systems in the study of political economy, and different views on trade, private ownership, and the role of government in economic planning.
This document discusses political culture and its role in different types of governments. It begins by summarizing Almond and Verba's classic study of political culture, which identified three types: parochial, subject, and participant. They argued democracy is most stable with a mix of these cultures, called a "civic culture." More recent research has found declines in political trust in established democracies. New democracies have weaker political cultures providing less support to new systems of government. Authoritarian governments either ignore political culture, manipulate existing cultures, or try to transform cultures to gain legitimacy.
This document discusses the concept of the nation state and national interests. It defines the nation state as a sovereign political unit where people are organized and interact with other sovereign states in various ways. The modern nation state system emerged in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the dominance of religious authorities and established the idea of separate sovereign states. National interests include the physical, political, and cultural survival of the state and nation. National interests are determined by decision makers' views, influential groups, the type of government, geography, and other external pressures. States pursue their national interests through diplomacy, alliances, economic policy, and sometimes war.
Bad governance can significantly harm a country's economy and development. A case study on Chad and Bangladesh found that Chad, despite having natural resources, was worse off due to its landlocked status requiring an active government to facilitate trade, which a "bad government" does not provide. While turnarounds from failing states are rare, larger populations and greater education levels increase the chances of reform. The costs of neglected states are substantial, with $100 billion estimated as the lower bound cost of what a sustained turnaround is worth for a failing state over its lifetime of failure. Pakistan, Kenya, and Nigeria are examples of countries currently experiencing problems due to issues like corruption, electoral disputes, and misuse of funds that could otherwise support health and
This document discusses the concept of levels of analysis, which provides possible explanations for "why" questions. It outlines four levels: individual, domestic, interstate, and global. The individual level focuses on how great leaders influence history. The domestic level examines a society's dominant culture, ethnicity, religion, and economic development, as well as the type and stability of its government. The interstate level analyzes how states interact and their relative power. Finally, the global level considers trends and forces that transcend state interactions, such as technological change and wealth gaps between nations.
International Relations Theory outlines three main perspectives - Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism. Realism views states as seeking power and security above all else, competing in a zero-sum system. Liberalism acknowledges other actors beyond states and believes cooperation is possible. Constructivism sees states' interests shaped by their unique histories and cultures. The document recommends blending theories, as no single perspective can fully explain complex international dynamics.
Why Nations Fail: the origins of power, prosperity and povertymehvish shafiq
The document summarizes chapters from the book "Why Nations Fail" by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson. It discusses the authors' thesis that economic prosperity depends on inclusive political and economic institutions, while extractive institutions lead to poverty. The analysis examines several historical examples to show how institutional developments can create either virtuous or vicious cycles that reinforce inclusive or extractive institutions over time. However, the summary also notes some shortcomings, including the book's failure to explain how to prevent the emergence of extractive institutions or acknowledge that growth under inclusive institutions is not guaranteed. It argues the book is still relevant to understanding Pakistan's challenges in developing extractive political institutions that benefit elites over broader society.
This document provides an overview of realism and liberalism as major international relations theories. It discusses key thinkers and principles of political realism such as Hans Morgenthau, E.H. Carr, and Reinhold Niebuhr. Realism focuses on the state as the key actor and priorities of survival and self-help under conditions of anarchy. It also discusses structural realism and the differences between defensive and offensive structural realism. The document then discusses liberalism, highlighting Immanuel Kant's idea of a federation of free states and Richard Cobden's views on free trade promoting peace. It provides a four-fold definition of liberalism and discusses how its principles can be applied to international relations.
This document discusses different political and economic systems including liberal political economy, regulated capitalism, mercantilism, Marxism, communism, and socialist democracies. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as how political systems interact with economic systems in the study of political economy, and different views on trade, private ownership, and the role of government in economic planning.
This document discusses political culture and its role in different types of governments. It begins by summarizing Almond and Verba's classic study of political culture, which identified three types: parochial, subject, and participant. They argued democracy is most stable with a mix of these cultures, called a "civic culture." More recent research has found declines in political trust in established democracies. New democracies have weaker political cultures providing less support to new systems of government. Authoritarian governments either ignore political culture, manipulate existing cultures, or try to transform cultures to gain legitimacy.
This document discusses the concept of the nation state and national interests. It defines the nation state as a sovereign political unit where people are organized and interact with other sovereign states in various ways. The modern nation state system emerged in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the dominance of religious authorities and established the idea of separate sovereign states. National interests include the physical, political, and cultural survival of the state and nation. National interests are determined by decision makers' views, influential groups, the type of government, geography, and other external pressures. States pursue their national interests through diplomacy, alliances, economic policy, and sometimes war.
Bad governance can significantly harm a country's economy and development. A case study on Chad and Bangladesh found that Chad, despite having natural resources, was worse off due to its landlocked status requiring an active government to facilitate trade, which a "bad government" does not provide. While turnarounds from failing states are rare, larger populations and greater education levels increase the chances of reform. The costs of neglected states are substantial, with $100 billion estimated as the lower bound cost of what a sustained turnaround is worth for a failing state over its lifetime of failure. Pakistan, Kenya, and Nigeria are examples of countries currently experiencing problems due to issues like corruption, electoral disputes, and misuse of funds that could otherwise support health and
This document discusses the concept of levels of analysis, which provides possible explanations for "why" questions. It outlines four levels: individual, domestic, interstate, and global. The individual level focuses on how great leaders influence history. The domestic level examines a society's dominant culture, ethnicity, religion, and economic development, as well as the type and stability of its government. The interstate level analyzes how states interact and their relative power. Finally, the global level considers trends and forces that transcend state interactions, such as technological change and wealth gaps between nations.
International Relations Theory outlines three main perspectives - Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism. Realism views states as seeking power and security above all else, competing in a zero-sum system. Liberalism acknowledges other actors beyond states and believes cooperation is possible. Constructivism sees states' interests shaped by their unique histories and cultures. The document recommends blending theories, as no single perspective can fully explain complex international dynamics.
The document discusses the concept of balance of power in international relations. It defines balance of power as a distribution of power among states that prevents any one state from becoming too powerful. It operates through alliances, military buildups, and dividing powerful states. Balance of power is seen as important by some scholars but faces criticism for being uncertain and accepting war. Soft power, regional agreements, and economic ties are now also part of maintaining balances of power.
G&P - Chapter 13 - International Developmentcyruskarimian
This document discusses international development and economic growth in developing countries in the global South. It covers several topics:
1. It describes different models of economic development including import substitution, export-led growth, concentrating capital, and the roles of foreign investment, debt, and foreign aid.
2. It analyzes the experiences of different regions and countries - East Asia, China, India, Latin America, and others - in pursuing economic growth through various strategies.
3. It discusses debates around the relationship between economic development and factors like authoritarianism, democracy, and corruption.
4. It outlines different models of foreign assistance including disaster relief, handouts, and the Oxfam model of empowering local communities
The document discusses key issues around power and world order in the 21st century. It examines the changing nature of power from military to economic power. It explores theories of hegemony and debates if the US is a hegemonic power or in decline. It also analyzes if the world is becoming multipolar with the rise of countries like China and India, and how this may impact global politics. Key models of world order discussed include unipolarity, multipolarity, and Robert Cooper's model of pre-modern, modern and post-modern states.
The issue of world order is central to an understanding of international politics. The shape of world order affects both the level of stability within the global system and the balance within it between conflict and cooperation. However, since the end of the Cold War, the nature of world order has been the subject of significant debate and disagreement. Early proclamations of the establishment of a 'new world order', characterized by peace and international cooperation, were soon replaced by talk of unipolar world order, with the USA taking centre stage as the world's sole superpower. This 'unipolar moment' may nevertheless have been brief. Not only did the USA's involvement in difficult and protracted counter-insurgency wars following September 11 strengthen the impression of US decline, but emerging powers, notably China, started to exert greater influence on the world stage. The notion that unipolarity is giving way to multipolarity has, moreover, been supported by evidence of the increasing importance of international organizations, a trend that is sometimes interpreted as emerging 'global governance'. Of particular importance in this respect have been the major institutions of global economic governance – the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization – and the centrepiece of the global governance system, the United Nations. Although some argue that the trend in favour of global governance reflects the fact that, in an interdependent world, states must act together to address the challenges that confront them, others dismiss global governance as a myth and raise serious questions about the effectiveness of international organizations.
The document discusses the concept of balance of power in international relations. It provides definitions from various scholars throughout history. Some key points:
1) Balance of power refers to a state of equilibrium or distribution of power among states so that no single state can dominate the others and impose its will.
2) Scholars have defined it as both an equality of power distribution as well as a disequilibrium, with states preferring a balance in their own favor.
3) It has been used to describe a policy, system, status, and symbol in international politics throughout the ages from the 15th to 19th centuries.
4) There is no universal agreement on its precise meaning as it can refer to
The document discusses the nation state system. It begins by arguing that nation states and their willingness to obey governments have enabled international relations. However, some scholars believe the nation state system is disappearing as states can no longer fully protect citizens due to modern weapons. The document then defines the nation state system according to Palmer and discusses how sovereign nation states interact to protect national interests. It traces the origin of the nation state system to the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which recognized state sovereignty. Key elements of the modern nation state are discussed as sovereignty, territorial integrity, and legal equality. However, the nation state system faces setbacks from factors like growing interdependence, regional integration, nuclear weapons, and the roles of public opinion and mult
The document discusses the tension between state sovereignty and international governance in matters of international security. It provides an overview of different approaches to humanitarian intervention, democracy and good governance promotion, and international criminal tribunals that have challenged the traditional concept of absolute state sovereignty. While globalization has increased calls for intervention, implementation remains inconsistent and challenges include lack of political will, selective application depending on strategic interests, and tension between universal values and local contexts.
Critical theory is concerned with structural inequality in the international system and how it can be overcome. Robert Cox contributed a radical alternative view that focuses on the relationship between material forces, ideas, and institutions over historical periods. Cox analyzed changing world orders and the internationalization of states in relation to the global capitalist economy. He advocated for a new form of multilateralism that represents local and global forces to address contradictions in the current system and work towards a more just world order.
Political economy embraces the complex political nature of decision making to investigate how power and authority affect economic choices in a society. Political economy analysis offers no quick fixes but leads to smarter engagement.
Realism is a theory of international relations based on the assumption that states act in their own self-interest and pursue power above all else. Key realist scholars include Thucydides, Hobbes, and Morgenthau. Realism sees world politics as an anarchic struggle for power between self-interested states. It assumes human nature is imperfect and states will do what is necessary to achieve their interests and security. There are different types of realism that focus on factors like human nature, the absence of global governance, and domestic variables that influence foreign policy. Core concepts of realism include self-help, relative gains, national interest, security dilemmas, and balance of power.
International relations chapter 2 non-statest-MBA Digital
This document outlines the course schedule and content for an international relations course. It covers four chapters: an introduction to international relations and states; non-state actors; intergovernmental organizations; and problems and challenges. The document then provides details on defining and types of non-state actors, including NGOs, multinational corporations, nationalist movements, violent groups, religious groups, and humanitarian organizations. It also briefly discusses Greenpeace, imperialism, and globalization.
define government and state and functionsfida hussain
This document discusses concepts related to states and governments. It defines a state as an organized community living under one government, which may be sovereign. It distinguishes states from governments, noting that a government is the particular group of people that controls the state apparatus at a given time. It also distinguishes states from nations, which refer to large geographical areas and shared identity of people. The document outlines the key branches of government as the executive, legislature, and judiciary, and notes some basic principles of good government like elected representation and fair administration.
Future challenges to international securityParas Bhutto
The document outlines several structural challenges to international security, including terrorism, cyberterrorism, nuclear proliferation, China's rise, the crisis in the Middle East, corruption, and climate change. It provides details on each challenge, such as how terrorism is difficult to define but has been an effective tactic, how cyberterrorism allows terrorists to wage war in cyberspace, and how climate change will cause global instability and pressure on resources. The conclusion states that the current rapid rate of change outpaces human and state abilities to cope, putting pressure on nation states and potentially fueling issues like terrorism.
This document discusses the behavioral approach in political science. It began as a post-World War II protest movement against traditional approaches. Key exponents like Charles Merriam advocated studying political phenomena through observation and measurable data to make the field more scientific and value-free. The behavioral approach focuses on the political behaviors of individuals and groups within political systems. It aims to understand political events by analyzing observable human behavior rather than values or outcomes. However, critics argue that political science cannot be entirely value-free and human behavior is not static.
The document discusses several key aspects of liberal theories in international relations. It covers:
1) Early liberal thinkers like Kant who argued that states could cooperate through international organizations and that democracies are more peaceful.
2) 19th century liberalism focused on free trade increasing interdependence and making war less likely.
3) Wilsonian idealism promoted collective security and international law to prevent war.
4) Neoliberal institutionalism sees states cooperating through international regimes when it is in their self-interest to do so and institutions help address collective action problems.
5) Concepts like collective security, international regimes, and the democratic peace theory are discussed as key aspects of modern liberal
Socialism refers to a political and economic theory advocating common ownership of resources. Key aspects include democratic control of production, distribution, and exchange to meet human needs rather than for profit. It emerged in response to poverty under capitalism. Early theorists like Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen proposed cooperative communities, while Marx emphasized class struggle and revolution to establish socialism. Democratic socialism gained popularity after WWI as socialist parties participated in government in Europe. Features include public ownership, central planning, and equality, while drawbacks involve reduced freedom and bureaucracy.
The document discusses the elements of national power for a term project on international relations. It defines national power as the sum of all resources available to a nation to achieve its objectives. National power is categorized into domestic power, which is a country's internal power, and international power, which is used to influence other countries. The key elements that contribute to a nation's overall power are identified as geography, natural resources, technology, population, national character, economic development, political structure, leadership, ideology, military, and diplomacy.
Family History Essay | How to Write? and 400 Words Essay on Family .... Understanding One's Family History Essay Example | Topics and Well .... 004 Family History Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. An Overview Of My Family History: [Essay Example], 720 words GradesFixer. Publish Your Family History Without Being Overwhelmed | History essay ....
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGYAGENDAS FOR THETWENTY-FIR.docxpbilly1
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGY:
AGENDAS FOR THE
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
JOE R, FEAGIN
University of Florida
The world's peoples face daunting challenges in the
twenty-first century. While apologists herald the globaliza-
tion of capitalism, many people on our planet experience
recurring economic exploitation, immiseration, and envi-
ronmental crises linked to capitalism's spread. Across the
globe social movements continue to raise the issues of
social justice and democracy. Given the new century's
serious challenges, sociologists need to rediscover their
roots in a sociology committed to social justice, to cultivate and extend the long-
standing "countersystem" approach to research, to encourage greater self-reflection
in sociological analysis, and to re-emphasize the importance ofthe teaching of soci-
ology. Finally, more sociologists should examine the big social questions of this
century, including the issues of economic exploitation, social oppression, and the
looming environmental crises. And, clearly, more sociologists should engage in the
study of alternative social futures, including those of more just and egalitarian soci-
eties. Sociologists need to think deeply and imaginatively about sustainable social
futures and to aid in building better human societies.
WE STAND today at the beginning ofa challenging new century. Like
ASA Presidents before me, I am conscious
of the honor and the responsibility that this
address carries with it, and I feel a special
obligation to speak about the role of sociol-
ogy and sociologists in the twenty-first cen-
tury. As we look forward, let me quote W. E.
B. Du Bois, a pathbreaking U.S. sociologist.
In his last autobiographical statement, Du
Bois (1968) wrote:
Direct correspondence to Joe R. Feagin, De-
partment of Sociology, Box 117330, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, (feagin®
ufl.edu). I would like to thank the numerous col-
leagues who made helpful comments on various
drafts of this presidential address. Among these
were Hernan Vera, Sidney Willhelm, Bernice
McNair Barnett, Gideon Sjoherg, Anne Rawls,
Mary Jo Deegan, Michael R. Hill, Patricia
Lengermann, Jill Niebrugge-Brantley, Tony
Orum, William A. Smith, Ben Agger, Karen
Pyke, and Leslie Houts.
[TJoday the contradictions of American civi-
lization are tremendous. Freedom of politi-
cal discussion is difficult; elections are not
free and fair. . . . The greatest power in the
land is not thought or ethics, but wealth. . . .
Present profit is valued higher than future
need. . . . I know the United States. It is my
country and the land of my fathers. It is still
a land of magnificent possibilities. It is still
the home of noble souls and generous
people. But it is selling its birthright. It is
betraying its mighty destiny. (Pp. 418-19)
Today the social contradictions of Ameri-
can and global civilizations are still im-
mense. Many prominent voices tell us that it
is the best of times; other voices insist that it
is the worst of t.
The document discusses the concept of balance of power in international relations. It defines balance of power as a distribution of power among states that prevents any one state from becoming too powerful. It operates through alliances, military buildups, and dividing powerful states. Balance of power is seen as important by some scholars but faces criticism for being uncertain and accepting war. Soft power, regional agreements, and economic ties are now also part of maintaining balances of power.
G&P - Chapter 13 - International Developmentcyruskarimian
This document discusses international development and economic growth in developing countries in the global South. It covers several topics:
1. It describes different models of economic development including import substitution, export-led growth, concentrating capital, and the roles of foreign investment, debt, and foreign aid.
2. It analyzes the experiences of different regions and countries - East Asia, China, India, Latin America, and others - in pursuing economic growth through various strategies.
3. It discusses debates around the relationship between economic development and factors like authoritarianism, democracy, and corruption.
4. It outlines different models of foreign assistance including disaster relief, handouts, and the Oxfam model of empowering local communities
The document discusses key issues around power and world order in the 21st century. It examines the changing nature of power from military to economic power. It explores theories of hegemony and debates if the US is a hegemonic power or in decline. It also analyzes if the world is becoming multipolar with the rise of countries like China and India, and how this may impact global politics. Key models of world order discussed include unipolarity, multipolarity, and Robert Cooper's model of pre-modern, modern and post-modern states.
The issue of world order is central to an understanding of international politics. The shape of world order affects both the level of stability within the global system and the balance within it between conflict and cooperation. However, since the end of the Cold War, the nature of world order has been the subject of significant debate and disagreement. Early proclamations of the establishment of a 'new world order', characterized by peace and international cooperation, were soon replaced by talk of unipolar world order, with the USA taking centre stage as the world's sole superpower. This 'unipolar moment' may nevertheless have been brief. Not only did the USA's involvement in difficult and protracted counter-insurgency wars following September 11 strengthen the impression of US decline, but emerging powers, notably China, started to exert greater influence on the world stage. The notion that unipolarity is giving way to multipolarity has, moreover, been supported by evidence of the increasing importance of international organizations, a trend that is sometimes interpreted as emerging 'global governance'. Of particular importance in this respect have been the major institutions of global economic governance – the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization – and the centrepiece of the global governance system, the United Nations. Although some argue that the trend in favour of global governance reflects the fact that, in an interdependent world, states must act together to address the challenges that confront them, others dismiss global governance as a myth and raise serious questions about the effectiveness of international organizations.
The document discusses the concept of balance of power in international relations. It provides definitions from various scholars throughout history. Some key points:
1) Balance of power refers to a state of equilibrium or distribution of power among states so that no single state can dominate the others and impose its will.
2) Scholars have defined it as both an equality of power distribution as well as a disequilibrium, with states preferring a balance in their own favor.
3) It has been used to describe a policy, system, status, and symbol in international politics throughout the ages from the 15th to 19th centuries.
4) There is no universal agreement on its precise meaning as it can refer to
The document discusses the nation state system. It begins by arguing that nation states and their willingness to obey governments have enabled international relations. However, some scholars believe the nation state system is disappearing as states can no longer fully protect citizens due to modern weapons. The document then defines the nation state system according to Palmer and discusses how sovereign nation states interact to protect national interests. It traces the origin of the nation state system to the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which recognized state sovereignty. Key elements of the modern nation state are discussed as sovereignty, territorial integrity, and legal equality. However, the nation state system faces setbacks from factors like growing interdependence, regional integration, nuclear weapons, and the roles of public opinion and mult
The document discusses the tension between state sovereignty and international governance in matters of international security. It provides an overview of different approaches to humanitarian intervention, democracy and good governance promotion, and international criminal tribunals that have challenged the traditional concept of absolute state sovereignty. While globalization has increased calls for intervention, implementation remains inconsistent and challenges include lack of political will, selective application depending on strategic interests, and tension between universal values and local contexts.
Critical theory is concerned with structural inequality in the international system and how it can be overcome. Robert Cox contributed a radical alternative view that focuses on the relationship between material forces, ideas, and institutions over historical periods. Cox analyzed changing world orders and the internationalization of states in relation to the global capitalist economy. He advocated for a new form of multilateralism that represents local and global forces to address contradictions in the current system and work towards a more just world order.
Political economy embraces the complex political nature of decision making to investigate how power and authority affect economic choices in a society. Political economy analysis offers no quick fixes but leads to smarter engagement.
Realism is a theory of international relations based on the assumption that states act in their own self-interest and pursue power above all else. Key realist scholars include Thucydides, Hobbes, and Morgenthau. Realism sees world politics as an anarchic struggle for power between self-interested states. It assumes human nature is imperfect and states will do what is necessary to achieve their interests and security. There are different types of realism that focus on factors like human nature, the absence of global governance, and domestic variables that influence foreign policy. Core concepts of realism include self-help, relative gains, national interest, security dilemmas, and balance of power.
International relations chapter 2 non-statest-MBA Digital
This document outlines the course schedule and content for an international relations course. It covers four chapters: an introduction to international relations and states; non-state actors; intergovernmental organizations; and problems and challenges. The document then provides details on defining and types of non-state actors, including NGOs, multinational corporations, nationalist movements, violent groups, religious groups, and humanitarian organizations. It also briefly discusses Greenpeace, imperialism, and globalization.
define government and state and functionsfida hussain
This document discusses concepts related to states and governments. It defines a state as an organized community living under one government, which may be sovereign. It distinguishes states from governments, noting that a government is the particular group of people that controls the state apparatus at a given time. It also distinguishes states from nations, which refer to large geographical areas and shared identity of people. The document outlines the key branches of government as the executive, legislature, and judiciary, and notes some basic principles of good government like elected representation and fair administration.
Future challenges to international securityParas Bhutto
The document outlines several structural challenges to international security, including terrorism, cyberterrorism, nuclear proliferation, China's rise, the crisis in the Middle East, corruption, and climate change. It provides details on each challenge, such as how terrorism is difficult to define but has been an effective tactic, how cyberterrorism allows terrorists to wage war in cyberspace, and how climate change will cause global instability and pressure on resources. The conclusion states that the current rapid rate of change outpaces human and state abilities to cope, putting pressure on nation states and potentially fueling issues like terrorism.
This document discusses the behavioral approach in political science. It began as a post-World War II protest movement against traditional approaches. Key exponents like Charles Merriam advocated studying political phenomena through observation and measurable data to make the field more scientific and value-free. The behavioral approach focuses on the political behaviors of individuals and groups within political systems. It aims to understand political events by analyzing observable human behavior rather than values or outcomes. However, critics argue that political science cannot be entirely value-free and human behavior is not static.
The document discusses several key aspects of liberal theories in international relations. It covers:
1) Early liberal thinkers like Kant who argued that states could cooperate through international organizations and that democracies are more peaceful.
2) 19th century liberalism focused on free trade increasing interdependence and making war less likely.
3) Wilsonian idealism promoted collective security and international law to prevent war.
4) Neoliberal institutionalism sees states cooperating through international regimes when it is in their self-interest to do so and institutions help address collective action problems.
5) Concepts like collective security, international regimes, and the democratic peace theory are discussed as key aspects of modern liberal
Socialism refers to a political and economic theory advocating common ownership of resources. Key aspects include democratic control of production, distribution, and exchange to meet human needs rather than for profit. It emerged in response to poverty under capitalism. Early theorists like Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen proposed cooperative communities, while Marx emphasized class struggle and revolution to establish socialism. Democratic socialism gained popularity after WWI as socialist parties participated in government in Europe. Features include public ownership, central planning, and equality, while drawbacks involve reduced freedom and bureaucracy.
The document discusses the elements of national power for a term project on international relations. It defines national power as the sum of all resources available to a nation to achieve its objectives. National power is categorized into domestic power, which is a country's internal power, and international power, which is used to influence other countries. The key elements that contribute to a nation's overall power are identified as geography, natural resources, technology, population, national character, economic development, political structure, leadership, ideology, military, and diplomacy.
Family History Essay | How to Write? and 400 Words Essay on Family .... Understanding One's Family History Essay Example | Topics and Well .... 004 Family History Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. An Overview Of My Family History: [Essay Example], 720 words GradesFixer. Publish Your Family History Without Being Overwhelmed | History essay ....
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGYAGENDAS FOR THETWENTY-FIR.docxpbilly1
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGY:
AGENDAS FOR THE
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
JOE R, FEAGIN
University of Florida
The world's peoples face daunting challenges in the
twenty-first century. While apologists herald the globaliza-
tion of capitalism, many people on our planet experience
recurring economic exploitation, immiseration, and envi-
ronmental crises linked to capitalism's spread. Across the
globe social movements continue to raise the issues of
social justice and democracy. Given the new century's
serious challenges, sociologists need to rediscover their
roots in a sociology committed to social justice, to cultivate and extend the long-
standing "countersystem" approach to research, to encourage greater self-reflection
in sociological analysis, and to re-emphasize the importance ofthe teaching of soci-
ology. Finally, more sociologists should examine the big social questions of this
century, including the issues of economic exploitation, social oppression, and the
looming environmental crises. And, clearly, more sociologists should engage in the
study of alternative social futures, including those of more just and egalitarian soci-
eties. Sociologists need to think deeply and imaginatively about sustainable social
futures and to aid in building better human societies.
WE STAND today at the beginning ofa challenging new century. Like
ASA Presidents before me, I am conscious
of the honor and the responsibility that this
address carries with it, and I feel a special
obligation to speak about the role of sociol-
ogy and sociologists in the twenty-first cen-
tury. As we look forward, let me quote W. E.
B. Du Bois, a pathbreaking U.S. sociologist.
In his last autobiographical statement, Du
Bois (1968) wrote:
Direct correspondence to Joe R. Feagin, De-
partment of Sociology, Box 117330, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, (feagin®
ufl.edu). I would like to thank the numerous col-
leagues who made helpful comments on various
drafts of this presidential address. Among these
were Hernan Vera, Sidney Willhelm, Bernice
McNair Barnett, Gideon Sjoherg, Anne Rawls,
Mary Jo Deegan, Michael R. Hill, Patricia
Lengermann, Jill Niebrugge-Brantley, Tony
Orum, William A. Smith, Ben Agger, Karen
Pyke, and Leslie Houts.
[TJoday the contradictions of American civi-
lization are tremendous. Freedom of politi-
cal discussion is difficult; elections are not
free and fair. . . . The greatest power in the
land is not thought or ethics, but wealth. . . .
Present profit is valued higher than future
need. . . . I know the United States. It is my
country and the land of my fathers. It is still
a land of magnificent possibilities. It is still
the home of noble souls and generous
people. But it is selling its birthright. It is
betraying its mighty destiny. (Pp. 418-19)
Today the social contradictions of Ameri-
can and global civilizations are still im-
mense. Many prominent voices tell us that it
is the best of times; other voices insist that it
is the worst of t.
The Progressive Era saw widespread reforms in response to issues arising from rapid industrialization and urbanization. Reformers addressed problems like corruption, unsafe working conditions, and lack of political voice. Muckrakers raised public awareness. Presidents like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson championed reforms to business practices, food/drug safety, women's suffrage, and more to make government more responsive to social problems.
Economic, Social, And Political Problems In The Post-Civil...Kristi Anderson
The document summarizes some of the major economic, social, and political problems Americans faced in the post-Civil War era from 1865-1900. It identifies the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 as a significant economic issue, Chinese immigration as an important social issue, and the Populist Party as a key political issue during this period. It provides some context and details about each of these issues, including the impacts and challenges they posed.
Sex Vs Gender Essay.pdfSex Vs Gender EssayAmy Moore
Sex Vs Gender Essay Essay on Sex Vs Gender for Students and Children .... Sex and Gender. - GCSE Sociology - Marked by Teachers.com. Sample essay on effects of gender inequality in society. How To Write A Speech About Gender Equality - Sulihae. Sociology: gender, sex and sexuality Essay Example Topics and Well .... Gender and Sex. Gender, Sex and Studies Essay Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... Learn with Posters : Difference between Sex and Gender - Fuzia. How To Write A Gender Bias Essay - Acker Script. Sex vs gender essay Virtek. Single Sex Education Essay 2323 Gender Ethnicity, Race amp; Gender. Feminist Essay Gender Inequality Feminism. Sex Differences and Gender Identity Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. The Role of Sex and Gender in Politics - PHDessay.com. Sample essay on gender learning. Gender Course Paper Sex Human Sexuality Free 30-day Trial Scribd. Gender essay. Same Sex Marriage Essay 19/20 Legal Studies - Year 12 HSC Thinkswap. Gender and Sexuality; What is Difference Between Them?. Sex, Gender and Society Essay Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... Sample essay on examples of gender inequality in history. Sex Versus Gender; Which One Should Be Used Where in Medical Scientific .... Gender Studies Essay GEN110 - Foundations in Gender Studies - MQ .... Sex vs gender essay - sludgeport482.web.fc2.com. Sex
The document discusses FDR and the New Deal programs implemented during the Great Depression. It explains that FDR was elected in 1932 on a platform of implementing new programs called the New Deal to help America recover from the economic crisis. The New Deal included numerous programs and agencies that provided jobs and relief for unemployed Americans, such as the CCC, PWA, and TVA. These programs increased employment but were very costly. The New Deal significantly changed the role of the federal government and how different industries functioned, though the programs did not fully end the Depression.
BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdfcoingabbar
Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Duba...mayaclinic18
Whatsapp (+971581248768) Buy Abortion Pills In Dubai/ Qatar/Kuwait/Doha/Abu Dhabi/Alain/RAK City/Satwa/Al Ain/Abortion Pills For Sale In Qatar, Doha. Abu az Zuluf. Abu Thaylah. Ad Dawhah al Jadidah. Al Arish, Al Bida ash Sharqiyah, Al Ghanim, Al Ghuwariyah, Qatari, Abu Dhabi, Dubai.. WHATSAPP +971)581248768 Abortion Pills / Cytotec Tablets Available in Dubai, Sharjah, Abudhabi, Ajman, Alain, Fujeira, Ras Al Khaima, Umm Al Quwain., UAE, buy cytotec in Dubai– Where I can buy abortion pills in Dubai,+971582071918where I can buy abortion pills in Abudhabi +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Sharjah,+97158207191 8where I can buy abortion pills in Ajman, +971)581248768 where I can buy abortion pills in Umm al Quwain +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Fujairah +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Ras al Khaimah +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Alain+971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in UAE +971)581248768 we are providing cytotec 200mg abortion pill in dubai, uae.Medication abortion offers an alternative to Surgical Abortion for women in the early weeks of pregnancy. Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman
^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Duba...
Why nations-fail j-robinson
1. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and
Poverty
CDE Conference 2012, Williams College, September 27, 2012
James A Robinson (with Daron Acemoglu)
Harvard
September 27, 2012
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 1 / 28
2. Introduction
The Lay of the Land
Figure: The evolution of average GDP per capita in Western O¤shoots, Western
Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa, 1000-2000.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 2 / 28
3. The Beginning
The Beginning— Latin America
Juan Díaz de Solís explores Río de la Plata (‘River of Silver’) in 1516,
and Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires in 1534.
But Solís and de Mendoza unable to enslave and put to work the
hunter gatherer Indians of the area, Charrúas and the Querandí.
Starving Spaniards soon left the area.
In 1537, Juan de Ayolas found the sedentary and more densely settled
Guaraní up the Paraná river, in Paraguay. The Spaniards could
successfully take over the Guaraní hierarchy, enslave them and put
them to work to produce food for them.
A very similar pattern to the colonization of the Aztecs and the Incas.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 3 / 28
4. The Beginning
The Beginning— United States
Colonization attempts of Virginia Company in Jamestown in early
17th century, attempting to re-create an authoritarian, “extractive”
regime:
“No man or woman shall run away from the colony to the
Indians, upon pain of death.
Anyone who robs a garden, public or private, or a vineyard, or
who steals ears of corn shall be punished with death.
No member of the colony will sell or give any commodity of
this country to a captain, mariner, master or sailor to transport
out of the colony, for his own private uses, upon pain of death.”
[from the laws passed by Sir Thomas Gates and Sir Thomas
Dale].
But the Company was unsuccessful— it could not force the English
settlers into gang labor and low wages.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 4 / 28
5. The Beginning
The Beginning— United States (continued)
The Company switched to the ‘headright system’giving all settlers 50
acres of land and then shortly thereafter also political rights, in the
form of it General Assembly in 1619.
Similar events unfolded in Pennsylvania, Maryland and the Carolinas.
The chain of events that ultimately leading to the Declaration of
Independence and the U.S. Constitution.
The di¤erences in the ways Latin America and North America were
organized historically explain the di¤erences in the ways they are
organized today and their di¤erent levels of prosperity.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 5 / 28
6. The Beginning
Legacy of Colonial Times Today
E¤ects today of the Mita the largest system of forced labor in colonial
Latin America (from Dell (2010) “Persistent E¤ects of Peru’s Mining
Mita”)
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 6 / 28
7. The Beginning
Making Sense of the Divergence
While both culture (religion, attitudes, values) and geography
(climate, topography, disease environments etc.) are important for
the ability of humans to form well functioning societies, they are not
the “main” source of this divergence.
Much of Latin America likely richer than North America as late as
mid-18th century.
Divergence due to the ability of the United States, just like Britain, to
take advantage of new economic opportunities.
An “ignorance hypothesis” also unable to explain the logic of social
arrangements leading to relative poverty— Cortes, Pizarro and Ayolas
did not set up forced labor and repressive regimes because they were
“ignorant” about their implications.
Instead, central role of “institutions” broadly de…ned as the rules that
govern economic and political behavior.
Key questions: historical roots of institutional di¤erences and the
logic of institutions that do not unleash growth.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 7 / 28
8. Main Concepts Inclusive and Extractive Institutions
Towards a Theory of Institutions
Extractive economic institutions: Lack of law and order. Insecure
property rights; entry barriers and regulations preventing functioning
of markets and creating a nonlevel playing …eld.
Extractive political institutions— in the limit “absolutism”:
Political institutions concentrating power in the hands of a few,
without constraints, checks and balances or “rule of law”.
Inclusive economic institutions: Secure property rights, law and
order, markets and state support (public services and regulation) for
markets; open to relatively free entry of new businesses; uphold
contracts; access to education and opportunity for the great majority
of citizens.
Inclusive political institutions: Political institutions allowing broad
participation— pluralism— and placing constraints and checks on
politicians; rule of law (closely related to pluralism).
But also some degree of political centralization for the states to be able
to e¤ectively enforce law and order.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 8 / 28
9. Main Concepts Inclusive and Extractive Institutions
Synergies
Economic Institutions
Inclusive Extractive
Political Inclusive #
Institutions Extractive " !
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 9 / 28
10. Main Concepts Inclusive and Extractive Institutions
Growth under Inclusive Institutions
Inclusive economic and political institutions (or inclusive institutions
for short) create powerful forces towards economic growth by:
encouraging investment (because of well-enforced property rights)
harnessing the power of markets (better allocation of resources, entry
of more e¢ cient …rms, ability to …nance for starting businesses etc.)
generating broad-based participation (education, again free entry, and
broad-based property rights).
Key aspect of growth under inclusive institutions: investment in new
technology and creative destruction.
Central question: why are extractive institutions so prevalent
throughout history and even today?
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 10 / 28
11. Main Concepts Labor Coercion
An Example: Labor Coercion
“In the context of universal history, free labor, wage labor, is the
peculiar institution”— Moses I. Finley
In West Africa, in 1820 the American Colonization Society (ACS)
set-up a home for freed and repatriated African slaves in what is now
Liberia. Their descendents formed the Americo-Liberians who
dominated the country until 1980.
About 3-5% of the population.
Extractive economic institutions were set up to extract resources for
the bene…t of the Americo-Liberians and to consolidate their political
control.
In the 1960s ‘tribal peoples’were still subject to forced labor on public
works and rubber plantations (1/4 of the labor force in early 1960s).
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 11 / 28
12. Source: Dalton, George (1965) “History, Politics and Economic Development in Liberia,”
Journal of Economic History, 25, 569-591.
How large were total wage payments in the Liberian Economy?
13. Source: Dalton, George (1965) “History, Politics and Economic Development in Liberia,”
Journal of Economic History, 25, 569-591.
Wages as a Share of National Income? The ‘Stylized Fact’
is that wages are 2/3 of National Income.
The Liberian Facts:
1950 =
11.5/58.1=19.8%
1960 =
46.9/172.8=27.1%
14. Social Relations and Political appointees of President Tubman in 1960
Inspector b
of Counties
c c b
b
c
b c c
Director
of Budget b f
Director,
Nat. Pub. Gen. Conf.
Health Sv. of Labor
b
b
Ambassador
to Italy
b b b
Senator
G.C.M;Co. f
b
b Ambassador b
of Guinea b
b
s
b
Pres., Bank b b
of Liberia
Key: b = brother; f = father; c = cousin; s = sister; w = wife
Secretary
of Commerce
c
b
Director,
Bur. Of
Nat. Res.
VICE-PRESIDENT
OF LIBERIA
Senator,
Monts. Co.
to UAR
Ambsassador Undersec.
of State
Commissioner
of Immigration
Ambassador
to Germany
PRESIDENT
OF LIBERIA
SECRETARY
OF TREASURY
to USA
Ambassador
to UK
President,
w
Ambassador
Ambassador
to UN
Commissioner of
Communications
Secretary
of State
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w w
w
w
Source: Clower et al. (1966, Chart 1, p. 13)
15. Main Concepts Logic of Extractive Institutions
The Logic of Extractive Institutions
Main thesis is that growth is much more likely under inclusive
institutions than extractive institutions.
Growth, and inclusive institutions that will support it, will create both
winners and losers. Thus there is a logic supporting extractive
institutions and stagnation:
economic losers: those who will lose their incomes, for example their
monopolies, because of changes in institutions or introduction of new
technologies
political losers: those who will lose their politically privileged position,
their unconstrained monopoly of power, because of growth and its
supporting institutions— fear of creative destruction.
both are important in practice, but particularly political losers are a
major barrier against the emergence of inclusive institutions and
economic growth.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 12 / 28
16. Institutional Change Small Di¤erences and Critical Junctures
Towards a Theory of Institutional Change
As a consequence of the distributional consequences of institutions
con‡ict pervasive in society.
In the context of di¤erential institutional drift ! small but notable
di¤erences in institutions across nations
Small di¤erences that matter when critical junctures arise -
con‡uence of factors which can undermine the status quo
institutionst !
drift
institutionst+1 ! % institutional
" & divergence
critical juncture
But outcomes not historically determined, partly contingent.
The changes that happen as a result of this interaction then become
the background institutional di¤erences upon which new critical
junctures act.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 13 / 28
17. Institutional Change Small Di¤erences and Critical Junctures
Transition to Inclusive Institutions
Extractive institutions have been the norm in world history.
Where do inclusive institutions come from?
Earlier moves towards inclusive institutions resulting from con‡ict and
institutional drift— Roman Republic, Venice, but ultimately reversed.
Crucial turning point: the Glorious Revolution in England in 1688.
The Glorious Revolution brought much more inclusive, pluralistic
political institutions which then led to a transition towards much more
inclusive economic institutions.
This created the conditions which led to the Industrial Revolution.
Growth in the 19th century and dissemination of industry were
conditioned by interactions between initial institutional di¤erences
and the critical junctures created by political events and the Industrial
Revolution itself.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 14 / 28
18. Institutional Change Small Di¤erences and Critical Junctures
The Emergence of Inclusive Institutions in Britain
Driven by the interaction of initial institutions and critical junctures:
Initial institutional drift: Britain was the bene…ciary of a long history
of gradual institutional change from the Magna Carta of 1215 onwards,
through the creation of a monopoly of violence by Henry VII after
1485, nascent state under Henry VIII, Civil War of the 1640s.
Critical juncture: Development of the Atlantic economy after 1492
led to the emergence of a broad and powerful coalition in society in
favor of reforming political institutions and removing absolutism.
Owing to the context created by the initial institutional drift, this
coalition triumphed in 1688.
Small di¤erence: Initial institutions in Spain somewhat di¤erent,
especially in allowing the crown to monopolize colonization and
Atlantic trade ! critical junctures leading to greater wealth and
political power of the monarchy.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 15 / 28
19. Institutional Change Small Di¤erences and Critical Junctures
The Emergence of World Inequality
The Industrial Revolution disseminated very unevenly because
di¤erent parts of the world have very di¤erent institutions:
1 European settler colonies in North America and Australasia had
developed inclusive institutions by a di¤erent route (but still
con‡ictual).
2 Western European institutions diverged from Britain in the 17th
Century but were not too di¤erent where it mattered.
3 Some East Asian economies, like Japan or South Korea were able to
endogenously transition to inclusive institutions.
4 Many nations (e.g., Eastern Europe, Ottoman Empire) had long
existing extractive institutions.
5 Others had extractive institutions imposed upon them by European
colonial powers (creation of ‘Dual economies’in Southern Africa).
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 16 / 28
20. Institutional Change Small Di¤erences and Critical Junctures
Why Nations Fail Today
Extractive institutions.
These come in di¤erent varieties.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 17 / 28
21.
22. Institutional Change Small Di¤erences and Critical Junctures
Labor Coercion in Uzbekistan
On September 6 2006, schools in Uzbekistan were emptied of 2.7
million children. A mother of two explains:
“At the beginning of each school year, approximately at the
beginning of September, the classes in school are suspended, and
instead of classes children are sent to the cotton harvest.
Nobody asks for the consent of parents. They don’t have
weekend holidays [during the harvesting season]. If a child is for
any reason left at home, his teacher or class curator comes over
and denounces the parents. They assign a plan to each child,
from 20 to 60 kg per day depending on the child’s age.
Why? Uzbekistan under the corrupt regime of Islam Karimov.
Cotton farmers are forced to sell at very low prices. Lack of incentives
and running down of machinery. Use of forced labor as a substitute
for incentives for farmers.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 18 / 28
23. The Pact of Sante Fé de Ralito, 23 July 2001
Don Berna
Salvatore Mancuso
24. Breaking the Mold
Breaking the Mold
History is not destiny.
E¤ective reforms towards inclusive institutions possible if the Iron Law
of Oligarchy can be overcome - the role of the broad coalition.
But it often necessitates a minor or major political revolution.
Two examples:
1 End of Southern equilibrium in the United States
2 Brazil
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 19 / 28
25. Breaking the Mold
“Political Revolution”in the US South
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 20 / 28
26. Breaking the Mold
Formation of a Broad Coalition in Brazil
As Fernando Henrique Cardoso argued in 1973, democracy could only
be re-created in Brazil by
“a reactivation of civil society ... the professional associations,
the trade unions, the churches, the student organizations, the
study groups and the debating circles, the social movements”
... in other words a broad coalition.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 21 / 28
27. The Role of Development Advice, Aid and International
Institutions
Basic Development Policy Issues
In this framework poor countries are not poor because their
policymakers or citizens are uninformed about what good policies or
institutions are. They are poor because those who exercise political
power choose to organize society in ways that robs the vast mass of
people of opportunities or incentives.
The basic message is that to generate economic change political
change is necessary (think US South, Brazil, or Arab Spring).
This is something which is hard to achieve from the outside and even
to intervene to in‡uence the balance of power in society risks massive
unintended consequences and requires a lot of information about the
context (not to mention whether or not it is ethnical).
There are some false options:
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 22 / 28
28. The Role of Development Advice, Aid and International
Institutions
False Option #1
The Irresistible Charm of Authoritarian Growth
Though growth is much more likely under inclusive institutions, it is
still possible under extractive institutions.
Why? ! Generate output and resources to extract.
Two types of growth under extractive political institutions:
1 extractive economic institutions allocating resources to high
productivity activities controlled by the elites (e.g., Barbados, Soviet
Union)
2 when relatively secure in their position, the elites may wish to allow the
emergence of relatively inclusive economic institutions under their
control (e.g., South Korea under General Park, China today).
But big di¤erence from growth under inclusive institutions: no
creative destruction and dynamics very di¤erent. Consequently, even
though growth is possible under extractive institutions, this will not
be sustained growth.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 23 / 28
32. The Role of Development Advice, Aid and International
Institutions
False Option #2
Good Economic Policies and Economic Growth will Improve Institutions
Banerjee and Du‡o in their book Poor Economics (2011, p. 261)
pose the question
“Can good policies be a …rst step to good politics?”
The ‘modernization hypothesis’suggested just that but the empirical
evidence is strongly against this speci…c idea.
There is no theorem that good policies are bad politics (though there
are some models in which this is true - for example the book of
North, Wallis and Weingast) but a fallacy to think that policies which
are good from an economic point of view move politics in a good
direction.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 24 / 28
33. The Role of Development Advice, Aid and International
Institutions
False Option #3
Engineering Prosperity
Development economics is currently dominated by a paradigm which
says
1 Policymakers are basically well intentioned.
2 Both policymakers and academics are ignorant on what the best
policies are.
3 Best policies are context speci…c and we need real causal (scienti…c)
evidence (from randomized evaluations) on which policies work in
which context.
This approach is tantamount to giving up on explaining empirical
patterns of comparative development (though it generates a lot of
work and jobs for economists) - which perhaps is all we can do.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 25 / 28
34. The Role of Development Advice, Aid and International
Institutions
Is Foreign Aid a False Option?
According to this framework foreign aid in itself will not change the
‘political equilibrium’of a society and thus cannot solve the real
problem of development.
However, the evidence does not suggest, contrary to what many
claim, that aid is itself the major cause of poor institutions and
policies in poor countries - political and institutional roots lie much
deeper.
Aid is a response to poverty, not the cause.
Aid has many positive impacts on people’s welfare and the
infrastructure of poor countries which is good.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 26 / 28
35. The Role of Development Advice, Aid and International
Institutions
The Partners in Health Model?
PIH (founding members include Paul Farmer and Jim Kim) have an
interesting, if as yet unarticulated political model.
They built hospitals and health care facilities in poor countries with
astounding success. But politicians want to control access to scarce
resources like health care.
How do they solve this problem and keep their hospitals
de-politicized?
My impression is the main way is to work ‘under the radar screen’,
building hospitals not in Port-au-Prince or Kigali, but in Mirebalais or
Butaro.
Can we …nd de-politicized spaces?
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 27 / 28
36. The Role of Development Advice, Aid and International
Institutions
A Suggestion in the Spirit of the Book
Empowerment
When I was a boy, women in the UK and elsewhere in the world broke
down a lot of gender discrimination with the concept of
‘empowerment’.
Empowerment redistributed power (or rights?) in ways which changed
institutions (we know discrimination against women is bad for many
development outcomes).
Think of this in the context of public service provision: poor people
are the ultimate bene…ciaries, if you make them more powerful they
have the right incentives to demand the provision of services.
The World Bank’s Community Driven Development program is in this
spirit but it is a ‘one size …ts all’model insu¢ ciently informed about
the political problems which generate disempowerment.
Acemoglu Robinson (Harvard) Why Nations Fail September 27, 2012 28 / 28