The document outlines several structural challenges to international security, including terrorism, cyberterrorism, nuclear proliferation, China's rise, the crisis in the Middle East, corruption, and climate change. It provides details on each challenge, such as how terrorism is difficult to define but has been an effective tactic, how cyberterrorism allows terrorists to wage war in cyberspace, and how climate change will cause global instability and pressure on resources. The conclusion states that the current rapid rate of change outpaces human and state abilities to cope, putting pressure on nation states and potentially fueling issues like terrorism.

1. FUTURE CHALLENGES
TO INTERNATIONAL
SECURITY

2.  The last decade has clearly demonstrated that the nature of threats to
international security has changed significantly.
 Structural challenges, such as Terrorism and Cyber-Terrorism, Nuclear
Proliferation, China’s Rise, Crisis in the Middle East, Corruption and the
Changing Climate.

3. TERRORISM
 Terrorism is not new and even though it has been used since the early times
of recorded history, it can be relatively hard to define terrorism. Terrorism
has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime; a
justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Terrorism
has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict.
 Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the
immediate victim. There is considerable confusion about the nature of the
terrorist threat and this confusion leads to faulty policies, misallocation of
resources, and not striking a proper balance between individual privacy
and community security. There is confusion about whether terrorism is a law
enforcement or national security matter.

4. CYBER-TERRORISM
 The world is getting flatter, transactions are held in cyberspace,
everything is going the electronic way. This new era is the next zone
for wars and terrorist activities.
 More and more terrorist are becoming tech savvy and have come to
understood the true potential for waging war in cyberspace. Hacking
financial institutions, decrypting military networks and gathering
sensitive information has become the new theme for terrorists.

5. NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION
 Nuclear proliferation is the spread
of nuclear weapons , fissionable
material, and weapons-applicable
nuclear technology and information
to nations not recognized as
"Nuclear Weapon States" by
the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of
Nuclear Weapons, also known as
the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
 More than 2,000 nuclear tests have
been conducted worldwide. Many
areas that served as test sites
continue to suffer from the horrific
health and environmental effects of
nuclear explosions. Nuclear
weapons explosions cause
radioactive fall-out, exposure to
which can cause genetic damage
spanning generations.

6. NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION(Cont…)
 Nuclear weapons are a crime
against future generations
because they have the power to
obliterate life on earth as we
know it and cause unimaginable
damage spanning many
generations to come. Nuclear
weapons must be abandoned in
order to neutralize the existential
threat they pose, so that future
generations can enjoy their right
to life, liberty and security.

8. CRISIS IN MIDDLE EAST
 The major crisis in middle east is Arab – Israeli conflict.
 The roots of the modern Arab–Israeli conflict lie in the rise
of Zionism and the reactionary Arab Nationalism that arose in
response to Zionism towards the end of the 19th century. Before
World War I, the Middle East had been under the control of
the Ottoman Empire for nearly 400 years.
 During the month-long war that ended with a cease-fire Aug. 14,
Israel dropped thousands of bombs and missiles on Lebanon,
devastating its infrastructure, killing more than 1 million people
and driving hundreds of thousands from their homes.

9. CRISIS IN MIDDLE EAST(Cont…)
 There is no way to end the Middle East conflict except to
gain the enemy’s respect. Israelis, hated European aliens
among Middle Eastern peoples, cannot arouse such
feelings and might hope at best for respect engendered by
force and fear. And Arabs, who equate strength with
arrogance and hauteur, understand that and would take
any other policy for weakness. While few Arabs hated Jews
a century ago, they despise them now, because the Israelis
combine weakness with anti-Arab ambitions, the worst mix
possible in the Middle East.

10. CHINA’S RISE:
 China’s military budget has grown even faster than its GDP, averaging
over 12 percent for over a decade.
 China’s vast pool of cheap labor, its absence of social or environmental
restraints means it can undercut the rest of the world
 The world’s biggest polluter is also destroying the planet, its carbon
emissions are up 171 percent since 2000.
 China uses its immense economic power to get other countries hooked
on handouts. Chinese aid and investment has secured an unhealthy hold
over nations across Africa, enabling it to harvest their mineral resources
and exploit their workforces.
 China is a direct threat to European and US hopes of spreading
democratic values. Beyond its repression of domestic dissidence, China
has been a consistent barrier to UN efforts to curtail despotism from
Burma to Sudan and Syria.

11. China GDP Annual Growth Rate
 The Chinese economy grew an annual 6.9 percent in the third
quarter of 2015

12. CORRUPTION
 Corruption is a threat to every
aspect of peace and stability -
political, economic,
developmental, environmental
and military. Corruption
underpins and exacerbates
every major security threat.
 It undermines public trust in
governments and institutions
and is a catalyst for violent
revolutions such as those that
have made up the Arab Spring.
 It is a key driver and enabler of
insurgency, including those of
Isil and Boko Haram, and a core
source of funding for
international terrorism and
organized crime.

13. THE CHANGING CLIMATE
 Climate Change is a
international security issue.
 What differentiates today’s
changing climate is the fact
that the Earth is warming at a
faster rate than ever before
and humans have played a
major role in the change.
 Some regions of the world are
experiencing extreme heat
and droughts while others
may be experiencing
unseasonably cold weather.
 Climate change will cause
global instability; these
disruptions will burden civilian
and military institutions
around the world.
 According to the National
Intelligence Council, by 2025
unprecedented economic
growth, coupled with 1.5
billion more people will put
pressure on the world’s
resources particularly energy,
food, and water raising the
specter of scarcities
emerging as demand
outstrips supply.

14. THE CHANGING CLIMATE(Cont…)
 Over the next ten years, many states in these regions will
experience water problems such as droughts, floods and overall
poor water quality. Weak states risk failure or increased regional
tensions from the inability to cope with sudden shocks and long-
term stresses, as can be seen from the Middle East and many
areas in Africa.

15. CONCLUSION
 There are two additional factors that are often overlooked to
the understanding the problem:
 First, change at the current rate far outstrips the emotional
ability of the human being to cope with it. The result can take
many forms from internal isolation leading to depressions,
increasing suicide rates, addictions, youth violence and other
plagues of modern society to religious fundamentalism that all
too often is preparing the stage for terrorism.
 Secondly, change at the current rate outpaces the ability of
states to react and thus puts tremendous pressure on the
nation state at the very moment when it is in a globalizing
world paradoxically gaining again in importance.