The document discusses the historical roots of modern terrorism from the 18th century Enlightenment period through the early 20th century. Key events and ideologies discussed include the American and French Revolutions, the Reign of Terror, anarchist and socialist movements in Europe in the 1800s, nationalism and anti-colonial movements, and the Russian Revolution. Violent anarchist groups in the late 1800s were some of the earliest adopters of terrorism as a tactic, influencing later nationalist and revolutionary groups.
presentation report on WAR AND TERRORISM. and yes for better viewing experience, please download the file so that you can get all the info because the slides are animated.
presentation report on WAR AND TERRORISM. and yes for better viewing experience, please download the file so that you can get all the info because the slides are animated.
Terrorism-historical as well as a universal phenomenon; few countries can claim not to have been affected by this menace which is rising
Has been practised by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing. Muslims, Christians, Jews, Hindus
Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of its perpetrators are always subject to context, time, and place.
This presentation attempts to analyse global terrorism from its historical perspective, identify causes, and presents a plan of action to curb it
Though the worst intelligence failure, the USA took maximum advantage of the 9/11 tragedy and embarked on the mission to accomplish the objectives set forth in the infamous neo-con paper, known as the American Century.
America employed all its -military, diplomatic and financial, to wage a war of terror on several countries besides Afghanistan-its starting point.
Whether it was a stellar success or a dismal failure, it has cost the world massively in terms of loss of human lives, financial losses, refugees crises, missed opportunities, and surprisingly, increased global terrorism
This presentation covers all these issues in greater detail
Definition, Types, Goal, Tactics, Financing of Terrorism, Global Terrorism Index (GTI), Terrorism in India, Agencies dealing with terrorism in India, How to stop Terrorism?
Why we have military science and theory of war?
Just because the humanity spent much more time in war then in peace. So the war is quite loyal phenomena escorting the humanity.
What we are waiting from the military science?
Whom future wars will be fought, what they will be about, how they will be fought, what wars will be fought for and why people will participate in it.
Ho chi minh americas most capable foe martin catinomartincatino
This presentation discusses the strategic leadership capabilities of Ho Chi Minh. The views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of Henley Putnam University, and are completely those of the author.
In its broadest sense, terrorism is any act designed to cause terror In a narrower sense, terrorism can be understood to feature a political objective. The word terrorism is politically loaded and emotionally charged.
Islamophobia is the irrational hostility, fear, or hatred of Islam, Muslims, and Islamic culture at individual, societal or state level
It also connotes active discrimination against these groups or individuals within them with due process of law or without it
It manifests itself through individual attitudes and behaviours, and the policies and practices of organizations and institutions.
This presentation attempts to clarify the concept, analyse its underlying causes, and suggests a plan of action to counter it
Why The Tyrants Want Your Guns 6th Issue Infowars Magazineinfowarrior78
Following Obama’s choreographed attack on the Second
Amendment earlier this week, the Department of Homeland
Security announced it will join the administration, the Justice
Department and the FBI in a renewed attack on firearms.
Terrorism-historical as well as a universal phenomenon; few countries can claim not to have been affected by this menace which is rising
Has been practised by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing. Muslims, Christians, Jews, Hindus
Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of its perpetrators are always subject to context, time, and place.
This presentation attempts to analyse global terrorism from its historical perspective, identify causes, and presents a plan of action to curb it
Though the worst intelligence failure, the USA took maximum advantage of the 9/11 tragedy and embarked on the mission to accomplish the objectives set forth in the infamous neo-con paper, known as the American Century.
America employed all its -military, diplomatic and financial, to wage a war of terror on several countries besides Afghanistan-its starting point.
Whether it was a stellar success or a dismal failure, it has cost the world massively in terms of loss of human lives, financial losses, refugees crises, missed opportunities, and surprisingly, increased global terrorism
This presentation covers all these issues in greater detail
Definition, Types, Goal, Tactics, Financing of Terrorism, Global Terrorism Index (GTI), Terrorism in India, Agencies dealing with terrorism in India, How to stop Terrorism?
Why we have military science and theory of war?
Just because the humanity spent much more time in war then in peace. So the war is quite loyal phenomena escorting the humanity.
What we are waiting from the military science?
Whom future wars will be fought, what they will be about, how they will be fought, what wars will be fought for and why people will participate in it.
Ho chi minh americas most capable foe martin catinomartincatino
This presentation discusses the strategic leadership capabilities of Ho Chi Minh. The views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of Henley Putnam University, and are completely those of the author.
In its broadest sense, terrorism is any act designed to cause terror In a narrower sense, terrorism can be understood to feature a political objective. The word terrorism is politically loaded and emotionally charged.
Islamophobia is the irrational hostility, fear, or hatred of Islam, Muslims, and Islamic culture at individual, societal or state level
It also connotes active discrimination against these groups or individuals within them with due process of law or without it
It manifests itself through individual attitudes and behaviours, and the policies and practices of organizations and institutions.
This presentation attempts to clarify the concept, analyse its underlying causes, and suggests a plan of action to counter it
Why The Tyrants Want Your Guns 6th Issue Infowars Magazineinfowarrior78
Following Obama’s choreographed attack on the Second
Amendment earlier this week, the Department of Homeland
Security announced it will join the administration, the Justice
Department and the FBI in a renewed attack on firearms.
Powerpoint presentation based on Strayer's 3rd edition Ways of the World text for High School AP-Honors students. Covers the Atlantic Revolutions, Europe, American Revolution, French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, Latin America, Enlightenment, Nationalism and Feminism
SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS, THEIR TRIGGERS FACTORS AND CURRENT BRAZILFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to analyze the triggering factors of social revolutions that have occurred throughout human history and assess the possibility of their occurrence in contemporary Brazil.
American and French RevolutionsReadings Smith, et al..docxgalerussel59292
American and French Revolutions
Readings: Smith, et al., 771-776
D 18.7: “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen”
Enlightenment Ideas
The spread of revolutionary ideas across the Atlantic world in the second half of the eighteenth century followed the trail of Enlightenment ideas (in a way, the product of the new scientific method based on reason in action):
“All men are born free yet everywhere they are in chains” – Jean-Jacques Rousseau
“Challenge Authority” – Immanuel Kant
“Have the Courage to use your own reason”-Immanuel Kant
Absolute Monarchy bad, government is the result of a social contract between the ruler and the people—John Locke
The best government are those characterized by “separation of powers” and “checks and balances” –Michel de Montesquieu
Government should keep their hands out of markets – Adam Smith
People disagreed over the meaning of terms such as liberty, independence, freedom, and equality
We still do
2
Political Reorderings
As Enlightenment ideals spread, certain groups in the colonies began seeking a new relationship with their respective motherlands. More sought involvement in politics and claimed to serve the interests of the “people.” Ideas like independence, freedom, and equality had power and prompted political revolts in the Americas and Europe. Since then revolution has been a powerful force.
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom
The transatlantic disruption between 1750 and 1850 had roots in the economic systems of the previous century
Every major power engaging in capitalist-like markets through monopolistic companies and colonial empires
Colonial elites want to become part of new economies—don’t like colonial and merchant monopolies from England, France, Spain, and Portugal
3
Revolutionary Transformations and New Languages of Freedom
Dissatisfied with their exclusion from power and wealth, politically aware people began organizing in hopes that a new or reformed system would provide freedom to trade and representation in government. Initially unwilling to revolt, these reformers found powerful resistance among the aristocracy. Arguing for popular sovereignty and free trade, they denounced trade monopolies and aristocratic domination of politics. New identities and concepts of “nation” arose. The question of how much freedom and to whom, however, generally meant for white males only.
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom
As wealth increased, men and women demanded a relaxation of economic restrictions
Demanded greater freedom to trade
Demanded more influence in governing local institutions and making local economic decisions
4
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom
Over time, these demands became more radical and revolutionary
Revolutionaries championed the concept of popular sovereignty, free people, free trade, free markets, and free labor as a more just and efficient foundation for society (in Ameri.
1. Jonathan R. White
www.cengage.com/cj/white
Chapter 6:
Recent History: The Roots
of Modern Terrorism
Rosemary Arway
Hodges University
2. Social Revolution and the Enlightenment
18th Century considered Age of Reason or
the Period of Enlightenment.
Europeans began to question the manner in
which they were governed during the
Enlightenment:
o Sought to increase the power of the lower
classes.
o Forces of change brought a new way of
thinking about citizenship.
Enlightenment was an international
intellectual movement.
3. Social Revolution and the Enlightenment
Philosophers produced a common idea
about government.
o Governments should exist to protect individual
rights.
o Best form of government was democracy:
▪ Citizens had rights.
▪ Governments were created to protect those rights.
o Common people should control the government
through social contract or constitution.
▪ Increased demand for democracy
▪ Tension between ruling class the governed
▪ Tension spilled into violence
4. The American Revolution
Reasons why the colonist revolted against
England:
o British taxation laws, enforced through:
Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), and Townshend
Act (1767)
Those acts affected American citizens (merchants and
consumers), so they boycotted them, and British imports
to America were cut in a half.
• The famous quote comes from this period: “No taxation
without representation.”
Those acts sparked a protest and British answered by
sending troops.
• Boston Massacre (1770)
5. The American Revolution
Reasons why colonies in North America
objected to British rule included:
o „Tea law‟ – proclamation that cut off the
colonies from trade (resulting in the Boston Tea
Party).
o Lack of American representation in the British
Parliament.
After publication of Tom Paine‟s
Common Sense pamphlet, public
opinion swung toward the cause of
independence (half a million copies
sold!)
6. The American Revolution
On July 1776, The Second Continental
Congress declared independence from
Great Britain:
o American Revolution transferred power from British
upper class to American upper class.
o American Revolution represented long-term
evolutionary process toward democracy.
o Americans created a republic based on a
representative democracy.
7. The French Revolution
French Revolution (1789-1799) was based
on same enlightened principles as
American Revolution.
o French Revolution different and more deadly in
tone.
o Extremely bloody – Guillotine, genocide of Nante‟s
rebels, massacres, slaughter, assasinations, reven
ge killings
o First revolution in the modern sense of the word.
French Revolution was a transfer of power
between classes.
French Revolution represented a radical
shift in power structures.
8. The Reign of Terror
Term terrorism appeared during the French
Revolution.
Burke: Referred to Government‟s violence
as “Reign of Terror,” using the word
terrorism to describe actions of the new
government (cold-blooded reign of
Jacobins).
As the government consolidate power, the
would-be democracy gave way to Napoleon
Bonaparte and military authoritarianism.
9. Guerrillas and the Spanish Peninsula
Meaning of terrorism underwent a subtle
change during Napoleon‟s invasion of Spain.
o Spanish partisans attacked French troops in
unconventional manners.
▪ Spanish called it patriotism.
▪ French referred to Spanish partisans as terrorists.
Definition shifted away from government
repression and toward those who resisted
government.
Definitional transformation continued
throughout 19th century.
10. 1848 and the Radical Democrats
Radical Democrats
o Demanded immediate drastic change:
▪ Democracy should be based on economic equality as
well as freedom.
▪ Class revolution.
▪ Political power should be held in common.
▪ Interest in developing constitution.
▪ Distribute wealth created by trade and manufacturing
evenly.
Socialists
o Argued for centralized control of the economy.
Anarchists
o Sought to reduce or to eliminate centralized government.
Capitalists
o Sought to reduce or to eliminate centralized government.
11. Socialists
Wanted to completely democratize society.
Wanted control of industrial production.
Emphasized the right to form labor
unions, to bargain work conditions and to
strike.
Emphasized democracy over the
centralized power of communism.
Believed that a strong state would ensure
profits from industry were distributed in an
egalitarian manner.
12. Socialists
Socialism
o Karl Marx, founder of communism, stated
that:
▪ Social structure is arranged by the material
circumstances surrounding existence.
▪ Humans shape the environment through work
and even produce more than they need.
Communists – a form of Socialism
o Advocated strong centralized government.
o Elimination of all classes save the working
class.
o Complete state monopoly over all forms of
industrial and agricultural production.
13. Anarchists
Shared ideas about egalitarian nature of
society with socialists; disagreed on function
of the state.
All forms of governmental domination are
harmful and unnecessary.
Proudhon:
o Extension of the democracy to all classes
should be accomplished through the
elimination of property and government.
o Anarchy would develop peacefully as people
learned about the structure of governments
and the capitalist economy.
Anarchism is believed to be an inspiration for
a terrorism.
14. Violent Anarchism
Violent anarchism propaganda: No industrialist
is safe and capitalist order would crumble.
Jensen:
o Several factors merged to create a culture of
terrorism among members of the anarchists
movement:
▪ Growing number of people attracted to the movement
▪ Economic change
▪ Economic consolidation accompanied with the social
stress
▪ Nationalistic factors
Invention of dynamite (Nobel) fostered the
philosophy of bombs and influenced the
adoption of violence.
15. Rhetoric, Internal Debates, Action
Prokoptin
o Humanity existed between two competing tendencies:
cooperation and authoritarianism.
o Call for non-violent revolution.
Bakunin
o Revolutionaries could not use the state as an instrument of
emancipation because it was inherently oppressive.
o Bombings and individual assassinations as a means of
awakening the masses to reality.
Heinzen
o Advocated political murder.
Most…
o did not believe capitalistic societies would change
peacefully and called for violent action.
16. Modern Terrorists and
Their Historical Counterparts
Laqueur: Modern terrorists are more
ruthless than their historical counterparts.
o Terrorism of historical terrorists was mainly
rhetorical.
o Anarchists were selective about their targets.
o Modern terrorism has been typified by
indiscriminate violence and intentional
targeting of civilian population.
o Modern terrorist strike at governments by
killing citizens.
17. Anarchism and Nationalism
Nationalists under foreign control adopted
tactics of anarchists to fight foreign powers
occupying their lands.
o Nationalists believed they were fighting patriotic
wars not that they were anarchists (IRA).
o Groups throughout Europe turned to the
philosophy of the bomb.
o Nationalistic terrorists followed patterns set by
violent anarchists.
o The moral justification for anarchists and
nationalists is essentially the same.
18. A Contemporary Analogy
Woodcock: Anarchism was not revolutionary.
o Reaction to economic consolidation and centralized
state.
o Strongest where industrialization was weakest.
Early 1900s witnessed events culminating in
measures that resulted in a violation of the civil
liberties of several Americans.
o Assassination of President McKinley.
o Red Scare of 1919.
Could the reactive measures of 9-11 be
considered parallel to the over-reactive
measures taken in the early 1900s?
19. Terrorism and Revolution in Russia
Russia in the 19th century differed significantly
from the other great powers of Europe (class
distinction was greater and peasants lived in
poverty).
The Peoples‟ Will (Narodnaya Voyla)
represented violent socialist revolution.
o Members believed it was necessary to terrorize
subversive organizations into submission.
o Peoples‟ Will evolved from Russian revolutionary
thought.
▪ Bakunin
▪ Nechaev
20. Terrorism and Revolution in Russia
Three approaches of how to modernize the
Russian state:
o From the top down: Tsar Alexander II
o Creation of modern Russia as a liberal Western
Democracy: The Intellectuals
o Revolution: Violent Anarchists
▪ The People‟s Will propaganda won sympathy among the
peasantry.
The People's Will Campaign:
o Bombings, assassinations and murders
o 1881 – murder of Tsar Alexander II
21. Terrorism and Revolution in Russia
National Disasters that created
atmosphere for „1914 Revolution‟ in
Russia:
o Loosing the war to Japan
o Economic problems
o Bureaucratic inefficiency
o 1905 Revolution
o Entering I World War
After 1914 revolution new Russian
Government was formed by Mensheviks.
22. Terrorism and Revolution in Russia
Russian revolution utilized terrorism in a new
manner.
o Created an impact on peoples‟ view of terrorism in the
20th century.
Lenin and Trotsky believed terrorism should be
used as an instrument for overthrowing the
bourgeois governments.
o Advocated terrorism as a means of controlling internal
enemies and as a method for coping with internal strife.
o By threatening to export terror, Lenin and Trotsky
effectively placed fear of communism in the minds of
many in the West.
Lenin‟s victory and subsequent writings have
inspired terrorists from 1917 to the present.