1) Drilling for coalbed methane in Alberta's Horseshoe Canyon and Mannville formations is increasing as operators shift to more horizontal wells. 2) The Horseshoe Canyon is the only commercial coalbed methane play in Canada so far, with over 2,700 wells producing around 150,000 cubic feet per day on average. 3) The Mannville formation has potential but is not yet commercial due to water production challenges; some operators are exploring horizontal drilling to potentially unlock more gas at faster rates.

2. C OA L B E D M E T H A N E
WHERE TO FROM HERE?
Drilling in the Horseshoe Canyon coals is gaining momentum, and operators are shifting to
more horizontal wells to unlock the Mannville’s potential.
BY BETTINA PIERRE-GILLES, PHASIS CONSULTING
T
he Canadian economy was strong throughout last year, the coal formations. As of the end of the year, the most
with the energy industry a major contributor to active industry players were:
that growth, seeing its highest level of activity. • EnCana Corp.;
According to data compiled by the Canadian Association of • Quicksilver Canada (formerly MGV Energy Inc.);
Petroleum Producers, Canada produced 17 billion cubic feet • Apache Canada Ltd.;
(Bcf) a day of conventional gas last year.Drilling for oil and gas • Trident Exploration Inc.;
was at its highest level ever,while production remained stable. • EOG Resources;
Although there was an increase in drilling and well com- • Centrica Canada Ltd.;
pletions, production remained unchanged. Supply of conven- • Canadian Natural Resources;
tional natural gas in Canada is fast becoming scarce. • Paramount Resources Ltd.;
According to the National Energy Board’s 2004 assessment, • Devon Canada Corp.; and
the remaining conventional gas supply is mainly in the • Fairborne Energy Trust.
Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). Alberta has the most vibrant CBM activity in Canada.
With gas demand rising at a rate of about 1.6% yearly, The coals available for exploration and development are
how does Canada supplement its conventional supplies to found in the Horseshoe Canyon, Belly River, Scollard
keep up? The answer relies heavily on developing uncon- (Ardley) and Mannville formations.
ventional resources—the Fort McMurray oil sands, tight
gas, shale gas and natural gas from coal—better known as HORSESHOE CANYON
coalbed methane (CBM). The Horseshoe Canyon formation is still the only commercial
According to the 2001 resource assessment released by CBM play in Canada. It gained commerciality from a joint-ven-
the Canadian Gas Potential Committee, Canada’s CBM ture project in 2002 between Quicksilver and EnCana (then
resources range between 500- and 700 trillion cubic feet of PanCanadian). There are more than 2,700 wells in the
gas. The majority of that unconventional resource’s Horseshoe Canyon, of which 1,650 are producing an average
reserves are in the WCSB, with the Alberta foothills and of 150,000 cubic feet of gas a day.
plains regions holding the largest amount of the CBM CBM production depends on the thickness of the coal
reserves within the basin. seam.The Horseshoe Canyon contains Upper Cretaceous,
In British Columbia, CBM is
referred to as coalbed gas (CBG), and
the resource there is still in the early
exploratory stages. However, it
should be noted that once CBG pro-
duction comes onstream, it will
shake unconventional supplies and
take its place in the mix.
Drilling for CBM in Alberta is cur-
rently at its peak, mainly because of
high natural gas prices. Last year,
some 3,000 CBM wells were
drilled—almost double the number
of the previous year’s well count.
More than 2,500 CBM wells cur-
rently are producing at an average
daily rate of 140,000 cubic feet per day.
Although there was a strong Note: 2004 Includes 692 re-completions.
increase in CBM production, there Sources: CAPP and FirstEnergy Capital Corp.
were no significant new entrants
into the producers’ mix to develop Coalbed-methane wells drilled more than doubled in 2005, and more growth is projected.
20 Canadian Energy Investment Opportunities • June 2006

3. C OA L B E D M E T H A N E
low permeability, almost fully dry coal. It has three coal
zones: the Drumheller, the Carbon Thompson and the
Daly-Weaver.The formation has an average coal thickness
of 1 to 2 meters, and is found at depths varying from 150
to 800 meters.
Along with the Horseshoe Canyon is the Belly River Group,
containing the McKay, Taber and Lethbridge coal zones, with
an average thickness ranging between 1 and 3 meters.
Because the coals in the Horseshoe Canyon are dry, it is
less expensive for producers to complete wells in the area,
as they do not have to deal with water-disposal issues. A
typical well on average costs C$275,000 to drill and com-
plete, with a rate of return of 35%-plus and a 1.5-year pay-
out. The majority of wells in the Horseshoe Canyon are
completed using vertical drilling techniques.
The major players in Horseshoe Canyon are EnCana,
Quicksilver, Apache, Fairborne, ConocoPhillips (through its
recent acquisition of Burlington Resources), Canadian Natural
Resources and various others.
Because of its commercial success, the Canyon’s coal play
is becoming saturated, so acquiring a piece of land in that
formation has become as pricey as drilling a new well in the
less-developed Mannville. Although there are substantially
high levels of gas available in the deeper areas of Horseshoe
Canyon, the cost of the technologies to get the gas out does
not support the economics for drilling at those depths.
MANNVILLE
The Mannville contains Lower Cretaceous coals.The coals
found closer to the plains have sub-bituminous to high-
volatile bituminous coal ranks, while the thickest coal can
be found in the Red Deer area.
Gates and Gething coals have ranks ranging from high-
volatile bituminous to anthracite.The Mannville coal ranges
in depth from 300 to more than 3,000 meters.
The major geological characteristic of this zone is how wet
its coals are—subsequently producing large amounts of water
before the gas is accessed.
The Mannville group of coals has significant potential.
Although the play to date is not commercial,the Trident/Nexen
Inc.joint venture in the Corbett could soon change that.At the
end of last year, there were about 230 wells drilled in the
Mannville,more than 110 of which now have production,aver-
aging 75,000 cubic feet a day per well.
Water production and disposal are the major issues holding
up commerciality in the Mannville. Drilling there has histor-
ically been completed using vertical technology. A small
number of companies, however, have realized the need for a
technological shift, essential for commercializing that play,
and have turned their attention to drilling horizontal wells.
To date, fewer than 40 such wells have been drilled.
While the Mannville is economic under vertical and hori-
zontal drilling programs, based on analyses, more gas is pro-
duced faster under the horizontal scheme and the payout is
faster within two years, compared with three to four years for
See COALBED METHANE on pg. 43
Oil and Gas Investor • www.oilandgasinvestor.com • June 2006 21

4. C OA L B E D M E T H A N E
COALBED METHANE, continued from pg. 21
commercial production from that formation. However, test
wells have been drilled in the Ardley that show a great
a vertical well. The cost for drilling a vertical well in recoverable potential. Another constraint for producers in
Mannville ranges from C$550,000 to C$800,000, while a that formation is freshwater production.
horizontal well could cost from C$800,000 to more than The Ardley zone is the only CBM play where the industry
C$1.5 million to drill and complete. players have adopted a wait-and-see attitude toward develop-
The Mannville has proven to be economic with vertical ment. The geology of the Ardley coal zone makes it not only
and horizontal drilling technologies. However, a smart pro- difficult, but also expensive for producers to explore there on
ducer with the right amount of capital from its investors a large scale.The fresh water produced in the area along with
would have better value for its investment by implement- the gas,creates an environmental headache that not many pro-
ing a horizontal drilling program.This offers the possibility ducers are willing to approach, unless they obtain firm and
to recover a high percentage of the in-place gas at higher decisive guidance from the regulators.
rates, faster and economically. Nevertheless, the Ardley should not be entirely ruled out as
Trident, in partnership with Nexen, announced in July a potential zone where CBM could be commercially produced.
that the Mannville was commercial, based on the produc- As of the end of last year,about 20 wells had been drilled there
tion results from their horizontal drilling program. with minimal production.
Although the timing for full commercialization of the Where do we go from here? Looking at geopolitics, this
Mannville coals is unknown, horizontal drilling is the most could be a great time for Canada’s oil and gas patch, particu-
economic approach to take. larly CBM.While we may not see a sudden rush to explore the
Ardley, we will, however, see a major shift in the Mannville,
OTHER COALS beginning with a change from vertical to horizontal drilling,
The Scollard formation is of Paleocene age and found at which may dramatically change gas outputs.
depths between 300 and 600 meters. This formation is
comprised of four coal zones: Val d'Or, Mynheer, Silkstone Bettina Pierre-Gilles is chief economist for Calgary-based
and Arbour.The area has low permeability,which may hinder Phasis Consulting.
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