Wheat biosystematics
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1. The genus Triticum includes wheat and can be divided into Triticum sensu lato which includes wheat and goatgrass, and Triticum sensu stricto which contains about 10 wheat species native to the Mediterranean. 2. There are three domesticated wheat species - einkorn, emmer, and bread wheat, which are diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid respectively. Einkorn likely originated in Asia Minor, emmer in Abyssinia and North Africa, and bread wheat in Central Asia. 3. Bread wheat likely originated from a hybridization between tetraploid emmer and goatgrass, followed by chromosome doubling to become hexaploid. This new
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Wheat biosystematics
- 2. The genus Triticum • Poaceae • Highly inconsistent taxonomy • Triticum and Aegilops separate genera • Triticum sensu lato – Includes Aegilops • Triticum sensu stricto ~ 10 species • Native to Mediterranean area • Base n = 7
- 3. Domesticated Wheats • Triticum monococcum L. (cultivated einkorn) – T. boeoticum (wild einkorn) – Diploid - AA • Triticum dicoccum Schübl. (emmer wheat) – T. dicoccoides (wild emmer) – Tetraploid – AABB • Triticum aestivum L. (bread or common wheat) – Hexaploid - AABBDD – T. dicoccoides (AABB) + Aegilops tauschii (DD)
- 5. Africa ORIGIN OF WHEAT Central Asia
- 6. CHROMOSOME NO. AND PLACE OF ORIGIN Ploidy level Chromosome no. Place of origin Diploid : 2n = 14 Asia minor Tetraploid : 2n = 28 Abyssinia, North Africa Hexaploid : 2n = 42 Central Asia
- 7. Ploidy level Species Common name Genome Diploid (2n=14) T. boeticum (T. aegilopoides) T. monococcum T. speltoides T. tauschii Wild einkorn Einkorn (Culti) Wild goat grass Wild AA AA BB DD Classification
- 8. Ploidy level Species Common name Genome Tetraploid (2n = 28) T. dicoccoides T. dicoccum T. durum T. persicum T. turgidum T. polonicum T. timopheevi Wild Emmer Emmer (Culti) Macaroni wheat (C) Persian wheat (C) Rivet wheat (C) Polish wheat (C) Timopheevi (W) AABB AABB AABB AABB AABB AABB AABB Classification
- 9. Ploidy level Species Common name Genome Hexaploid (2n=42) T. aestivum T. compactum T. sphaerococcum T. spelta T. macha Common /bread Club wheat Dwarf wheat Spelt wheat Macha wheat AABBDD AABBDD AABBDD AABBDD AABBDD Classification
- 10. T. boeoticum (T.aegilopoides) (Wild einkorn) (AA) Natural mutation and selection T. monoccocum Cultivated diploid AA (2n = 14) Origin of diploid wheat
- 11. T. monococcum x T. speltoides AA BB (2n = 14) (2n = 14) F1 sterile (2n = 14) (AB) Natural mutation and Doubling T. dicoccoides (2n = 28) Wild emmer AABB By natural selection T. dicoccum (Emmer wheat) AABB (2n = 28) Cultivated ORIGIN OF TETRAPLOID WHEAT
- 12. T.dicoccum x T. tauschii AA BB DD (2n = 28) (2n = 14) F1 ABD (2n = 21) - Sterile Natural doubling T. aestivum AABBDD (2n = 42) (Cultivated) Origin of hexaploid wheat
- 13. Evolution of hexaploid wheat T. boeoticum x T. speltoides T. tauschii T. aestivum T.dicoccoides T. dicoccum
- 14. Salamini et al., 2002
- 15. The evolution of hexaploid bread wheat from its wild relatives. T. monococcum x T. speltoides AA BB (2n = 14) (2n = 14) F1 sterile (2n = 14) (AB) Doubling (2n = 28) X Aegilops squarrosa 3x = 21 Doubling 6x = 42 AABBDD Hexaploid wheat
- 16. 1. T. boeoticum (Wild Einkorn) • Primitive type from which other species have evolved • With one to two seeded spikelets. • It is the ancestor for all the cultivated wheat 2.T.monococcum (Cultivated Einkorn) • Primitive diploid form domesticated, evolved from T. boeoticum by mutation and selection. 3.T.dicoccoides (Wild Emmer) • Amphidiploid form from the hybridization of T. boeticum and T. speltoides. Related species of Triticum
- 17. 4.T.dicoccum (Cultivated Emmer) • Developed thro’ natural selection • The spikelets are two grained • Grains retained within the glumes after threshing (speltoid). • It is the oldest of the cultivated wheat. 5.T. durum (Macroni wheat) Free threshing; wheat with naked grains Important of the tetraploid wheats. Grains contain high gluten. • Related species of Triticum
- 18. 6. T. speltoides (wild) • Naturally cross pollinating • Recognized donor of the B genome. 7. T. tauschii (wild) • Source of D genome in the cultivated hexaploid wheat, which has high adaptability. Related species of Triticum
- 19. The cultivated wheat is classified into two Types of wheat Winter wheat • Long duration cultivated during October – November to May - July. Spring wheat • short duration cultivated during March - May to August –September
- 20. THANK YOU