Logical reasoning tools
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An argument has three parts: an issue, a conclusion, and reasons. The issue is the question being addressed. The conclusion is the position taken on the issue and must be supported by reasons. Reasons provide evidence for the conclusion. Arguments are often based on underlying values and assumptions. There are different views of ethics that prioritize concepts like utility, liberty, equality, or religious principles. When making ethical decisions, it is important to consider the perspectives of those affected and evaluate the broader consequences.
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STEPS OF THE ETHICAL STEPS OF THE ETHICAL DECISIONDECISION--.docx
STEPS OF THE ETHICAL STEPS OF THE ETHICAL
DECISIONDECISION--MAKING PROCESSMAKING PROCESS
EESE Faculty Development Workshop
Douglas R. May, Professor and Co-Director
International Center for Ethics in Business
SUMMARY OF THE STEPS OF THE
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
1.
Gather the facts
2.
Define the ethical issues
3.
Identify the affected parties (stakeholders)
4.
Identify the consequences
5.
Identify the obligations (principles, rights, justice)
6.
Consider your character and integrity
7.
Think creatively about potential actions
8.
Check your gut
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Decide on the proper ethical action and be prepared to
deal with opposing arguments.
1 -
GATHER THE FACTS
Don’t jump to conclusions without the facts
Questions to ask: Who, what, where, when, how, and
why.
However, facts may be difficult to find because of the
uncertainty often found around ethical issues
Some facts are not available
Assemble as many facts as possible before proceeding
Clarify what assumptions
you are making!
2 –
DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUE(S)
Don’t jump to solutions without first identifying the ethical
issue(s)
in the situation.
Define the ethical basis for the issue you want to focus on.
There may be multiple
ethical issues –
focus on one
major
one at a time.
3 –
IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES
Identify all of the stakeholders
Who are the primary
or direct stakeholders?
Who are the secondary
or indirect stakeholders?
Why are they stakeholders for the issue?
Perspective-taking
--
Try to see things through the eyes
of those individuals affected
4 –
IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES
Think about potential positive
and negative
consequences for affected
parties by the decision (Focus on primary stakeholders to simplify
analysis until you become comfortable with the process).
What are the magnitude
of the consequences and the probability
that
the consequences will happen.
Short term vs. Long term consequences –
will decision be valid over
time.
Broader systemic
consequences –
tied to symbolic
and secrecy
Symbolic
consequences –
Each decision sends a message.
Secrecy
consequences –
What are the consequences if the decision
or action becomes public?
Did you consider relevant cognitive barriers/biases?
Consider what your decision
would be based only on consequences
–
then move on and see if it is similar given other considerations.
5 –
IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES,
RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES
Obligations should be thought of in terms of principles and rights involved
A) What obligations are created because of particular ethical principles
you might use in the situation?
Examples: Do no harm; Do unto others as you would have them do
unto you; Do what you would have anyone in your shoes do in the
given context.
B) What obligations are created becaus.
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DECISIONDECISION--MAKING PROCESSMAKING PROCESS
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ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
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Gather the facts
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Define the ethical issues
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Identify the affected parties (stakeholders)
4.
Identify the consequences
5.
Identify the obligations (principles, rights, justice)
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1 -
GATHER THE FACTS
Don’t jump to conclusions without the facts
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Think about potential positive
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and secrecy
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A) What obligations are created because of particular ethical principles
you might use in the situation?
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unto you; Do what you would have anyone in your shoes do in the
given context.
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Lecture1 introduction to ethics
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Values and reasons final
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Extra Credit Chapter 10
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Ethical decision making & application sanction
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How we use issues, analysis, and
1) Critical thinking involves asking questions to gain knowledge on a subject from various sources like the internet, books, and experts. There are three main types of questions: factual, interpretive, and opinion.
2) Research is conducted using three main forms: exploratory, constructive, and empirical to gain new knowledge and share findings. Analysis methods like cost/benefit, priorities, program, and brainstorming are used to identify key argument points.
3) Issue discovery is a crucial part of critical thinking that involves categorizing contradictions and uncertainties to find the most important issues to address, which then form the basis for contentions that support a position on a claim.
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This document provides an introduction to ethics. It defines ethics as the branch of philosophy dealing with morality and values relating to human conduct. It discusses key concepts in ethics like morality, codes of conduct, moral judgments, and ethical theories. It outlines learning objectives for understanding virtue ethics, religious ethics, situational ethics, and ethical decision making. It also summarizes various ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology, and relativism which provide frameworks for analyzing ethical issues.
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Writing a DNR order on this comatose patient without involving the surrogate
2. Use "is (or is not) ethically justifiable because"
Ethics Moral Values
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2) It explores whether ethical judgments are relative, subjective, and incomparable or if common values allow for ethical discussion and argument.
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Ethics & Values Khach
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- How one's values and value system influence decision making and choices.
- Codes of conduct and the six pillars of character which are traits like trustworthiness and responsibility.
- Making ethical decisions and considering options in terms of what is right versus preferences.
Discussion QuestionWilliam Ford Jr., Chairman of Ford Motor C.docx
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William Ford Jr., Chairman of Ford Motor Co. said, "A good company delivers excellent products and services, and a great company does all that and strives to make the world a better place."
Supported by evidence from your textbook, the Starbucks case study, and other research, describes two forces that you believe shape the relationship between business and society. Provide two examples, one for each force you select. Be specific in your answer and discuss strengths and weaknesses via examples and applications. Be certain to cite in APA format all sources used. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ discussion posts.
MBA 525 - Module 4 AVP - Decision Making and Ethics
Slide 1
Title slide
Slide content:
MBA 525 Module 4
Slide 2
Slide title:
Decision Making and Ethics
Narrator:
In this presentation, we will discuss the decision making process and how it is informed by ethics. We will
highlight common errors in decision making, rationality, and ethical decision making.
Slide 3
Slide title:
Decision-Making Steps
Slide content:
• Define the task
• Delegate tasks
• Seek out information and determine its accuracy
• Establish criteria for evaluating specific courses of action
• Discover and evaluate alternative options
• Prepare and present the group’s choice persuasively to the target audience
Narrator:
There are six steps in the decision making process.
First, define the task.
Second, delegate tasks.
Third, seek out information and determine its accuracy.
Fourth, establish criteria for evaluating specific courses of action.
Fifth, discover and evaluate alternative options.
And lastly, prepare and present the group’s choice persuasively to the target audience.
Slide 4
Slide title:
Errors of Poor Decision Making
Slide content:
• Improper assessment of the situation
• The establishment of inappropriate goals and objectives
• Improper assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of various alternatives
• The establishment of a flawed information base
Narrator:
The most common errors in this process include:
Improper assessment of the situation,
The establishment of inappropriate goals and objectives,
Improper assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of various alternatives, and,
The establishment of a flawed information base.
Consider the last decision you made that was faulty. Reflect on which error in decision making was
present. We are all guilty of making the “wrong” decision at some point due to errors in judgment.
Slide 5
Slide title:
Steps of Rational Decision Making
Slide content:
• Recognize the problem
• Discuss the problem with all relevant persons
• Decide on alternative courses of action
• Choose an optimal solution and implement it
• Monitor the impact of the solution
Narrator:
The steps to rational decision making vary a bit from the general model. There are only five, not six steps.
First, recognize the problem. This is a different starting point. It is important to first understand the
problem.
Next, disc.
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Best Competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai - ☎ 9928909666
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Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Kalyan panel Chart
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Logical reasoning tools
Editor's Notes
- The management process consists of four functions: 1. Planning--setting a direction 2. Organizing--bring resources together 3. Leading--creating enthusiasm for work 4. Controlling--ensuring things turn out as desired
- . Managerial work involves a variety of roles, which vary in emphasis by managerial level. 1. Interpersonal--figurehead, leader, liaison- -working directly with other people. 2. Informational--monitor, disseminator, spokesperson --exchanging information with other people. 3. Decisional--disturbance handler, resource allocator,--making decisions that affect others.
- . Technical--specialized knowledge to perform specialized tasks. 2. Human--ability to work well with others through interpersonal relationships. 3. Conceptual--ability to solve complex problems and view the organization/situation as a whole. Of the three, only human skills remain important across all managerial levels.
- Definition: Behavior that is accepted as morally "good/right", as opposed to "bad/wrong" in a setting. 1. Four Views of Ethical Behavior a. Utilitarian--that which delivers the greatest good to the greatest number of people. b. Individualism--that which is best for the individual's long-term self-interest. c. Moral-Rights--that which respects the fundamental rights shared by all human beings. d. Justice--that which is fair and impartial in its treatment of people.
- Three perspectives on effectiveness: 1. Individual--emphasizes employee task performance, in regards to ability, skill, and knowledge. 2. Group--the sum of all member's contributions, in regards to the effectiveness of the group structure, cohesiveness, and shared norms and values. 3. Organization--a function of both the individual and group effectiveness. A managers task is to identify the causes of multiple levels of effectiveness.
- Individual Differences 1. Competency Characteristics a. aptitude--a person's capacity to learn b. ability--a person's capacity to perform Managers should strive to match individual competencies to required job skills. 2. Workforce Diversity--demographic differences among members in a given workplace (multiculturalism).
- Personality--the overall profile of an person 1. problem-solving style--the way a person makes decisions. 2. locus of control--extent a person feels control over his/her own life. 3. authoritarianism/dogmatism--acceptance or disregard for authority. 4. Machiavellianism--the trait of manipulating others for purely personal gains. 5. self-monitoring--a person's ability to adjust to external situational factors. 6. Type A/Type B orientation--obsessive vs. easygoing
- Values--broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action. 1. terminal values--goals 2. instrumental values--means for achieving desired outcomes, such as achievement, helping and concern for others, honesty, and fairness