What is genocide?
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The document discusses genocide in Rwanda and Darfur. It defines genocide as causing harm or annihilating an ethnic, racial or religious group. It notes that between April-June 1994, an estimated 800,000 Tutsis were killed by Hutus in Rwanda over 100 days, constituting a genocide. There have also been ongoing genocides against the people of Darfur by the government of Sudan, resulting in over 70,000 deaths.
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Sources of International Criminal Law
International criminal law establishes individual criminal responsibility for international crimes like war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, and aggression. It is a subset of public international law that places legal responsibility on individuals rather than states. The key sources that contribute to international criminal law include international treaties, customary international law based on state practice and opinio juris, general principles of law recognized in major legal systems, judicial decisions from international courts, and writings of scholars in the field.
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Modernity is linked to genocide through the idea that groups seen as hindering progress need to be eliminated. European settlers viewed Indigenous Australians as backwards and preventing modern European civilization, so sought to eliminate them. Similarly, Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge believed Western influences in Cambodia prevented progress, so they eliminated those groups to create a fresh start for their society. While modernity preaches progress, genocide shows how the idea has also been used to justify the murder of innocent people when they are viewed as preventing the advancement of a group or nation.
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The document summarizes the work and role of the United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide. It defines genocide and outlines the UN's responsibility to prevent genocide through early warning, advocacy, and mobilizing action. The Special Adviser collects information on human rights violations that could lead to genocide and advises the UN on preventive actions. The document also discusses the UN's broader role in genocide prevention through development, peacekeeping, and establishing accountability.
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This document discusses genocide and provides context about the Rwandan genocide that occurred in 1994. [1] It explains that the Rwandan genocide was sparked by long-standing tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups and resulted in the deaths of 800,000 to 1 million Tutsis and moderate Hutus over just 100 days. [2] The document defines genocide according to the UN Convention as acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group. [3] It emphasizes that awareness of ongoing genocides, like those in Darfur and Rwanda, is needed to help stop the killing of millions.
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This document provides an overview of genocide as an international crime. It discusses the history and definition of genocide, including the key acts and groups protected. The requirements to constitute genocide are outlined. Questions on aspects like intent, rape, and punishment are addressed. International cases involving genocide that have been heard by the International Court of Justice are summarized. The document concludes by discussing the global acceptance and continued evolution of the genocide regime.
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Rwanda is a small country in central Africa with a population of around 7 million people, mostly split among three ethnic groups. The Hutus and Tutsis have had longstanding tensions, which escalated in the 1990s following the Rwandan president's assassination, leading to the Rwandan genocide where Hutu extremists killed an estimated 800,000 Tutsi civilians over 100 days. Today power is shared between Hutus and Tutsis through peace efforts, but tensions still exist between the groups.
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The document provides background information on the Rwandan genocide that occurred in 1994. It describes the tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups in Rwanda that stemmed from Belgian colonialism. In April 1994, the president's plane was shot down, sparking a carefully organized genocide led by Hutu extremists against Tutsis and moderate Hutus. Over the next 100 days, approximately 800,000 people were killed in the genocide.
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The document discusses how European colonialism in Rwanda contributed to the 1994 genocide. It explains that Germany first colonized Rwanda in 1894, introducing a system that categorized citizens as Hutu or Tutsi. Belgium then took control after World War I, exacerbating ethnic tensions and categorization. This led the Hutu majority to overthrow the Tutsi monarchy in 1959. The resulting ethnic conflict and hatred planted by colonial policies directly contributed to the conditions that enabled the 1994 genocide against Tutsis.
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The Rwandan genocide had severe consequences for the region surrounding Rwanda. Over a million Rwandans fled as refugees to neighboring countries, straining resources and causing instability. Fighting broke out in refugee camps between Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups. Neighboring Burundi and Tanzania struggled with large refugee populations, and a civil war erupted in the Democratic Republic of Congo partly due to instability caused by Rwandan Hutu militias operating out of refugee camps. The Rwandan Patriotic Front took control of Rwanda after the genocide and attempted to promote unity by abolishing the concepts of Hutu and Tutsi ethnicity and establishing a strong security and justice system, but reconciliation remained an ongoing challenge.
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The Rwandan genocide of 1994 resulted in the deaths of over 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu people. Tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups had been exacerbated by colonial policies that favored the Tutsi minority. After Rwanda gained independence in 1962, Hutu extremists took power and discrimination against Tutsi increased. The assassination of the Hutu president in 1994 triggered the genocide, as Hutu militias and civilians began systematically killing Tutsi civilians. The UN and international community failed to intervene to stop the killings despite warnings, resulting in one of the fastest and largest mass killings of the 20th century over the span of around 100 days. The genocide had devastating impacts on Rwandan society and
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Rwanda is a landlocked country located in central and east Africa, bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has a population of around 11.5 million people and its capital and largest city is Kigali. The country has experienced civil war and ethnic violence between its main ethnic groups, the Hutu and Tutsi, which peaked during the Rwandan genocide in 1994.
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What is genocide?
- 3. The term “genocide” did not exist until 1944.
- 4. What was happening in the 1930s and 1940s that may have led to the term genocide being invented?
- 5. In East Africa, there are two countries whose people are suffering from genocide. 1) Rwanda - Hutus have killed at least 800,000 Tutsis 100,000 of those were children 2) Sudan - The people of Darfur are victims of genocide. At least 70,000 dead, but could be as much as 300,000.
- 6. Sudan Rwanda
- 8. Both still going on today...
- 13. Because of the genocide in Sudan and Rwanda, many people have fled to other countries for safety.... These people are called refugees . Refugees are people who have been displaced from their home.
- 14. There have been 2.6 million refugees because of the genocide in Darfur.
- 15. What if this was you?
- 16. Listen to this song...
- 17. Rwanda, Rwanda, Yeah Rwanda, Rwanda. They said: "Many are called and few are chosen," But I wish some wasn’t chosen for the blood spilling of Rwanda. They said: "Meshach, Shadrack and Abednego, Thrown in the fire but you never get burned," but I wish that I didn't get burned in Rwanda. They said: "The man is judged according to his works," so tell me Africa, what’s your worth? There’s no money, no diamonds, no fortunes on this planet that can replace Rwanda… Rwanda Rwanda Yeah, Rwanda Rwanda These are the cry of the children Rwanda Rwanda Anybody hear my cry? If America, is the United States of America, Then why can’t Africa, be the United States of Africa? And if England, is the United Kingdom, Then why can’t Africa unite all the kingdoms and become United Kingdom of Africa? Rwanda Rwanda, Rwanda Rwanda Yeah, yeah. These are the cries of the children, yeah. Can anybody out there hear our cries? Yeah, heavens cry ... Jesus cry. Lord, did you hear us calling you? Yeah, Rwanda Rwanda, Lord, did you hear us calling? Can you do something in Rwanda? Rwanda Rwanda, Rwanda Rwanda I’m talkin' 'bout Jesus; talkin' 'bout Rwanda Rwanda Rwanda Talkin' 'bout … talk'n 'bout ... Talkin' 'bout … talk'n 'bout ... talk'n 'bout ... I wanna play my guitar for Rwanda.... Ni ryari izuba, Rizagaruka, Hejuru yacu, Ni nd' uzaricyeza ricyeza. [When will the sun return above us?] [Who will reveal it once again to us?] Rwanda
- 19. Between April and June of 1994, an estimated 800,000 Rwandans, from the group known as Tutsis, were killed in the span of 100 days.
- 20. Who are the Tutsis? Who killed the Tutsis? Who killed the Tutsis? Who killed the Tutsis?
- 23. Rwanda Population in 18th Century Even though the Tutsi were the smaller group, they still had more power than the Hutu.
- 27. How do you think the Tutsis felt about this? How do you think the Hutus felt about this?
- 28. So what happened next?
- 29. The Belgians left Rwanda in the 1960s. The Hutus were growing tired of the discrimination. Rwanda and Burundi split into 2 countries. The Hutus decided to fight the Tutsis because they were still angry for the years of discrimination. Many Tutsis are massacred and flee Rwanda.
- 30. Then it gets worse...