The breakup of the Soviet Union, the largest country in size, in 1991 was one of the top five news of the 20th century
Caused by multiple reasons, it resulted in multi-dimensional consequences, short term as well as long term
Some of the consequences we are still witnessing even in the 21st century, some may be witnessed by the coming generations
This presentation is an attempt to analyse the causes of this momentous event and assess its far-reaching consequences
The Arab Spring is a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests (both non-violent and violent), riots, and civil wars in the Arab world that began on 18 December 2010 and spread throughout the countries of the Arab League and surroundings.
Muhammad Saud Kharal PhD in Social Science, Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
The breakup of the Soviet Union, the largest country in size, in 1991 was one of the top five news of the 20th century
Caused by multiple reasons, it resulted in multi-dimensional consequences, short term as well as long term
Some of the consequences we are still witnessing even in the 21st century, some may be witnessed by the coming generations
This presentation is an attempt to analyse the causes of this momentous event and assess its far-reaching consequences
The Arab Spring is a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests (both non-violent and violent), riots, and civil wars in the Arab world that began on 18 December 2010 and spread throughout the countries of the Arab League and surroundings.
Muhammad Saud Kharal PhD in Social Science, Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
Internal Conflict
SEC450 Internal Conflict Paper
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Internal Conflict Paper
The Rwanda Genocide began on April 6, 1994 when the Hutus began slaughtering the Tutsis. The history between the Hutus and Tutsis is long and complicated but begins with the usual class conflict. When the African country of Rwanda was settled the people that were considered to be the upper class owned cattle and were known as the Tutsis while anyone who did not own cattle was considered a Hutus. While anyone could become a Tutsis if they married or if they purchased cattle as time went on and Europeans began to settle in the area the meaning of Tutsis and Hutus changed.
In the 1800’s the term Tutsi and Hutus became to take on a racial connotation with Tutsi acting superior to the Hutus even though they only made up a small percentage of the population. In 1894 when the Germans came to Rwanda the Tutsi were put in charge of the country and later when Belgium’s took over the area citizens were require to have identification that stated whether or not they were Tutsi, Twa or Hutu. The Twa are a small tribal group that lived in the area. Even though the Hutus makeup ninety percent of the population of Rwanda, the Tutsi were the ones placed in positions of government leadership while the Hutus were forbidden from holding any leadership position in the country.
The decision to put the Tutsi in charge create a large rebellion in the country causing the Belgium’s to change their decision an instead place the Hutus in charge of the country. The result was years of resentment and conflict between the two different groups of Africans. The genocide began when on April 6, 1994 President Juvénal Habyarimana plane was shot out of the sky by a missile. President Juvénal Habyarimana refused to allow any Tutsi to hold positions in the government but this changed when in 1993 the President decided to allow Tutsi to participate in the government. This angered the Hutus and a Hutus extremist group and many believe they are responsible for firing off the missile.
Despite the fact that the Tutsi did not have access to missiles and would not benefit from the Presidents death they were blamed for shooting down the plane and killing everyone on board. When the President died the Hutus extremists took over the government and ordered the slaughter of all Tutsi. This began a hundred days of slaughter. In the hundred day of slaughter Hutus that make a 90% of the entire population began to slaughter Tutsi with machetes hand out by the new regime (Mitchell, 2007). Hutus went from house to house dragging out Tutsi citizens and murdering them.
Over the next few months the violence spread throughout the country and the Tutsis that did not flee the country were dragged into the street and murdered by Hutus mobs. The mobs would immediately kill the Tutsi men but in many cases they would rape and torture the women before they.
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14. Skulls of those murdered during the Genocide at a memorial at Nayamata Church. WARNING: THE NEXT SLIDE IS VERY GRAPHIC
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16. Now a memorial, this is the corner where 10 Belgian UNIMIR soldiers were murdered.The Belgians were protecting Agathe Uwilingiyimana along with 5 Ghanaian soldiers, but due to mandate were unable to fire at Rebel groups. The Ghanaian soldiers were let go but the Belgains “were castrated, gagged with their own genitalia, and then murdered.” (Scott Peterson (2001). Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda.)
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