Ten stages of Genocide PowerPoint

The Ten Stages ofThe Ten Stages of GenocideGenocide
Dr. Gregory StantonDr. Gregory Stanton
Genocide WatchGenocide Watch
© 2013 Gregory Stanton

What is Genocide?What is Genocide?
 The crime of genocide is defined inThe crime of genocide is defined in
international lawinternational law in thein the Convention onConvention on
the Preventionthe Prevention and Punishment ofand Punishment of
Genocide, adopted by the UN in 1948.Genocide, adopted by the UN in 1948.
 "Article II: In the present Convention,"Article II: In the present Convention,
genocide means any of the following actsgenocide means any of the following acts
committed with intent to destroy, in wholecommitted with intent to destroy, in whole
or in part, a national, ethnical, racial oror in part, a national, ethnical, racial or
religious group, as such:religious group, as such:

(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm
to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group
conditions of life calculated to bring about
its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent
births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the
group to another group.

Article III: The following acts shall be
punishable:
(a) Genocide;
(b) Conspiracy to commit genocide;
(c) Direct and public incitement to
commit genocide;
(d) Attempt to commit genocide;
(e) Complicity in genocide.

•Raphael Lemkin, father of the Genocide
Convention, would also have protected
economic, political, social, and cultural
groups.
•The Soviet Union, its satellites, and
some Latin American countries eliminated
these groups from protection by the
Convention.
•Persecuting or killing these other groups

Genocide succeeds when stateGenocide succeeds when state
sovereignty blocks the internationalsovereignty blocks the international
responsibility to protect citizens ofresponsibility to protect citizens of
genocidal states.genocidal states.
The UN represents states, not peoples,The UN represents states, not peoples,
and it is usually paralyzed by the Perm-and it is usually paralyzed by the Perm-
5 veto.5 veto.
Since founding of UN:Since founding of UN:
Over 55 genocides and politicidesOver 55 genocides and politicides
Over 70 million deadOver 70 million dead

Prevention requires:Prevention requires:
1.Early
warning
2. Rapid
response
3. Courts for
accountability

Genocide continues due to:
•Lack of authoritative international
institutions to predict it
•Lack of ready rapid response forces to stop it
UNAMIR peacekeeper in Rwanda, April 1994

Genocide continues due to:
•Lack of political will to peacefully prevent it
and to forcefully intervene to stop it
UN Security Council votes to withdraw
UNAMIR troops from Rwanda, April 1994

The result has been genocide again and again.The result has been genocide again and again.
Memorial to 800,000 Rwandans murdered,Memorial to 800,000 Rwandans murdered,
April – July, 1994April – July, 1994

The 10 Stages of GenocideThe 10 Stages of Genocide
 Understanding the genocidal process is one of the mostUnderstanding the genocidal process is one of the most
important steps in preventing future genocides.important steps in preventing future genocides.
 The Eight Stages of Genocide were first outlined by Dr.The Eight Stages of Genocide were first outlined by Dr.
Greg Stanton, Department of State: 1996. In 2012,Greg Stanton, Department of State: 1996. In 2012,
Stanton added two stages to refine the model.Stanton added two stages to refine the model.
 The first seven stages are Early Warnings:The first seven stages are Early Warnings:
 ClassificationClassification
 SymbolizationSymbolization
 DiscriminationDiscrimination
 DehumanizationDehumanization
 OrganizationOrganization
 PolarizationPolarization
 PreparationPreparation

Stage 1: ClassificationStage 1: Classification
 ““Us versus them”Us versus them”
 Distinguish by nationality, ethnicity, race, or religionDistinguish by nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion
(Genocide Convention) or by class (Marx) or politics.(Genocide Convention) or by class (Marx) or politics.
 Bipolar societies (Rwanda) most likely to haveBipolar societies (Rwanda) most likely to have
genocide because no way for classifications to fadegenocide because no way for classifications to fade
away through inter-marriage.away through inter-marriage.
 Classification is a primary method of dividingClassification is a primary method of dividing
society and creating a power struggle betweensociety and creating a power struggle between
groups.groups.

Stage 1: Classification (Rwanda)Stage 1: Classification (Rwanda)
Belgian colonialists believed Tutsis were a naturally
superior nobility, descended from the Israelite tribe of
Ham.
Belgians distinguished between Hutus and Tutsis
by nose size, height & eye type. Another indicator
to distinguish Hutu farmers from Tutsi pastoralists
was the number of cattle owned.

Prevention:Prevention:
Transcend ClassificationTranscend Classification
 Promote common identities (national,Promote common identities (national,
religious, human.)religious, human.)
 Use common languages (Swahili inUse common languages (Swahili in
Tanzania, science, music, sports.)Tanzania, science, music, sports.)
 Actively oppose racist and divisiveActively oppose racist and divisive
politicians and parties.politicians and parties.

Stage 2: SymbolizationStage 2: Symbolization
 Names: German v. Jew; Hutu v. Tutsi v. Twa.
 Languages: Turkish v. Armenian; Urdu v. Bengali
Clothing: Arab v. Kurdish, German v. Herero.
Group uniforms: Self- adopted: Swastika armbands
Colors and religious symbols:
•Yellow star for Jews
•Blue checked scarf Eastern Zone in Cambodia

Symbolization (Cambodia)Symbolization (Cambodia)
 People in thePeople in the
Eastern Zone, nearEastern Zone, near
Vietnam, wereVietnam, were
accused of havingaccused of having
“Khmer bodies, but“Khmer bodies, but
Vietnamese heads.”Vietnamese heads.”
 They were deportedThey were deported
to other areas to beto other areas to be
worked to death.worked to death.
 They were markedThey were marked
with a blue andwith a blue and
white checked scarfwhite checked scarf
(Kroma)(Kroma)

Stage 2: Symbolization (Rwanda)Stage 2: Symbolization (Rwanda)
“Ethnicity” was noted on ID cards by Belgian Authorities in 1933.
Tutsis were given preference to education programs and priesthood.
.
1959 independence:,preferences reversed. Hutus favored.
ID cards used to distinguish Tutsis from Hutus in 1994 genocide.

Symbolization (Nazi Germany)Symbolization (Nazi Germany)
Nazis required the yellow Star of David emblem to
be worn by nearly all Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe
by 1941. Bulgaria and Denmark resisted.

Prevention: SymbolizationPrevention: Symbolization
 Get ethnic, religious, racial, andGet ethnic, religious, racial, and
national identities removed from IDnational identities removed from ID
cards, passports.cards, passports.
 Protest imposition of marking symbolsProtest imposition of marking symbols
on targeted groups (yellow cloth onon targeted groups (yellow cloth on
Hindus in Taliban Afghanistan).Hindus in Taliban Afghanistan).
 Protest negative or racist words forProtest negative or racist words for
groups (groups (“niggers, kaffirs,” etc.) Work to“niggers, kaffirs,” etc.) Work to
make them culturally unacceptable.make them culturally unacceptable.

Stage 3: DiscriminationStage 3: Discrimination
 Segregation; apartheidSegregation; apartheid: Separate groups: Separate groups
in housing, schools, transport, and eatingin housing, schools, transport, and eating
places.places.
 Prohibit votingProhibit voting by members of victimby members of victim
group.group.
 Fire group from professionsFire group from professions. [Nazis fired. [Nazis fired
Jew professors & civil servants 1933.]Jew professors & civil servants 1933.]
 RequireRequire “passes” to travel“passes” to travel. Hunt and. Hunt and
arrest “undocumented aliens.”arrest “undocumented aliens.”

Stage 3: DiscriminationStage 3: Discrimination
Boycott businesses of victimsBoycott businesses of victims
Nazis bar entrance to Jewish businessNazis bar entrance to Jewish business

Prevention of DiscriminationPrevention of Discrimination
 Take discriminatory categories off ID cards.Take discriminatory categories off ID cards.
 Outlaw discrimination based on race, religion,Outlaw discrimination based on race, religion,
ethnicity, nationality, gender; class; party. [Civilethnicity, nationality, gender; class; party. [Civil
rights act of 1964]rights act of 1964]
 Pass laws protecting universal voting rights. [19Pass laws protecting universal voting rights. [19thth
Amendment (women); 1924 Indian CitizenshipAmendment (women); 1924 Indian Citizenship
Act; 1966 Voting Rights Act]Act; 1966 Voting Rights Act]
 Make anti-discrimination laws enforceable inMake anti-discrimination laws enforceable in
independent courts by private parties.independent courts by private parties.

Stage 4: DehumanizationStage 4: Dehumanization
 One group denies the humanity of another group, andOne group denies the humanity of another group, and
makes the victim group seem subhuman.makes the victim group seem subhuman.
 Dehumanization overcomes the normal humanDehumanization overcomes the normal human
revulsion against murder.revulsion against murder.
.Kangura Newspaper, Rwanda:
“The Solution for Tutsi
Cockroaches”
Der Stürmer Nazi Newspaper:
“The Blood Flows; The Jew Grins”

Stage 4: DehumanizationStage 4: Dehumanization
 Blame stagedBlame staged
attacks on targetedattacks on targeted
“traitors.”“traitors.”
The Reichstag fireThe Reichstag fire
was blamed onwas blamed on
Jewish CommunistsJewish Communists
in 1933.in 1933.
 Attack culturalAttack cultural
centers of targetedcenters of targeted
groups.groups.
Kristalnacht 1938:Kristalnacht 1938:
synagogues weresynagogues were
burned.burned.

Tactics of DehumanizationTactics of Dehumanization
 HateHate propaganda inpropaganda in speechesspeeches,, printprint and onand on hatehate
radioradio..
 Victim group is described asVictim group is described as animals, vermin,animals, vermin,
andand diseasesdiseases. Hate radio, Rwandan genocide,. Hate radio, Rwandan genocide,
1994:1994: “Kill the“Kill the cockroachescockroaches..” “If this” “If this diseasedisease isis
not treated immediately, it will destroy all thenot treated immediately, it will destroy all the
Hutu.”Hutu.”
 SuperioritySuperiority ofof “us”;“us”; inferiorityinferiority of the “other.”of the “other.”
 EuphemismsEuphemisms hide horror:hide horror: ““ethnic cleansingethnic cleansing,”,”
or “or “purificationpurification.”.”

Prevention ofPrevention of
DehumanizationDehumanization Vigorously protest use of dehumanizingVigorously protest use of dehumanizing
words that refer to people aswords that refer to people as “filth,”“filth,”
“vermin,” animals or diseases. Deny people“vermin,” animals or diseases. Deny people
using such words visas and freeze theirusing such words visas and freeze their
foreign assets and contributions.foreign assets and contributions.
 Prosecute hate crimes andProsecute hate crimes and
incitements to commit genocide.incitements to commit genocide.
 Jam or shut down hate radio andJam or shut down hate radio and
television stations where there istelevision stations where there is
danger of genocide.danger of genocide.

Prevention: HumanizationPrevention: Humanization
PromotePromote positive prevention by humanizingpositive prevention by humanizing thethe
“others”:“others”:
 Provide programs for tolerance to radio, TV,Provide programs for tolerance to radio, TV,
and newspapers.and newspapers.
 Enlist religious and political leaders to speakEnlist religious and political leaders to speak
out and educate for tolerance.out and educate for tolerance.
 Organize inter-ethnic, interfaith, and inter-Organize inter-ethnic, interfaith, and inter-
racial groups to work against hatred.racial groups to work against hatred.
 Build local anti-genocide alliances.Build local anti-genocide alliances.

Stage 5: OrganizationStage 5: Organization
 Genocide is aGenocide is a groupgroup crime, so must becrime, so must be organizedorganized..
 The state usually organizes, arms and financially supports theThe state usually organizes, arms and financially supports the
groups that conduct the genocidal massacres. (Stategroups that conduct the genocidal massacres. (State
organization is not a legal requirement --Indian partition.)organization is not a legal requirement --Indian partition.)
 Plans are made by elites for aPlans are made by elites for a “final solution.”“final solution.”

Stage 5: Organization (Rwanda)Stage 5: Organization (Rwanda)
 ““Hutu Power” elitesHutu Power” elites
armed youth militiasarmed youth militias
calledcalled InterahamweInterahamwe
("Those Who Stand("Those Who Stand
Together”).Together”).
 Government and HutuGovernment and Hutu
Power businessmenPower businessmen
provided militias withprovided militias with
500,000 machetes and500,000 machetes and
training camps totraining camps to
“protect their villages”“protect their villages”
by exterminating everyby exterminating every
Tutsi.Tutsi.

Prevention: OrganizationPrevention: Organization
 Treat genocidal groups as theTreat genocidal groups as the
organized crime groups they are. Makeorganized crime groups they are. Make
membership in them illegal andmembership in them illegal and
demand that their leaders be arrested.demand that their leaders be arrested.
 Deny visas to leaders of hate groupsDeny visas to leaders of hate groups
and freeze their foreign assets.and freeze their foreign assets.
 Impose arms embargoes on hateImpose arms embargoes on hate
groups and governments supportinggroups and governments supporting
ethnic or religious hatred. Createethnic or religious hatred. Create
commissions to enforce such armscommissions to enforce such arms
embargoes and arrest arms merchants.embargoes and arrest arms merchants.

Stage 6: PolarizationStage 6: Polarization
 Extremists drive groups apart.Extremists drive groups apart.
 Hate groups broadcast and print polarizing propaganda.Hate groups broadcast and print polarizing propaganda.
 Laws are passed thatLaws are passed that forbid intermarriageforbid intermarriage or socialor social
interaction.interaction.
 Moderates are silenced, intimidated, and assassinated.Moderates are silenced, intimidated, and assassinated.
•Public
demonstrations were
organized against
Jewish merchants.
• Moderate German
dissenters were the
first to be arrested
and sent to
concentration camps.

Prevention: De-polarizationPrevention: De-polarization
 Vigorously protest laws or policies that segregate orVigorously protest laws or policies that segregate or
marginalize groups, or that deprive whole groups ofmarginalize groups, or that deprive whole groups of
citizenship rights. [Nazi Nuremberg Laws; Apartheidcitizenship rights. [Nazi Nuremberg Laws; Apartheid
“bantustans”; ““bantustans”; “IvoirizationIvoirization.].]
 Physically protect moderate leaders, by use ofPhysically protect moderate leaders, by use of
armed guards and armored vehicles. [Burundi]armed guards and armored vehicles. [Burundi]
 Demand the release of moderate leaders if they areDemand the release of moderate leaders if they are
arrested. Demand and conduct investigations if theyarrested. Demand and conduct investigations if they
are murdered. [Amnesty International]are murdered. [Amnesty International]
 Oppose coups dOppose coups d’état by extremists.’état by extremists.

Stage 7: Preparation:Stage 7: Preparation:
Planning (Conspiracy)Planning (Conspiracy)
Wannsee House, Berlin where Nazi leaders, Heydrich &Wannsee House, Berlin where Nazi leaders, Heydrich &
Eichmann plannedEichmann planned “the Final Solution to the Jewish“the Final Solution to the Jewish
Question.” 20 January 1942Question.” 20 January 1942

Stage 7: PreparationStage 7: Preparation
IdentificationIdentification (Nazi Germany)(Nazi Germany)
Force members of victim groups to wearForce members of victim groups to wear
identifying symbols.identifying symbols.

 Nazis requiredNazis required
the yellow Star ofthe yellow Star of
David emblem toDavid emblem to
be worn by nearlybe worn by nearly
all Jews in Nazi-all Jews in Nazi-
occupied Europeoccupied Europe
by 1941.by 1941.
 Bulgaria andBulgaria and
DenmarkDenmark
resisted.resisted.

Military buildupMilitary buildup
 Build militaryBuild military
machine, trainmachine, train
militias, stockpilemilitias, stockpile
weapons, andweapons, and
distribute them todistribute them to
killers.killers.

Prevention: PreparationPrevention: Preparation
 With evidence of arms shipments and militiaWith evidence of arms shipments and militia
training, and planned killings, a Genocidetraining, and planned killings, a Genocide
Alert™ should be declared.Alert™ should be declared.
 UN Security Council should warn it will actUN Security Council should warn it will act
only ifonly if itit reallyreally intends to take forceful action.intends to take forceful action.
 World leaders must warn potentialWorld leaders must warn potential
perpetrators they will be tried for theirperpetrators they will be tried for their
crimes.crimes.
 Humanitarian relief should be prepared.Humanitarian relief should be prepared.
 Regional military intervention forcesRegional military intervention forces shouldshould
be organized, including logistics andbe organized, including logistics and
financing.financing.

Stage 8: PersecutionStage 8: Persecution
 Separate victimsSeparate victims
because of theirbecause of their
ethnic orethnic or
religious identity.religious identity.
 ExpropriateExpropriate
property of victimproperty of victim
group.group.

Stage 8: PersecutionStage 8: Persecution
 Forcibly displaceForcibly displace
victims from theirvictims from their
homes.homes.
 Force them intoForce them into
ghettos – Polandghettos – Poland
1939 – 1942 or1939 – 1942 or
deserts Armeniadeserts Armenia
1915; Darfur 20031915; Darfur 2003

Stage 9: ExterminationStage 9: Extermination
(Genocide, Politicide, Mass Murder)(Genocide, Politicide, Mass Murder)
 Extermination begins,Extermination begins,
and becomes theand becomes the
mass killing legallymass killing legally
called "called "genocidegenocide" or" or
“politicide.”“politicide.”
 Most genocide isMost genocide is
committed bycommitted by
governments.governments.
Einsatzgrupen: Nazi Killing Squads

Extermination (Genocide)Extermination (Genocide)
 Although most genocideAlthough most genocide
is sponsored andis sponsored and
financed by the state, thefinanced by the state, the
armed forces often workarmed forces often work
with local militias.with local militias.
Rwandan militia killing squads
Nazi killing squad working with
local militia

Extermination (Genocide)Extermination (Genocide)
Roma (Gypsies) in a
Nazi death camp
•The killing is
“extermination” to
the killers because
they do not believe
the victims are fully
human. They are
“cleansing” the
society of impurities,
disease, animals,
vermin,
“cockroaches,” or
enemies.

Jewish women massacred , Mizocz, Ukraine 1942Jewish women massacred , Mizocz, Ukraine 1942

SS finishing massacre, Mizocz, Ukraine, 1942SS finishing massacre, Mizocz, Ukraine, 1942

Stage 9:Stage 9:
ExterminationExtermination
SSSS
EinsatzgrupenEinsatzgrupen
CommandoCommando
shootsshoots
last Jew leftlast Jew left
alive in Vinica,alive in Vinica,
Ukraine, 1942Ukraine, 1942

Stage 9: Extermination:Stage 9: Extermination:
Mechanized MassacreMechanized Massacre
 Build exterminationBuild extermination
camps – Auschwitz-camps – Auschwitz-
Birkenau .Birkenau .
 Call themCall them “labor“labor
camps.”camps.”
 Transport victims toTransport victims to
camps, kill, andcamps, kill, and
cremate them.cremate them.

Buchenwald Death Camp CrematoriaBuchenwald Death Camp Crematoria

Extermination:Extermination:
How to Stop the GenocideHow to Stop the Genocide
 Intervention by a regional army should beIntervention by a regional army should be
organized to drive the genocidists out oforganized to drive the genocidists out of
power.power.
 The UN Security Council should authorizeThe UN Security Council should authorize
armed intervention by regional militaryarmed intervention by regional military
forces under Chapter Seven of the UNforces under Chapter Seven of the UN
Charter.Charter.
 If UN Security Council is paralyzed, the UNIf UN Security Council is paralyzed, the UN
General Assembly or regional forces mayGeneral Assembly or regional forces may
authorize intervention. UNGA Res. 377 (1950)authorize intervention. UNGA Res. 377 (1950)

Intervention to Stop GenocideIntervention to Stop Genocide
 The Mandate must include protectionThe Mandate must include protection
of civilians and humanitarian workersof civilians and humanitarian workers
and a No Fly Zone.and a No Fly Zone.
 The Rules of Engagement mustThe Rules of Engagement must
include prevention of killing not justinclude prevention of killing not just
in self-defense, but of all civilians.in self-defense, but of all civilians.
 The major military powers mustThe major military powers must
provide leadership, logistics, airlift,provide leadership, logistics, airlift,
communications, and financing.communications, and financing.

Stage 10: DenialStage 10: Denial
 Denial occurs during and after genocide.Denial occurs during and after genocide.
 Continuing denial triples probability ofContinuing denial triples probability of
further genocide.further genocide.
 Denial extends crime of genocide to futureDenial extends crime of genocide to future
generations of victims. It is a continuationgenerations of victims. It is a continuation
of the intent to destroy the group.of the intent to destroy the group.
 The tactics of denial are predictable.The tactics of denial are predictable.

Stage 10: Tactics of DenialStage 10: Tactics of Denial
 Attack the truth tellers. They committed crimes.Attack the truth tellers. They committed crimes.
 Deny or minimize the evidence or numbers.Deny or minimize the evidence or numbers.
 Deny genocidal intent. Blame natural forces.Deny genocidal intent. Blame natural forces.
 Blame civil or international war.Blame civil or international war.
 Blame the victims – a disloyal minority.Blame the victims – a disloyal minority.
 Deny facts fit legal definition of genocide.Deny facts fit legal definition of genocide.
 Claim of genocide would harmClaim of genocide would harm “peace process.”“peace process.”
 Claim of genocide would harm current interests.Claim of genocide would harm current interests.

Prevention of DenialPrevention of Denial
 Arrest and try perpetrators of genocide inArrest and try perpetrators of genocide in
international, domestic, or mixed courts.international, domestic, or mixed courts.
 Create truth commissions to document the factsCreate truth commissions to document the facts
about the genocide and publish them.about the genocide and publish them.
 Hold public truth and reconciliation forums forHold public truth and reconciliation forums for
neighbors to confess and apologize.neighbors to confess and apologize.
 Incorporate education about the genocide in theIncorporate education about the genocide in the
curriculum of every secondary school.curriculum of every secondary school.
 Make films and radio programs for the public.Make films and radio programs for the public.

Prevention needs Political WillPrevention needs Political Will
 We need anWe need an international mass movement tointernational mass movement to endend
genocidegenocide..
 Organize civil society and human rights groups.Organize civil society and human rights groups.
 Mobilize religious leaders of churches, mosques,Mobilize religious leaders of churches, mosques,
synagogues, and temples.synagogues, and temples.
 Put genocide education in curricula of everyPut genocide education in curricula of every
secondary school and university in the world.secondary school and university in the world.
 Hold political leaders accountable. If they fail toHold political leaders accountable. If they fail to
act to stop genocide, vote them out of office.act to stop genocide, vote them out of office.

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