Very few of us know that 73% of the rape victims know the rapists. Moreover, 40% of rapes happen at victim’s home and 20% occur in the homes of familiar people.
It turned out that most of us have no idea about the effective precautions needed to protect ourselves from the traumatic experience, because we expect danger from a wrong source. A widespread belief is that one should expect a rapist to sit in the bushes in the park late at night, while the reality is different.
My colleague Paulina Grzelak and I were astonished while exploring this topic, as we were quite oblivious to the real situation as well. Therefore, we decided to make a small questionnaire and ask people what they think about rape.
This presentation begins with the analysis of what makes a person become a rapist, which is followed by the comparison of the results of the questionnaire with real data.
I would be grateful if you shared this presentation as many people need this knowledge.
I also want to add that most figures we present come from the States where definition of rape and social situation may differ from ours. Hence, comparing data from the U.S. with opinions from Poland and Ukraine may seem improper. For instance, being forced into sexual contact by husband may not even be recognized as rape in Ukraine, “because it’s his natural right”. And even if a wife admits this fact, social welfare system (which does not exist here, let’s face it) leaves her no option apart from remaining silent, while in the U.S. rape victims are less dependent on family members. Therefore, one has to approach the statistics carefully. Still, we believe that using American data can be justified by the fact that they explore the subject more than any other country.
Ruling out rape: understanding and ending the campus sexual assault epidemicPeachy Essay
Sexual assault is epidemic in the United States. Recent media
reports, public outrage, and activism have been focused on the
institutional settings in which these assaults occur. Colleges
and universities, as well as the military and athletic programs,
have come under increasing scrutiny as settings that not only fail to deter, but possibly foster rape.
Framing rape culture: Media coverage of sexual assault in the United States a...Shelley Blundell
Media framing of sexual assault influences public perception of the crime. To date, most media coverage of sexual assault places the victim at the center of his or her victimization, and often implies that the victim was complicit in his/her own victimization. Facts-based, unbiased media coverage has the ability to both change public perception and influence public policy. Media coverage examples from both the United States and South Africa are compared and contrasted to support the latter statement.
Jess Alder (Program Director, Start Strong, Boston Public Health Commission), Nicole Daley (Director of Evaluation and Engagement, One Love Foundation), and Emily F. Rothman, ScD (Professor, Boston University School of Public Health) delved into the topic of whether porn use is a public health problem and highlighted a curriculum they developed for teens to discuss porn, healthy relationships, and sexual violence.
Ruling out rape: understanding and ending the campus sexual assault epidemicPeachy Essay
Sexual assault is epidemic in the United States. Recent media
reports, public outrage, and activism have been focused on the
institutional settings in which these assaults occur. Colleges
and universities, as well as the military and athletic programs,
have come under increasing scrutiny as settings that not only fail to deter, but possibly foster rape.
Framing rape culture: Media coverage of sexual assault in the United States a...Shelley Blundell
Media framing of sexual assault influences public perception of the crime. To date, most media coverage of sexual assault places the victim at the center of his or her victimization, and often implies that the victim was complicit in his/her own victimization. Facts-based, unbiased media coverage has the ability to both change public perception and influence public policy. Media coverage examples from both the United States and South Africa are compared and contrasted to support the latter statement.
Jess Alder (Program Director, Start Strong, Boston Public Health Commission), Nicole Daley (Director of Evaluation and Engagement, One Love Foundation), and Emily F. Rothman, ScD (Professor, Boston University School of Public Health) delved into the topic of whether porn use is a public health problem and highlighted a curriculum they developed for teens to discuss porn, healthy relationships, and sexual violence.
Bad bad teacher! How judicial lenience, cultural ignorance, and media hype have inevitably lead to lighter sentences, underreporting and glamorization of female sex offenders - By: Stephanie S. Reidlinger
A short presentation on the phenomenon Rape Culture, Myth or Reality. Victims prefer to remain silent for a number of reasons. The silent chorus (society) helps to perpetuate the myths in many instances. How does one begin to address the challenges encountered?
Bad bad teacher! How judicial lenience, cultural ignorance, and media hype have inevitably lead to lighter sentences, underreporting and glamorization of female sex offenders - By: Stephanie S. Reidlinger
A short presentation on the phenomenon Rape Culture, Myth or Reality. Victims prefer to remain silent for a number of reasons. The silent chorus (society) helps to perpetuate the myths in many instances. How does one begin to address the challenges encountered?
Sexual violence occurs throughout the world Available data suggest
that in some countries nearly one in four women may experience
sexual violence by an intimate partner and up to one third of
adolescent girls report their first sexual experience as being forced
Sexual violence has a profound impact on physical and mental health
As well as causing physical injury, it is associated with an increased
risk of a range of sexual and reproductive health problems, with both
immediate and long term consequences
Presented by
John Lynch, Yamhill Co. Juv. Dept.
SUPERVISION & TREATMENT
OF SEXUAL OFFENDERS
1
Almost every hand you’ve shaken has touched a penis.
THINK ABOUT THIS
FOR A SECOND…
To gain knowledge regarding the broad range of considerations when supervising offenders who have committed sexual offenses and to examine effective intervention strategies.
LEARNING GOAL
Myths about sex offenders
Common characteristics of sex offenders
Sexual offense recidivism rates
Risk factors that are/are not associated
with recidivism
Common tactics of sex offenders
WE WILL COVER…
“Success-oriented” supervision model
The importance of communication
Specialized supervision conditions and
success-oriented goals
How to respond to violations
WE WILL COVER…
Effective interventions
Common treatment goals
Use of the polygraph
Doing your job better & reducing your
stress
WE WILL COVER…
SEX OFFENDER VERSION
7
Most sexual offenses are committed by strangers.
Most sexual offenses are committed by someone known to the victim or victim’s family, regardless if the victim is a child or an adult.
Approximately 60% of boys and 80% of girls who are sexually victimized are abused by someone known to the child or the child’s family.
From 2005 to 2010, 78% of sexual violence involved an offender who was a family member, intimate partner, friend, or acquaintance.
Debunking the Myths
Bullet 2 – (60% boys / 80% girls) is from Lieb, Quinsey, and Berliner, 1998.
In a 2009 study conducted by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 13,471 juvenile sex offender cases were evaluated which revealed that in 88.2% of reported incidents, the victim was either a family member or acquaintance.
Only 2.5% involved a victim who was considered a stranger to the offender.
Victim Relationship
Rape and sexual assault victimizations against females by victim-offender relationship
1994–1998, 1999–2004, and 2005–2010Victim-Offender Relationship1994-19981999-20042005-2010Stranger
Non-stranger21%
79%25%
75%22%
78%Intimate Partner
(includes former spouse, BF, GF)28%30%34%Relative9%3%6%Acquaintance42%42%38%
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 1994–2010.
Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010 (March 2013). Special report published by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Sexual offense rates are higher than ever and continue to climb.
Despite the increase in publicity about sexual crimes, from 1995 to 2010, the estimated annual rate of female (age 12 or older) rape or sexual assault victimizations has declined 58%.
Debunking the Myths
Only a fraction of those who commit sexual offenses are apprehended and convicted for their crimes.
Debunking the Myths
Debunking the Myths
This figure taken from the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) website, acces.
Research Review The Impact of DomesticViolence on Children.docxdebishakespeare
Research Review: The Impact of Domestic
Violence on Children
Dr John Devaney1
Summary: This paper reviews the research on the prevalence and impact of
domestic violence on children, and considers how professionals should respond to
children’s needs to best provide support and ensure their safety.
Keywords: domestic violence, impact on children, child abuse, coping mechanisms,
brain development, toxic stress, interventions, child protection.
Introduction
Domestic violence is a significant problem for those whose life is affected
by this issue, the social, health and criminal justice agencies that respond
to it, and wider society that must bear the costs. Whilst domestic violence
is not a new phenomenon, the past thirty years has seen increas-
ing public awareness and a growing political consensus that something
needs to be done, even if what should be done is less clear (Holt and
Devaney, 2015). Over time our understanding about the presentation,
dynamics and impact of domestic violence has developed, resulting in the
need to define what is it that society needs to tackle. This, however, has
not been a trouble free endeavour, with definitions and understanding of
violence varying across research studies, regions and cultural settings
(European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2014). In Northern
Ireland domestic violence (also referred to as domestic abuse or intimate
partner violence in the literature) has been defined as:
Threatening, controlling, coercive behaviour, violence or abuse
(psychological, physical, verbal, sexual, financial or emotional) inflicted
79
IRISH PROBATION JOURNAL Volume 12, October 2015
1 John Devaney, PhD. is a senior lecturer in social work in the School of Sociology, Social Policy
and Social Work at Queen’s University Belfast. Email [email protected]
IPJ Vol 12cl revised_IPJ 21/09/2015 15:10 Page 79
on anyone (irrespective of age, ethnicity, religion, gender or sexual
orientation) by a current or former intimate partner or family member.
(Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety and
Department of Justice, 2013)
In a British Crime Survey it was reported that half of those who suffered
domestic violence in the previous year were living with a child aged
sixteen years or younger (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). Within the United
Kingdom it is estimated that up to one million children have been
exposed to domestic violence (UNICEF, 2006). Yet in spite of these
stark statistics there has been, until recently, a systemic failure by public
agencies to appreciate that the presence of domestic violence should be
an indicator of the importance of assessing the needs of children to both
support and protection when living in the same household as the victim.
This article seeks to summarise the key messages from the research
literature on the prevalence and impact of domestic violence on children,
and to draw some conclusions about how professionals should respond
to children’s needs for safety and suppo ...
This article co-written by Dr. Robert J. Winn which aims to quantify the number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Philadelphia who report to be victims of domestic violence.
This is the presentation I am giving today (6.19.2014) at Ft. Huachuca (home of U.S. Army Intelligence Center) on male survivors of sexual abuse (including military rape).
4.1AssignmentDiscussion Public MisconceptionsOne misc.docxpriestmanmable
4.1
Assignment
Discussion: Public Misconceptions
One misconception about rape is that women who dress provocatively were “asking for it.” According to Rape Victim Advocates (RVA), rape is a crime of power and control, so how a woman dresses is irrelevant. Can you think of other public misconceptions that lead to “victim blaming”?
In a minimum of
150 words
, describe some of the public misconceptions regarding sexual assault you may have heard. Describe the concept of “victim blaming.” Why are victims of sexual assault more likely to experience blame than victims of other crimes? Compare at least two countries and note any differences.
READING MATERIAL
Rape Victim Advocates. (n.d.). Sexual violence myths and facts. Retrieved June 6, 2018, from https://www.rapevictimadvocates.org/what-you-need-to-know/myths-and-facts/
Sexual Violence Myths & Facts
There is a lot of information that circulates about sexual violence and the people affected by it. The following myths are common and can impact survivors of assault or abuse, as well as the behavior and effectiveness of friends, family, medical, social service and law enforcement personnel. This sheet will help clarify some of the most common myths.
Myth: Sexual assault is an act of lust and passion that can’t be controlled.
Fact: Sexual assault is about power and control and is not motivated by sexual gratification.[1]
Myth: If a victim of sexual assault does not fight back, they must have thought the assault was not that bad or they wanted it.
Fact: Many survivors experience tonic immobility or a “freeze response” during an assault where they physically cannot move or speak.[2]
Myth: A lot of victims lie about being raped or give false reports.
Fact: Only 2-8% of rapes are falsely reported, the same percentage as for other felonies.[3]
Myth: A person cannot sexually assault their partner or spouse.
Fact: Nearly 1 in 10 women have experienced rape by an
intimate partner
in their lifetime.[4]
Myth: Sexual assaults most often occur in public or outdoors.
Fact: 55% of rape or sexual assault victimizations occur at or near the victim’s home, and 12% occur at or near the home of a friend, relative, or acquaintance.[5]
Myth: Rape does not happen that often.
Fact: There is an average of 293,066 victims ages 12 or older of rape and sexual assault each year in the U.S. This means 1 sexual assault occurs every 107 seconds.[6]
Myth: People that have been sexually assaulted will be hysterical and crying.
Fact: Everyone responds differently to trauma- some may laugh, some may cry, and others will not show any emotions.[7]
Myth: Men are not victims of sexual violence.
Fact: 1.5% of all men have been raped and 47% of bisexual men have experienced some form of unwanted sexual contact in their lifetime.4
Myth: Wearing revealing clothing, behaving provocatively, or drinking a lot means the victim was “asking for it”.
Fact: The perpetrator selects the victim- the victim’s behavio.
Rape Victims Are A Class Of Persons Often Defined By Gender Medical ...MedicalWhistleblower
Every two minutes, somewhere in America, someone is sexually assaulted. One out of every six American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in her lifetime. Only one in 50 women who have been raped reports the crime to the police.
Although both women and men may be victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking, women are the victims of the vast majority of these crimes. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, more than 85% of violent victimizations by intimate partners between 1993 and 1998 were perpetrated against women. Women are between 13 and 14 times more likely than men to be raped or sexually assaulted; for instance, in 1994, 93% of sexual assaults were perpetrated against women. Four of five stalking victims are women. Data on male victimization do not show that males experience comparable victimizations and injury levels, do not account for women who act in self defense, and do not measure financial control, intimidation, and isolation used by perpetrators of domestic violence against women.
The gender issue is foremost in sexual assault issues, and is usually background in general victimization. The unique cultural bias and shaming that accompanies rape cases needs its own focused opposition. The history of rape law is a history of the law used as a tool to protect rapists, rather than the raped. The anti-rape movement confronts, as it must, the cultural myths that uniquely exist in the context of rape. Manipulation of these myths, along with humiliation and victim blaming, are typical informal defenses to rape charges. Blaming victims in rape cases may be an effective means to secure acquittal. In contrast, blaming a robbery victim is typically ineffective because robbery is unaccompanied by the same pernicious cultural myths. The nature of stigma and abuse in rape cases is profound and unique, a criminal process that mistreats and excludes other types of victims also inflicts secondary victimization.
In 2002, there were 247,730 victims of rape, attempted rape or sexual assault. One out of every six American women have been the victims of an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime (14.8% completed rape; 2.8% attempted rape). A total of 17.7 million women have been victims of these crimes. In 2002, one in every eight rape victims were male. 93% of juvenile sexual assault victims knew their attacker; 34.2% were family members and 58.7% acquaintances. Only seven percent of the perpetrators were strangers to the victim.
One of the most startling aspects of sex crimes is how many go unreported. The most common reasons given by victims for not reporting these crimes are the belief that it is a private or personal matter and that they fear reprisal from the assailant.
• In 2001, only 39% of rapes and sexual assaults were reported to law enforcement officials — about one in every three. [1999 NCVS]
• Approximately 66% of rape victims know their assailant.
• Approximately 48% of victims are raped by a friend or acquaintance; 30% by a stranger; 16% by an intimate; 2% by another relative; and in 4% of cases the relationship is unknown.
• About four out of ten sexual assaults take place at the victim’s own home. More than half of all rape/sexual assault incidents were reported by victims to have occurred within one mile of their home or at their home.
• In one study, 98% of males who raped boys reported that they were heterosexual.
• Rapists are more likely to be serial criminals than serial rapists. In one study, 46% of rapists who were released from prison were rearrested within 3 years of their release for another crime -- 18.6% for a violent offense, 14.8% for a property offense, 11.2% for a drug offense and 20.5% for a public-order offense.
• 61% of rapes/sexual assaults are not reported to the police. Those rapists, of course, never serve a day in prison.
So, even in the 39% of attacks that are reported to police, there is onl
Domestic violence is on the rise among teenager couples and being less reported by young women. Bullying in school is a good indicator for later acceptance of domestic violence
Until recently, it was possible to condemn criminologists both for their near silence on women and criminal law, and for their sexism when they did speak. The most recent wave of feminism has witnessed two seemingly contradictory developments in theories of women and crime. First, femi-nism has kindled interest in women's studies in various academic disci-plines. Criminology has been no exception: the sexist treatment of women victims and offenders by police and other criminal justice officials, the sex-ism of traditional theories of crime, and the concept of victimless crimes have all been under attack.' But, there have also been arguments that women's crime has increased as a result of the women's liberation movement. This belief has been called "the most powerful and widely held ... concerning the topic of female criminality," and its impact has been felt by women offenders being pun-ished for their supposed acts of liberation.' Feminist criminologists now must do more than denounce mainstream criminology for its failure to ac-knowledge the significance of female crime. It is not enough simply to resurrect the neglected female offender. We must transcend the traditional boundaries of criminology and examine the role of the state and the law in reinforcing the position of women in contemporary society.
Similar to What do we_know_about_sexual_abuse (19)
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. What do we know
about sexual abuse?
Kateryna Kolnogorova
Paulina Grzelak
SWPS, University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw
2. Contents
• Statistics on sexual violence
• Characteristics of sexual abusers
• Study: What people know about rapists and rape
3. Sexual violence (WHO) — any sexual act,
attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual
comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or
otherwise directed, against a person’s sexuality
using coercion, by any person regardless of their
relationship to the victim, in any setting, including
but not limited to home and work.
(Krug, Dahlberg, Mercy, Zwi, & Lozano, 2002)
4. In some countries (see the WHO report)
1 in 4 women may experience sexual violence
by an intimate partner
1 in 3 of adolescent girls are being forced into
their first sexual experience
(For detailed info see full WHO report — Krug et al. 2002)
Sexual assault, lifetime
6. (F.B.I. Report.Crime in the United States, 2013) (UNODC report, 2014)
Ukraine
2010
Poland
2012
Reported cases during 1 year
1 sexual assault per 4000 peopleUSA
2013
1 sexual assault per 13 883 people
1 sexual assault per 34 028 people
7. Possible reasons of
low reporting rate
Ukrainian and Polish victims of sexual violence:
• Some don’t consider the incidents as sexual
violence.
• Some don’t trust the police.
• Of course, there can also be lower rates of
sexual abuse in Ukraine and Poland, although
a tendency for more prosperous countries to
have higher rates of sexual abuse seems to
contradict common sense. We found no data
to explore the question deeper.
9. Factors increasing men’s risk of
committing sexual abuse
• substances
• fantasies
• impulsiveness
• antisocial
• hostility towards
women
• abused as a child
• witnessed family
violence as a child
Individual Relationship Community Societal
• violent peers
• violent family
• patriarchic family
• unsupportive
family
• honor above safety
in family
• poverty
• unemployment
• lack of police
control
• tolerance to sexual
assault in
community
• weak sanctions
• norms support
sexual violence
• norms support
male superiority
and entitlement
• weak laws
• high level of crime
(Krug et al. 2002)
10. …it’s not just one thing that leads up to sex
offenses, it’s a series of decisions and
positions that the offender was in that led to
this point
«
»
Factors
Dr. Tracy Dawyduk
(Inside the Mind of a Sex Offender, www.portagepath.org)
11. (Abel, Gore, Holland, Camp, Becker, & Rathner, 1989; Bumby, 1996; Hanson, Gizzarelli, & Scott, 1994 in CSOM)
• Acts were insignificant
• No violation of somebody’s will
• Victim enjoyed a sexual contact
Cognitive Distortions
12. 1 (Bumby, 2000; Marshall, 1989; Seidman, Marshall, Hudson, & Robertson,1994; Ward, Hudson, Marshall, & Seigert, 1995 in CSOM)
• Communication problems
• Socially isolated
• Have problems in establishing and maintaining any
love relationships1
Or
• Most rape offenders are married or have a partner2
Social and interpersonal skills
2 (State of California Department of Justice, Megan's Law)
13. (Vachon, Lynam, Johnson, 2014)
• Deficit in empathy to the victim
• But may be empathic in general
Empathy
14. (Marshall, 1996 in CSOM)
• May be a factor
• Promoted by movies
• Doesn’t cause sexual offending in most people
History of maltreatment
15. (Elsegood and Duff (2010)
For child molesters:
• Bad at recognizing emotions of adults
• Recognize children’s emotions on the level of other people
=> adults = danger
Emotional incongruence
16. Intoxication
1 in 3 sexual assaults perpetrators was
intoxicated — 30% with alcohol, 4% with drugs.
(RAINN, USA data)
18. To explore how realistic the ideas
of people about rapists are
Aim
19. 32 women, 8 men
Age: M = 24, SD = 7.6
Nationalities:
• Polish: 22
• Ukrainian: 6
• Belarussian: 4
• and 1 from each: Finland, Norway, USA, Sweden, France,
Vietnam, Russia and Turkey
75% live in the city over 500 000 inhabitants
Participants
20. We asked questions and compared the answers
to statistics from scientific and official sources.
The questionnaire: http://bit.ly/1L2QFwn
22. Study (based on the participants’
answers): Motivation of rape
12.5%
87.5%
anger
power, control
Male participants
15.6%
53.1%
31.3% anger
power, control
sexual gratification
Female participants
23. Real (based on scientific evidence):
Motivation of rape
• Power, control
• Sexual desire
Inconsistent evidence about which of the motives
is primary. We believe, they are both present in
most cases of rape (see the first part of this
presentation).
25. Study: Gender of the rapist
Frequency of percent of men among rapists
given by our participants
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
100% 99% 98% 97% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 67% 60% 50%
close to real figure
26. (F.B.I. Ten-Year Arrest Trends by Sex, 2004–2013, 2013)
98,4% of the perpetrators arrested for forcible rape
and sexual assault in 2013 in the USA are men.
Real: Gender of rapists
28. Study: How many victims know the rapist
Frequency of percent of victims who know the rapist,
given by our participants
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2% 5% 10% 12% 25% 30% 35% 40% 50% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 95%
29. (RAINN, USA data)
Real: How many victims know the rapist
73% victims
know the rapist!
38%
28%
7%
27%
friend or
acquaintance
intimate
relative
stranger
31. Study: Where sexual assault is committed
22.5%
20.0%
45.0%
12.5%
at victim’s home
at the home of a
friend, neighbor, or
relative
dark street
other place
Percentage of the participants
who chose one of the given
places as the most frequent
32. (RAINN, USA data)
Real: Where sexual assault is committed
50% at victim’s home or close!
20% at the home of a familiar person
40%
10%
20%
30%
at victim’s home
within 1 mile from
home
at the home of a
friend, neighbor, or
relative
other places
(including dark
street)
34. Study: Victim’s responsibility
Victim is never responsible 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Victim is always responsible
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency of responses about the victim’s responsibility
We did not compare
this result with any
data
36. Study: Number of rapists punished
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Frequency of percent for “How many rapist go to jail?”
given by our participants
37. (RAINN, USA data—on the website a source for every figure is described in more detail)
Real: Number of rapists punished
only 3%
go to jail!
Out of every 100 rapes
40 get reported to the police
10 lead to arrest
8 get prosecuted
4 lead to felony conviction
3 rapists will spend even a single day in prison
40. References
Elsegood, K. J., & Duff, S. C. (2010). Theory of mind in men who have sexually offended against children: A U.K.
comparison study between child sex offenders and nonoffender controls. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and
Treatment, 22, 112–131. doi:10.1177/1079063209359926
F.B.I. Report.Crime in the United States (2013). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www.fbi.gov/about-
us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/violent-crime/rape
F.B.I. Ten-Year Arrest Trends by Sex, 2004–2013 (2013). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www.fbi.gov/about-
us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/tables/table-
33/table_33_ten_year_arrest_trends_by_sex_2013.xls
Inside the Mind of a Sex Offender, retrieved on the 01.11.14 from
http://www.portagepath.org/shlibbu/community/CommunityPwaysSummer05SexOffender.pdf
Krug, E.G., Dahlberg, L.L., Mercy, J.A., Zwi, A.B., & Lozano, R. (eds.). (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva:
WHO.
Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN), retrieved on the 30.10.14 from https://rainn.org/get-
information/statistics/sexual-assault-offenders
State of California Department of Justice, “Megan's Law”, retrieved on the 02.11.2014
from http://meganslaw.ca.gov/facts.htm
The Center for Sex Offender Management (CSOM). “Section 3: Common Characteristics of Sex Offenders”, retrieved
on the 02.11.2014 from http://www.csom.org/train/etiology/3/3_1.htm#backtrack5)
Vachon, D. D., Lynam, D. R., & Johnson, J. A. (2014). The (Non)Relation Between Empathy and Aggression: Surprising
Results From a Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 751–773.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC), retrieved on the 02.11.2014 from
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime.html