This document discusses several issues related to sexual assault on college campuses. It begins with an article by Lisa Wade that reviews research on the causes of campus rape, including cultural factors like rape myths, situational factors like party environments that facilitate assault, and psychological factors like a small percentage of serial rapists. It then includes articles by other experts weighing in on related topics. Brian Sweeney discusses the connection between binge drinking, campus party culture, and sexual assault. Amelia Seraphia Derr focuses on federal policies for reporting campus rape and the potential for a "culture of compliance" over prevention. Michael Messner examines rape culture among male athletes. Carol Burke examines rape scandals in the military. The document provides
Women Accused of Sex Offenses: A Gender-Based ComparisonVirginia Lemus
This document summarizes a study that compares women and men accused of sexual offenses who were referred for psychiatric evaluation. Some key findings include:
- Women accused of sexual offenses were similar in age to male counterparts, ranging from 19-62 years old. Many had prior arrests and histories of victimization.
- Both female and male sex offenders were most often referred for sexual predator classification evaluations. However, women were more likely to have victims of both genders.
- While there are some similarities between female and male sex offenders, research shows women are more likely to have histories of abuse, mental illness, and relationship issues. They also tend to know their victims and have victims of the same gender.
This document discusses the link between college binge drinking culture and the prevalence of sexual assault on campuses. It notes that peer pressure and desire for acceptance leads many students, especially freshmen, to binge drink, leaving both victims and perpetrators vulnerable. Through personal stories of victims who were assaulted after drinking, the document explores the difficulties of obtaining justice, given he said/she said dynamics and rape myths that blame victims. It advocates for universities to take the problem more seriously through policies that address binge drinking culture and support for victims.
Very few of us know that 73% of the rape victims know the rapists. Moreover, 40% of rapes happen at victim’s home and 20% occur in the homes of familiar people.
It turned out that most of us have no idea about the effective precautions needed to protect ourselves from the traumatic experience, because we expect danger from a wrong source. A widespread belief is that one should expect a rapist to sit in the bushes in the park late at night, while the reality is different.
My colleague Paulina Grzelak and I were astonished while exploring this topic, as we were quite oblivious to the real situation as well. Therefore, we decided to make a small questionnaire and ask people what they think about rape.
This presentation begins with the analysis of what makes a person become a rapist, which is followed by the comparison of the results of the questionnaire with real data.
I would be grateful if you shared this presentation as many people need this knowledge.
I also want to add that most figures we present come from the States where definition of rape and social situation may differ from ours. Hence, comparing data from the U.S. with opinions from Poland and Ukraine may seem improper. For instance, being forced into sexual contact by husband may not even be recognized as rape in Ukraine, “because it’s his natural right”. And even if a wife admits this fact, social welfare system (which does not exist here, let’s face it) leaves her no option apart from remaining silent, while in the U.S. rape victims are less dependent on family members. Therefore, one has to approach the statistics carefully. Still, we believe that using American data can be justified by the fact that they explore the subject more than any other country.
This article analyzes why rates of sexual assault remain high on college campuses. Through ethnographic research including interviews and observations, the authors find that sexual assault occurs through the intersection of individual, organizational, and interactional factors. At the individual level, students have expectations of partying and drinking heavily. Organizationally, residential arrangements and fraternity control of parties concentrate students and normalize risk. Interactionally, expectations that women be nice and defer to men, combined with drinking, create vulnerability. The authors argue this synergistic intersection reproduces gender inequality and predicts sexual assault as an outcome of the college party culture.
Prime Marketing proposes a campaign called "We Are Men, Not Pigs" to address the issue of high sexual assault rates on college campuses. The campaign aims to educate college men, promote bystander intervention, change social norms around alcohol use, and increase awareness of the campus Office of Equity, Diversity and Inclusion. Tactics include a PSA video with fraternity members speaking out against assault, social media hashtags, informational posters and postcards, and promotional merchandise like wristbands. The goal is to lower assault rates, make lasting cultural changes, and empower students to seek help from campus resources.
This document discusses intimate partner violence (IPV) as a global issue that disproportionately affects women. It argues that patriarchal ideology and societal gender roles contribute to the normalization and lack of attention given to IPV. The author examines how patriarchy influences legal systems and proceedings related to IPV, often resulting in the blaming of female victims. The document concludes that addressing the root causes of male entitlement and control, rather than focusing blame on female victims, is needed to properly address the issue of IPV.
The document discusses the documentary Bowling for Columbine and its examination of the causes of gun violence in America. It explores how the media drives fear and discrimination in American culture. The film questions who is responsible for gun violence and concludes it is not due to gun ownership but the exploitation of violence through the media and government. Fear is intensified by the media and controlled by the government to manipulate society. While gun ownership is a constitutional right, gun control policy remains controversial as it debates this right versus preventing crime.
This document provides a summary of gang violence in the African American community and recommendations to prevent it. It defines the problem of gang violence and prevalence rates. African American gangs have high rates of violence despite lower membership. Factors that contribute to gang violence include poverty, lack of opportunities, and social disorganization. The document recommends that the mayor implement community outreach programs to reduce poverty and increase social and economic well-being, citing two specific programs as examples: Neighborhood Centers Inc. and Connecticut Association for Human Services. Both work to improve communities and move families out of poverty.
Women Accused of Sex Offenses: A Gender-Based ComparisonVirginia Lemus
This document summarizes a study that compares women and men accused of sexual offenses who were referred for psychiatric evaluation. Some key findings include:
- Women accused of sexual offenses were similar in age to male counterparts, ranging from 19-62 years old. Many had prior arrests and histories of victimization.
- Both female and male sex offenders were most often referred for sexual predator classification evaluations. However, women were more likely to have victims of both genders.
- While there are some similarities between female and male sex offenders, research shows women are more likely to have histories of abuse, mental illness, and relationship issues. They also tend to know their victims and have victims of the same gender.
This document discusses the link between college binge drinking culture and the prevalence of sexual assault on campuses. It notes that peer pressure and desire for acceptance leads many students, especially freshmen, to binge drink, leaving both victims and perpetrators vulnerable. Through personal stories of victims who were assaulted after drinking, the document explores the difficulties of obtaining justice, given he said/she said dynamics and rape myths that blame victims. It advocates for universities to take the problem more seriously through policies that address binge drinking culture and support for victims.
Very few of us know that 73% of the rape victims know the rapists. Moreover, 40% of rapes happen at victim’s home and 20% occur in the homes of familiar people.
It turned out that most of us have no idea about the effective precautions needed to protect ourselves from the traumatic experience, because we expect danger from a wrong source. A widespread belief is that one should expect a rapist to sit in the bushes in the park late at night, while the reality is different.
My colleague Paulina Grzelak and I were astonished while exploring this topic, as we were quite oblivious to the real situation as well. Therefore, we decided to make a small questionnaire and ask people what they think about rape.
This presentation begins with the analysis of what makes a person become a rapist, which is followed by the comparison of the results of the questionnaire with real data.
I would be grateful if you shared this presentation as many people need this knowledge.
I also want to add that most figures we present come from the States where definition of rape and social situation may differ from ours. Hence, comparing data from the U.S. with opinions from Poland and Ukraine may seem improper. For instance, being forced into sexual contact by husband may not even be recognized as rape in Ukraine, “because it’s his natural right”. And even if a wife admits this fact, social welfare system (which does not exist here, let’s face it) leaves her no option apart from remaining silent, while in the U.S. rape victims are less dependent on family members. Therefore, one has to approach the statistics carefully. Still, we believe that using American data can be justified by the fact that they explore the subject more than any other country.
This article analyzes why rates of sexual assault remain high on college campuses. Through ethnographic research including interviews and observations, the authors find that sexual assault occurs through the intersection of individual, organizational, and interactional factors. At the individual level, students have expectations of partying and drinking heavily. Organizationally, residential arrangements and fraternity control of parties concentrate students and normalize risk. Interactionally, expectations that women be nice and defer to men, combined with drinking, create vulnerability. The authors argue this synergistic intersection reproduces gender inequality and predicts sexual assault as an outcome of the college party culture.
Prime Marketing proposes a campaign called "We Are Men, Not Pigs" to address the issue of high sexual assault rates on college campuses. The campaign aims to educate college men, promote bystander intervention, change social norms around alcohol use, and increase awareness of the campus Office of Equity, Diversity and Inclusion. Tactics include a PSA video with fraternity members speaking out against assault, social media hashtags, informational posters and postcards, and promotional merchandise like wristbands. The goal is to lower assault rates, make lasting cultural changes, and empower students to seek help from campus resources.
This document discusses intimate partner violence (IPV) as a global issue that disproportionately affects women. It argues that patriarchal ideology and societal gender roles contribute to the normalization and lack of attention given to IPV. The author examines how patriarchy influences legal systems and proceedings related to IPV, often resulting in the blaming of female victims. The document concludes that addressing the root causes of male entitlement and control, rather than focusing blame on female victims, is needed to properly address the issue of IPV.
The document discusses the documentary Bowling for Columbine and its examination of the causes of gun violence in America. It explores how the media drives fear and discrimination in American culture. The film questions who is responsible for gun violence and concludes it is not due to gun ownership but the exploitation of violence through the media and government. Fear is intensified by the media and controlled by the government to manipulate society. While gun ownership is a constitutional right, gun control policy remains controversial as it debates this right versus preventing crime.
This document provides a summary of gang violence in the African American community and recommendations to prevent it. It defines the problem of gang violence and prevalence rates. African American gangs have high rates of violence despite lower membership. Factors that contribute to gang violence include poverty, lack of opportunities, and social disorganization. The document recommends that the mayor implement community outreach programs to reduce poverty and increase social and economic well-being, citing two specific programs as examples: Neighborhood Centers Inc. and Connecticut Association for Human Services. Both work to improve communities and move families out of poverty.
The document provides background information on campus sexual assault statistics and summarizes Emily Doe's 12-page victim impact statement that she read aloud in court during Brock Turner's sentencing. The statement went viral after its release online. The summary analyzes how Doe effectively uses narrative storytelling and rhetorical devices to persuade audiences. She employs Aristotle's modes of proof and Cicero's canons of rhetoric to establish ethos and invoke emotion. Doe also uses Monroe's motivated sequence structure to call audiences to action in addressing rape culture and legal system failures regarding sexual assault cases.
Unit 9 Hall Elizabeth Social Construction EssayElizabeth Hall
This document discusses several social construction theories that are used in criminology to understand criminal behavior such as serial killing. It outlines social structure theory, including social disorganization theory, strain theory, and cultural deviance theory. It also discusses social class theory, social process theory, including social learning theory and neutralization theory. Additionally, it summarizes social control theory and labeling theory. For each theory, it provides examples of how the theory may be applied to understanding the behaviors of specific serial killers.
This document discusses the nature vs. nurture debate around what facilitates male sexual serial murder. It suggests that most researchers believe both genetics and environment during development are factors. Childhood experiences like abuse, isolation, and lack of healthy relationships cause social difficulties and distorted views of relationships and sex. These early experiences interact with predispositions and result in fantasies of violence and revenge emerging during teenage years. By adulthood, failure to achieve needs for power and sex drive some to turn these fantasies into reality through murder. Overall, the document concludes that while genetics play a role, the true facilitators lie more in the negative nurturing environments and experiences during formative years that leave serial killers unable to cope with emotions and society.
This document discusses myths about male sexual assault victims and provides statistics about the prevalence of male sexual assault. It notes that one in six men experience sexual abuse before age 18. However, male victims disclose abuse far less than females due to stigma and myths. Resources for male victims are underdeveloped and the criminal justice system often fails them. Studies have found that people view male victims, especially homosexual males, as more responsible for their assaults than female victims. The document concludes that while sexual assault occurs more to females, male victimization is more common than recognized and resources need improvement to help all victims.
The document is a public relations proposal prepared by Axiom Public Relations for the Bowling Green State University Community of Care Coalition. It includes an opportunity statement, situation analysis based on secondary and primary research, target audiences, goals and objectives, strategies and tactics, promotional materials and budget, and evaluation plan. The proposal aims to address issues of sexual assault on campus and establish communication where victims feel comfortable reporting, while promoting the Coalition and generating awareness of sexual assault as a community issue.
The document criticizes the growing acceptance of homosexuality in America. It argues that homosexuality is condemned by God, and that gay people bully Christians. It claims most serial killers were homosexual and that gay people advocate for sex with minors. It also argues that homosexuality spreads diseases and was wrongly removed as a mental illness due to political pressure.
This document summarizes an honors thesis project examining the overrepresentation of sexual violence and assault among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women. The project conducted qualitative interviews with 8 participants to identify possible factors contributing to higher rates of sexual assault among AIAN women compared to other groups. Previous research found AIAN women are over 2 times more likely to experience sexual assault. The thesis aims to gain a deeper understanding of this issue by exploring intimate partner violence, tribal law complexities, and intergenerational trauma as potential influencing factors. It also discusses the study's methodology and plans for analysis to connect findings to sociological theory and policy implications.
During a UN-sponsored seminar on sexual violence against men and boys in conflict Prof. Lara Stemple of UCLA discussed some of the research gaps that exist in the are of male-directed sexual violence.
Rebecca Simpson, a 61-year-old African American woman, was diagnosed with late-stage breast cancer after discovering a lump under her arm. Due to being uninsured and lacking transportation, she had not received a mammogram in 5 years. Her cancer had spread to 17 of 20 lymph nodes by the time it was discovered. Living in poverty with no family support, she struggles to afford treatment and faces barriers to care common among low-income cancer patients. While her prognosis is uncertain, she remains determined and hopeful, helping others who are struggling as she receives chemotherapy through a state assistance program.
MaleSurvivors Lit Review and interviews- March 18 2015Cameron Turner
1) The document reviews literature on male survivors of sexual assault. It finds that research on male survivors lags 40 years behind research on female survivors. Definitions of what constitutes male sexual assault vary widely.
2) Prevalence data is inconsistent due to varying definitions, but some studies suggest 1 in 6 men experience sexual assault by age 18. Reporting is low due to stigma, myths that men cannot be victims, and lack of male-focused services.
3) Disclosing abuse takes male survivors an average of 16 years. Barriers include fear of having sexuality questioned and belief that authorities will not believe them. Most crisis centers are not designed to serve male needs.
This document discusses hate crimes committed against LGBT individuals, including murders, assaults, and other attacks. It provides examples of transgender individuals like Brandon Teena and Gwen Araujo who were murdered after their gender identities were revealed. It also discusses Leelah Alcorn's suicide due to conversion therapy. The document outlines that LGBT people still face discrimination in marriage, adoption, employment, and access to facilities. While hate crimes are not the most common, they represent nearly 20% of documented hate crimes. Ending the cycle of passing hate from one generation to the next is needed to stop these crimes.
The Fifth Annual Women & Justice Conference was held on April 14-15, 2015 in Washington, D.C. and brought together over 70 judges, lawyers, and activists from over 15 countries to discuss women, prison, and gender-based violence. The conference focused on how violence against women can be a cause, condition, and consequence of incarceration, and the role of judges in addressing these issues. Panel 1 on the first day examined advancing justice for survivors of gender-based violence, with panelists from Mexico, the U.S., and the Avon Foundation discussing their work related to domestic violence and women in the criminal justice system.
HAZING DEATHS AT UNIVERSITIES
Article is provided to show RETALIATION by President Barack Obama and his Administration/Legal Counsel (Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz) for Vogel Denise Newsome's EXPOSURE of CORRUPTION and COVER UP by the United States Government Officials.
Garretson Resolution Group appears to be FRONTING Law Firm for United States President Barack Obama and Legal Counsel/Advisor (Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz) which has submitted a SLAPP Complaint to OneWebHosting.com in efforts of PREVENTING the PUBLIC/WORLD from knowing of its and President Barack Obama's ROLE in CONSPIRACIES leveled against Vogel Denise Newsome in EXPOSING the TRUTH behind the 911 DOMESTIC TERRORIST ATTACKS, COLLAPSE OF THE WORLD ECONOMY, EMPLOYMENT violations and other crimes of United States Government Officials. Information that United States President Barack Obama, The Garretson Resolution Group, Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz, and United States Congress, etc. do NOT want the PUBLIC/WORLD to see. Information of PUBLIC Interest!
This document discusses appropriate services for sexual minority youth. It begins by defining terms used to describe various sexual orientations and gender identities. It then estimates that between 2-5% of youth identify as a sexual minority. The document discusses factors that make this group less visible and reluctant to self-identify in more conservative communities. It outlines several risks faced by sexual minority youth, such as homelessness, bullying, substance abuse, and elevated suicide rates. The document stresses the importance of providing non-discriminatory, welcoming, and person-first services to sexual minority youth.
This document discusses sexual assault on United States college campuses. It notes that while sexual assault is a serious problem, current data and policies have issues. Data on campus sexual assault is limited due to inconsistent definitions and underreporting. Some statistics are misused to suggest rape is pandemic on campuses, when the data actually shows a variety of unwanted sexual behaviors occur. Key issues include inadequate training of campus administrators handling cases, lack of due process for accused students, and focus on punishment rather than prevention. Prevention programs are also often based on incorrect assumptions instead of research on perpetrator motivations and the link between assault and campus drinking culture. Improved data collection and prevention programs addressing underlying causes could help address the complex issue.
This document discusses statistics on ethnicity and crime in the UK from three perspectives: official statistics which show overrepresentation of some ethnic groups in the prison population; victimization studies which have limitations; and self-report studies which found similar self-reported offending rates across ethnic groups. It also examines evidence of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system and debates around reasons for higher criminality rates among some ethnic groups.
This document provides a literature review and introduction for a thesis examining trends in media coverage of college sexual assault in the New York Times and Los Angeles Times from 2005 to 2015. It discusses how media framing can influence public perception of issues like sexual assault. Previous research found that promoting rape myths or focusing only on high-profile cases can negatively impact views of victims. The literature review also examines the intersection of college athletics and sexual assault reporting, as well as feminist theories of gender roles, victimization, and consent. The introduction provides context on increasing activism and policy changes around campus sexual assault over the past decade.
The document summarizes and analyzes multiple sources that discuss racial injustice and the Black Lives Matter movement. It provides summaries of a book by Michelle Alexander on mass incarceration and the new Jim Crow, two journal articles on racism and public health and bigotry/racial discrimination, and summaries of the Black Lives Matter website and the RaceForward website. The document also provides biographies of the authors to assess the validity and credibility of the sources. However, in the conclusion, the author expresses skepticism of the Black Lives Matter movement, arguing that it perpetuates racial issues rather than addressing the root causes.
Jess Alder (Program Director, Start Strong, Boston Public Health Commission), Nicole Daley (Director of Evaluation and Engagement, One Love Foundation), and Emily F. Rothman, ScD (Professor, Boston University School of Public Health) delved into the topic of whether porn use is a public health problem and highlighted a curriculum they developed for teens to discuss porn, healthy relationships, and sexual violence.
Kraft Heinz experienced major accounting issues after its merger, including reporting incorrect data from departments, improperly recognizing accounting items, and improper expense management. This led to overstated financial statements and misleading investors. To address these issues, Kraft Heinz implemented internal controls, automated expense management processes, and ensured compliance with GAAP to accurately report financial information.
The document provides background information on campus sexual assault statistics and summarizes Emily Doe's 12-page victim impact statement that she read aloud in court during Brock Turner's sentencing. The statement went viral after its release online. The summary analyzes how Doe effectively uses narrative storytelling and rhetorical devices to persuade audiences. She employs Aristotle's modes of proof and Cicero's canons of rhetoric to establish ethos and invoke emotion. Doe also uses Monroe's motivated sequence structure to call audiences to action in addressing rape culture and legal system failures regarding sexual assault cases.
Unit 9 Hall Elizabeth Social Construction EssayElizabeth Hall
This document discusses several social construction theories that are used in criminology to understand criminal behavior such as serial killing. It outlines social structure theory, including social disorganization theory, strain theory, and cultural deviance theory. It also discusses social class theory, social process theory, including social learning theory and neutralization theory. Additionally, it summarizes social control theory and labeling theory. For each theory, it provides examples of how the theory may be applied to understanding the behaviors of specific serial killers.
This document discusses the nature vs. nurture debate around what facilitates male sexual serial murder. It suggests that most researchers believe both genetics and environment during development are factors. Childhood experiences like abuse, isolation, and lack of healthy relationships cause social difficulties and distorted views of relationships and sex. These early experiences interact with predispositions and result in fantasies of violence and revenge emerging during teenage years. By adulthood, failure to achieve needs for power and sex drive some to turn these fantasies into reality through murder. Overall, the document concludes that while genetics play a role, the true facilitators lie more in the negative nurturing environments and experiences during formative years that leave serial killers unable to cope with emotions and society.
This document discusses myths about male sexual assault victims and provides statistics about the prevalence of male sexual assault. It notes that one in six men experience sexual abuse before age 18. However, male victims disclose abuse far less than females due to stigma and myths. Resources for male victims are underdeveloped and the criminal justice system often fails them. Studies have found that people view male victims, especially homosexual males, as more responsible for their assaults than female victims. The document concludes that while sexual assault occurs more to females, male victimization is more common than recognized and resources need improvement to help all victims.
The document is a public relations proposal prepared by Axiom Public Relations for the Bowling Green State University Community of Care Coalition. It includes an opportunity statement, situation analysis based on secondary and primary research, target audiences, goals and objectives, strategies and tactics, promotional materials and budget, and evaluation plan. The proposal aims to address issues of sexual assault on campus and establish communication where victims feel comfortable reporting, while promoting the Coalition and generating awareness of sexual assault as a community issue.
The document criticizes the growing acceptance of homosexuality in America. It argues that homosexuality is condemned by God, and that gay people bully Christians. It claims most serial killers were homosexual and that gay people advocate for sex with minors. It also argues that homosexuality spreads diseases and was wrongly removed as a mental illness due to political pressure.
This document summarizes an honors thesis project examining the overrepresentation of sexual violence and assault among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women. The project conducted qualitative interviews with 8 participants to identify possible factors contributing to higher rates of sexual assault among AIAN women compared to other groups. Previous research found AIAN women are over 2 times more likely to experience sexual assault. The thesis aims to gain a deeper understanding of this issue by exploring intimate partner violence, tribal law complexities, and intergenerational trauma as potential influencing factors. It also discusses the study's methodology and plans for analysis to connect findings to sociological theory and policy implications.
During a UN-sponsored seminar on sexual violence against men and boys in conflict Prof. Lara Stemple of UCLA discussed some of the research gaps that exist in the are of male-directed sexual violence.
Rebecca Simpson, a 61-year-old African American woman, was diagnosed with late-stage breast cancer after discovering a lump under her arm. Due to being uninsured and lacking transportation, she had not received a mammogram in 5 years. Her cancer had spread to 17 of 20 lymph nodes by the time it was discovered. Living in poverty with no family support, she struggles to afford treatment and faces barriers to care common among low-income cancer patients. While her prognosis is uncertain, she remains determined and hopeful, helping others who are struggling as she receives chemotherapy through a state assistance program.
MaleSurvivors Lit Review and interviews- March 18 2015Cameron Turner
1) The document reviews literature on male survivors of sexual assault. It finds that research on male survivors lags 40 years behind research on female survivors. Definitions of what constitutes male sexual assault vary widely.
2) Prevalence data is inconsistent due to varying definitions, but some studies suggest 1 in 6 men experience sexual assault by age 18. Reporting is low due to stigma, myths that men cannot be victims, and lack of male-focused services.
3) Disclosing abuse takes male survivors an average of 16 years. Barriers include fear of having sexuality questioned and belief that authorities will not believe them. Most crisis centers are not designed to serve male needs.
This document discusses hate crimes committed against LGBT individuals, including murders, assaults, and other attacks. It provides examples of transgender individuals like Brandon Teena and Gwen Araujo who were murdered after their gender identities were revealed. It also discusses Leelah Alcorn's suicide due to conversion therapy. The document outlines that LGBT people still face discrimination in marriage, adoption, employment, and access to facilities. While hate crimes are not the most common, they represent nearly 20% of documented hate crimes. Ending the cycle of passing hate from one generation to the next is needed to stop these crimes.
The Fifth Annual Women & Justice Conference was held on April 14-15, 2015 in Washington, D.C. and brought together over 70 judges, lawyers, and activists from over 15 countries to discuss women, prison, and gender-based violence. The conference focused on how violence against women can be a cause, condition, and consequence of incarceration, and the role of judges in addressing these issues. Panel 1 on the first day examined advancing justice for survivors of gender-based violence, with panelists from Mexico, the U.S., and the Avon Foundation discussing their work related to domestic violence and women in the criminal justice system.
HAZING DEATHS AT UNIVERSITIES
Article is provided to show RETALIATION by President Barack Obama and his Administration/Legal Counsel (Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz) for Vogel Denise Newsome's EXPOSURE of CORRUPTION and COVER UP by the United States Government Officials.
Garretson Resolution Group appears to be FRONTING Law Firm for United States President Barack Obama and Legal Counsel/Advisor (Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz) which has submitted a SLAPP Complaint to OneWebHosting.com in efforts of PREVENTING the PUBLIC/WORLD from knowing of its and President Barack Obama's ROLE in CONSPIRACIES leveled against Vogel Denise Newsome in EXPOSING the TRUTH behind the 911 DOMESTIC TERRORIST ATTACKS, COLLAPSE OF THE WORLD ECONOMY, EMPLOYMENT violations and other crimes of United States Government Officials. Information that United States President Barack Obama, The Garretson Resolution Group, Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz, and United States Congress, etc. do NOT want the PUBLIC/WORLD to see. Information of PUBLIC Interest!
This document discusses appropriate services for sexual minority youth. It begins by defining terms used to describe various sexual orientations and gender identities. It then estimates that between 2-5% of youth identify as a sexual minority. The document discusses factors that make this group less visible and reluctant to self-identify in more conservative communities. It outlines several risks faced by sexual minority youth, such as homelessness, bullying, substance abuse, and elevated suicide rates. The document stresses the importance of providing non-discriminatory, welcoming, and person-first services to sexual minority youth.
This document discusses sexual assault on United States college campuses. It notes that while sexual assault is a serious problem, current data and policies have issues. Data on campus sexual assault is limited due to inconsistent definitions and underreporting. Some statistics are misused to suggest rape is pandemic on campuses, when the data actually shows a variety of unwanted sexual behaviors occur. Key issues include inadequate training of campus administrators handling cases, lack of due process for accused students, and focus on punishment rather than prevention. Prevention programs are also often based on incorrect assumptions instead of research on perpetrator motivations and the link between assault and campus drinking culture. Improved data collection and prevention programs addressing underlying causes could help address the complex issue.
This document discusses statistics on ethnicity and crime in the UK from three perspectives: official statistics which show overrepresentation of some ethnic groups in the prison population; victimization studies which have limitations; and self-report studies which found similar self-reported offending rates across ethnic groups. It also examines evidence of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system and debates around reasons for higher criminality rates among some ethnic groups.
This document provides a literature review and introduction for a thesis examining trends in media coverage of college sexual assault in the New York Times and Los Angeles Times from 2005 to 2015. It discusses how media framing can influence public perception of issues like sexual assault. Previous research found that promoting rape myths or focusing only on high-profile cases can negatively impact views of victims. The literature review also examines the intersection of college athletics and sexual assault reporting, as well as feminist theories of gender roles, victimization, and consent. The introduction provides context on increasing activism and policy changes around campus sexual assault over the past decade.
The document summarizes and analyzes multiple sources that discuss racial injustice and the Black Lives Matter movement. It provides summaries of a book by Michelle Alexander on mass incarceration and the new Jim Crow, two journal articles on racism and public health and bigotry/racial discrimination, and summaries of the Black Lives Matter website and the RaceForward website. The document also provides biographies of the authors to assess the validity and credibility of the sources. However, in the conclusion, the author expresses skepticism of the Black Lives Matter movement, arguing that it perpetuates racial issues rather than addressing the root causes.
Jess Alder (Program Director, Start Strong, Boston Public Health Commission), Nicole Daley (Director of Evaluation and Engagement, One Love Foundation), and Emily F. Rothman, ScD (Professor, Boston University School of Public Health) delved into the topic of whether porn use is a public health problem and highlighted a curriculum they developed for teens to discuss porn, healthy relationships, and sexual violence.
Kraft Heinz experienced major accounting issues after its merger, including reporting incorrect data from departments, improperly recognizing accounting items, and improper expense management. This led to overstated financial statements and misleading investors. To address these issues, Kraft Heinz implemented internal controls, automated expense management processes, and ensured compliance with GAAP to accurately report financial information.
Knowledge needed for RNs in healthcare technology.
Healthcare technology has been increasingly integrated in nursing practice to promote efficiency, reduce errors, and enhance patient care
Knowledge is the acquaintance of principles or facts and familiarity with a particular branch of learning. Nurses need to familiarize with technology to have a meaningful use
Training or preparation with basic computer skills provides knowledge
Computer literacy and competency is now essential for nurses
Knowledge is crucial to adoption of IT system in nursing to improve efficiency of care
THE PROBLEM OF CHINA’S AGING POPULATIONPeachy Essay
China’s life expectancy rates have increased substantially from 44 years to 76 years over the past years. Even so, the United Nations project the country’s aging population will increase to nearly 870 million by 2050 (Wei, 2021). China’s 7th election showed that the country has the world’s largest elderly population with 455 million people aged 60 years and above and account for 32.2 % of the total population as of 2020 (Does China have an aging problem? 2020). An increasingly older population risks a country's economic productivity, which ultimately impacts global foreign exchange trading processes long-term due to the rising dependency ratio
Illegal immigration is one of the most common criminal offences recorded in the United Kingdom. There is no correct definition of an illegal migrant or irregular migrant in UK law, but there are many ways an individual becomes an irregular migrant. If one enters the UK regularly but breaches the conditions that granted their entry, such as work or is convicted, they are considered illegal migrants. An individual who enters the UK through deception and those who don't leave the country after missing asylum is irregular migrants. The UK doesn't have birthright citizenship, and if one is born of irregular migrants, they are considered to be illegal migrants too. Many people without regular migration status in the UK arrived by air and through ordinary means. Illegal immigration is a serious problem since millions of illegal migrants are already in the UK.
This document provides a summary and analysis of the anthology The (M)other Tongue: Essays in Feminist Psychoanalytic Interpretation. It discusses how psychoanalytic feminist criticism has grown in prominence and brought together unlikely pairs such as feminism and psychoanalysis as well as post-structuralism and American feminist social science. It analyzes how the anthology focuses on the figure of the mother and progresses from discussing father-based Oedipal structures to mother-based pre-Oedipal models. However, it also notes how the conclusion of the anthology's introduction glosses over differences between feminist critical approaches in favor of an inclusive joining, reflecting a tendency for the mother figure to discourage differentiation.
The cranial nerves are a set of twelve peripheral nerves that originate from the brain (Vilensky, Robertson & Quian, 2015).
The nerves are labelled I to XII in the order they originate from the brain.
The optic nerve is the second nerve.
It originates from the cerebrum and conducts sensory information from the eyes to the brain.
The Impact of Covid-19-Induced Remote Consultations on Nurse-Patient Relation...Peachy Essay
This document outlines a proposed qualitative study on the impact of COVID-19-induced remote consultations on nurse-patient relationships in primary care. The study aims to investigate how increased use of e-consultations during the pandemic has affected nurse-patient relationships. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with primary care nurses to explore how relationships are built and how they affect care quality. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts will be used to analyze the data and identify ways to optimize relationships during virtual consultations. The findings could help nurses improve patient education through digital means.
Negligence Risks Liabilities In Clean Public Business FacilityPeachy Essay
This presentation seeks to propose possible and appropriate actions in regards to business environment.
Background
Clean-n-shine is cleaning company headquartered in a commercial space in local shopping center
The enterprise is open to the public and will be conducting transaction such as selling cleaning products, completing contracts for cleaning services, and meeting existing and new clients
The shopping centre is public space with heavy traffic of customers
The need to preserve the environment is the responsibility of every individual, government or corporation.
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3. 18 contexts.org
viewpoints
If institutions of higher education want to, they
have the tools to reduce rates of sexual assault.
And, even if they do not make this a priority,
they face increasing pressure to do so.
Cornell University Wrestler
Charged with Raping Student
ITHACA, NY (AP) – A Cornell University wrestler accused of raping another student as she
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
Patricia Carroll said the Florida authorities were protecting quarterback Jameis Winston
Patricia Carroll said the Florida authorities were protecting quarterback Jameis Winston
Patricia Carroll said the Florida authorities were protecting quarterback Jameis Winston
Charged with Raping Student
Charged with Raping Student
ITHACA, NY (AP) – A Cornell University wrestler accused of raping another student as she
ITHACA, NY (AP) – A Cornell University wrestler accused of raping another student as she
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
Hanover College Told Rape Victim That
Attempting to Have Her Alleged Rapist
Punished Is Harassment
By Tyler KingkadeBy Tyler KingkadeBy Tyler KingkadeBy Tyler KingkadeBy Tyler KingkadeBy Tyler KingkadeBy Tyler KingkadeBy Tyler Kingkade
ZEPHYRHILLS, Fla. — Patricia Carroll, the lawyer for the college student who accused the
ZEPHYRHILLS, Fla. — Patricia Carroll, the lawyer for the college student who accused the
Cornell University Wrestler
Cornell University Wrestler
Charged with Raping Student
Charged with Raping Student
Charged with Raping Student
Charged with Raping Student
ITHACA, NY (AP) – A Cornell University wrestler accused of raping another student as she
ITHACA, NY (AP) – A Cornell University wrestler accused of raping another student as she
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
slept was arrested after the victim’s companion snapped pictures of the man laying on the bed
Hanover College Told Rape Victim That
Hanover College Told Rape Victim That
In Florida State Case, a
Tangle of Questions
By JULIET MACUR
By JULIET MACUR
By JULIET MACUR
By JULIET MACUR
By JULIET MACUR
By JULIET MACUR
By JULIET MACUR
By JULIET MACUR
By JULIET MACUR
By JULIET MACUR
understanding and ending the campus
sexual assault epidemic
by lisa wade
College attendance is a risk factor for sexual assault. Accord-
ing to the U.S. Department of Justice, one in five women who
attend college will be the victim of a completed or attempted
sexual assault, compared to one in six women in the general
population. Up to 90 percent of these women will know their
attacker. Only about half will identify their experience as assault
and fewer than 5 percent will report their experience to campus
authorities or the police. Four percent of college men also report
being sexually assaulted, overwhelmingly by other men.
Scholars have been working to gain a better understanding
of the prevalence of rape on campuses, why it’s infrequently
reported to authorities, and what we can do about it. In a
2006 article, Elizabeth Armstrong and her collaborators point
to cultural, psychological, and situational causes. In the effort
to prevent sexual crimes, colleges and universities need to
understand these interrelated causes and how they contribute
to rates of sexual assault.
What are the psychological factors? A small number of
men may be more predisposed to assault their peers than oth-
ers. In a 2002 study by David Lisak and Paul Miller, 6 percent of
male college students admitted to behavior that matched the
legal definitions of sexual assault or rape. Of those men, two-
thirds were serial rapists, with an average
of six assaults each. Serial rapists plan their
assaults, carefully choose their victim, use
alcohol as a rape drug, and employ force,
but only as a back-up. Lisak and Miller find
that these men are more likely than other
men to engage in other forms of violence
as well.
What about context? Some men may
be inclined to harm others, but whether
they do so is related to their opportunities. The right context
can offer these men an opening to do so. Peggy Sanday first
recognized the role that context plays in facilitating sexual
assault. Studying fraternity parties, she found that some are
generative of risk and others are less so. Parties that feature
loud music, few places to sit, dancing, drinking, and compulsory
flirting are, she explains, “rape prone.” In these more danger-
ous places, rape culture camouflages the predatory behavior of
4. 19SPRING 2014 contexts
In today’s campus hookup culture, alcohol
and sex often go together, and both can be
rewarding experiences for young adults.
drinking and sexual assault [kids just
wanna have fun]
by brian sweeney
Getting wasted is fun, as is hooking up. In today’s campus
hookup culture, alcohol and sex often go together, and both
can be rewarding experiences for young adults. Party culture
glamorizes heavy drinking, making it seem less dangerous and,
too often, causing students to dismiss the
negative effects—whether getting puked
on at a football game or being sexually
assaulted—as “just stuff that happens.”
But sexual assault is a predictable result of
party subcultures characterized by extreme
drinking and sexual double standards. A
majority of college rape victims are drunk when attacked, and
rapists use alcohol as a weapon to incapacitate their victims.
Men—and other women, for that matter—may see overly drunk
women as fair game, giving up their right to feminine protection
because they have failed to be respectable and ladylike. Given
the connection between intoxication and sexual assault, many
ask, “Why not just tell women not to get so drunk?” But a mind-
set that places responsibility on women ignores the widespread
attitudes and practices that encourage men’s sexual predation
and victimization of women in the first place.
To be clear, drinking, by itself, does not lead to sexual
assault. Drinking heavily makes women more vulnerable, but it
is overwhelmingly men who take advantage and rape. It is also
men who stand by and watch their male friends ply women
with drinks, block women from leaving rooms, and sometimes
gang-rape women too drunk to walk home. Equipping women
with “watch your drink, stay with your friends” strategies ignores
both the fun of partying with abandon and the larger structures
of domination that lead men to feel entitled to (drunk) women’s
bodies. Moreover, while rape-supportive beliefs are widespread,
their influence over men’s behavior is dependent on rape-
supportive social and organizational arrangements—campus
serial rapists—like plying women with alcohol or pulling them
into secluded areas—making it look normal and more difficult
to interpret as criminal.
And then there’s culture. Rape culture narratives—those
that suggest that rape is simply a matter of miscommunication,
that “date rape” isn’t “real rape,” that women frequently lie
about being sexually assaulted for vengeance or out of shame—
make it difficult for bystanders to justify intervening and for
some victims to understand that their experience was a crime.
Rape culture also gives rapists plausible excuses for their actions,
making it difficult to hold them accountable, especially if mem-
bers of the campus administration buy into these myths as well.
Armstrong and her colleagues show that all three of these
causal factors interact together and with campus policy. Strict
penalties for drinking alcohol in residence halls, for example,
especially when strongly enforced, can push party-oriented stu-
dents off campus to less safe places. Rape-friendly contexts offer
a target-rich haven for the small percentage of individual men
who are motivated to use force and coercion to attain sex. Rape
culture contributes to concealing the predatory nature of their
behavior to victims, their peers and, all too often, their advocates.
Currently, we’re in the midst of a transformation in how
colleges and universities handle sexual assault. While our under-
standing is far from complete, we know more than ever about
the interaction of situational, cultural, and psychological causes.
If institutions of higher education want to, they have the tools
to reduce rates of sexual assault. And, even if they do not make
this a priority, they face increasing pressure to do so. A strong
national movement now aims to hold institutions accountable
for ignoring, hiding, and mishandling sex crimes. Thanks largely
to Know Your IX, 30 colleges submitted complaints to the U.S.
Office for Civil Rights in 2013, nearly double the number from
the year before. We should expect even higher numbers in 2014.
Praising these activists, President Barack Obama announced that
he was making the end of men’s sexual violence against women
a priority. The combination of “insider” and “outsider” politics,
and a sympathetic media, is a promising recipe for change.
LisaWade is in the sociology department at Occidental College.She is the principal
writer for“Sociological Images”and the author of a forthcoming sociology of gender
textbook, with Myra Marx Ferree.
5. 20 contexts.org
viewpoints
party culture and alcohol policy included.
Drinking subcultures have a long history on American col-
lege campuses, but since 1984 and the passage of the National
Minimum Drinking Age Act, all 50 states have opted for billions
in federal highway aid in exchange for passing Age-21 laws.
As a result, many college campuses send mixed messages and
endorse confused policies. Students are regularly fined and
written up for drinking infractions but also educated about
drinking responsibly. Students flock to so-called party schools
and then spend most of their college years trying not to get
caught—secretly “pre-gaming” with hard-alcohol in dorm
rooms, hiding out in fraternity basements during party inspec-
tions, and nervously sweating as the bouncer checks for fake
IDs. Alcohol becomes a coveted commodity, with many students
seeking access to it and fortunate others wielding control of it.
Problems related to drinking exist, in part, because we have
constructed a firewall between students and the adults who
run universities—a divide that surely undermines our mission of
creating safe and rich learning environments. We are allowing
young people, unsupervised, to initiate each other into adult-
hood, often through rituals built around drinking. The campus
pub is long gone at most schools, a relic of a bygone in loco
parentis era when many professors lived among students and
mentored them academically and socially. We could perhaps
learn valuable lessons from a time when drinking was less illicit
and student social life more open and watched over. Bringing
drinking “aboveground” would disrupt some of the party scenes
that sociological research has shown to be productive of sexual
danger for women, would remove some of the constraints col-
lege administrators face in crafting effective alcohol education
and policy, and would embolden sexual assault victims to come
forward, reducing their fears of being punished for drinking
violations.
Many schools are trying to get students to drink more
responsibly. Since 2008, over 125 college and university presi-
dents and chancellors have signed on to the Amethyst Initiative,
which calls for “informed and dispassionate public debate” on
Age-21 drinking laws. The supporters of the initiative, while not
explicitly endorsing a lowering of the drinking age, believe Age-
21 laws drive drinking underground, leading to dangerous binge
drinking and reckless behavior among students. Five years after
its inception, it is unclear if anything will come of the Amethyst
Initiative. Federal and state government officials seem stubbornly
unwilling to open discussion on Age-21 laws. And yet, because
the initiative focuses on moderate and responsible drinking
among students rather than abstinence, its ideas should have
traction in correcting party cultures that, as they are currently
organized, produce both fun and sexual danger. What is fairly
certain is that sexual assault policies that ignore the collective,
rewarding nature of drunken, erotically charged revelry will likely
fail among many young adults.
Brian Sweeney is in the sociology department at Long Island University, Post. His
teaching and research focus on gender and sexuality among young adults.
a culture of compliance vs. prevention
by amelia seraphia derr
The under-reporting of campus sexual assaults has become
a social problem. Students around the country are waging
protests and demanding accountability from university admin-
istrators who have been accused of making light of alarming
rates of sexual violence on college campuses. In 2011 the U.S.
Department of Education Office of Civil Rights, in reaction to a
Department of Justice report on the serious under-reporting of
campus sexual assaults, and with the encouragement of Vice
President Joe Biden, issued a Dear Colleagues Letter (DCL) on
the topic of sexual violence. Specifically, the DCL emphasized
and reiterated the legally mandated expectations for systems of
reporting and adjudicating cases of sexual violence, for training
staff, and for developing prevention and support programs.
Legislated reporting of sexual assault is the fruit of efforts
dating back to the 1972 issuance of Title IX of the Education
Amendments, which included sexual violence along with a
variety of other forms of gender discrimination. In 1986 the
Clery Act clarified and expanded the reporting requirements
that were part of Title IX by establishing clear expectations for
support services for students who are victims of sexual violence,
and for the types of sexual violence-related reports that colleges
and universities must file annually.
This legislative action intensified in 2011 when Bob
Casey (D-PA) learned of Title IX violation complaints against
Swarthmore College, alleging under-reporting cases of sexual
misconduct, and took action. He introduced the Campus Sexual
Violence Elimination Act (The SaVE Act), which became law with
the passage of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act
in August 2013. This act closes a serious gap in the existing law
by requiring clearer and more publicized policies, education on
6. 21SPRING 2014 contexts
Federal-level attention has created a sense
of urgency in higher education, prompting
university administrators to revisit policies on
sexual assault to ensure compliance.
student’s rights, “bystander education” for the purpose of pre-
vention, expanded reporting requirements, mandated prevention
programs, and procedural rights for the accuser and accused.
This federal-level attention has created a sense of urgency in
higher education, prompting university administrators to revisit
policies on sexual assault to ensure compli-
ance. But does it actually help change an
organizational environment that is highly
conducive to assault?
Institutionalizing accountability is
essential; policies are a sustainable tool
for addressing sexual violence on cam-
puses. Evidence of the effectiveness of such
policies can be seen in the fact that since
the 2011 DCL there has been a steep increase in the number
of Title IX and Clery Act complaints filed. According to the U.S.
Department of Education, 62 Title IX complaints dealing with
issues of sexual violence and harassment were filed between
Oct. 1, 2012 and Sept. 30, 2013 alone.
However, a heightened regulatory environment may create
a culture of compliance where the fear of litigation—rather
than expert knowledge on prevention—drives policy-making.
Institutional priorities and resources are directed differently
depending on whether a university focuses on compliance-based
reporting policies or prevention and support programs (which
also include reporting policies, but within a framework of victim
advocacy rather than institutional protection). For example, the
DCL states that “if a school knows or reasonably should know
about a potential sexual assault it is required to take immediate
action.” Ambiguity about what this means may prompt uni-
versities to adopt a mandated reporting policy for adult-aged
Currently, American universities are required to take action once a sexual assault is
reported and to provide resources for victims, but are not obligated to have a prevention
policy. The SaVE Act would require institutions to provide prevention and awareness
programs for all incoming students and new employees.
"By going beyond traditional risk reduction alone and covering primary prevention,
consent, bystander intervention and reporting options we will begin to change the
culture of tolerance for sexual violence and the silence that surrounds it," S. Daniel Carter,
formerly director of public policy for Security On Campus, Inc., wrote of the SaVE Act in a
blog for The Huffington Post. Security on Campus is one of 29 organizations that has
endorsed the SaVE Act. (Carter is now with the VTV Family Outreach Foundation.)
At least 75 instances of sexual assault were reported on college campuses in news articles
within the first six weeks of the current academic year, according to a survey of media
reports by The Huffington Post. That number reflects only a small percentage of the total
instances, as few assaults make it into news reports and only a small percentage of sexual
violence victims ever report their attack to school or law enforcement officials. According
to a study for the Department of Justice, fewer than 5 percent of sexual assaults in college
are reported, and nine out of 10 women know their attacker.
programs for all incoming students and new employees.
Currently, American universities are required to take action once a sexual assault isCurrently, American universities are required to take action once a sexual assault is
reported and to provide resources for victims, but are not obligated to have a preventionreported and to provide resources for victims, but are not obligated to have a prevention
policy. The SaVE Act would require institutions to provide prevention and awarenesspolicy. The SaVE Act would require institutions to provide prevention and awareness
programs for all incoming students and new employees.programs for all incoming students and new employees.
"By going beyond traditional risk reduction alone and covering
primary prevention, consent, bystander intervention and
reporting options we will begin to change the culture of toler-
ance for sexual violence and the silence that surrounds it."
- S. Daniel Carter, formerly director of public policy for Security On Campus, Inc.,
wrote of the SaVE Act in a blog for The Huffington Post.
7. 22 contexts.org
viewpoints
can locker room rape culture be prevented?
by michael a. messner
Recipe for sexual assault: Assemble a group of young men.
Promise them glory for violently dominating other groups of
young men. Bond the group with aggressive joking about the
sexual domination of women. Add public adulation that perme-
ates the group with the scent of entitlement. Provide mentors
who thrived as young men in this same system.
Allow to simmer.
What have we cooked up? Horren-
dous sexual assaults on unconscious
girls by high school football
players in Steubenville and
Maryville as well as an ongo-
ing parade of sexual assault
accusations against col-
lege football players, most
recently at Florida State,
Vanderbilt, and the United
States Naval Academy. Do
we over-emphasize cases
of football player sexual mis-
conduct because of their high
profile? Perhaps. But research
by sociologist Todd Crosset since
the 1990s has shown that men who
play intercollegiate sports are more likely
than non-athletes to commit sexual assault—especially those in
high-status sports that valorize violence.
Of course most football or ice hockey athletes don’t rape
women. Recently, some male athletes have even formed orga-
nizations to stop violence against women. “Male Athletes
Against Violence” has done peer education at
the University of Maine for years. And since
1993, Northeastern University’s Men-
tors in Violence Prevention program
has created a template for a
national proliferation of sports-
based programs that deploy
a “bystander” approach to
violence prevention. These
programs attempt to dis-
rupt the ways that high
status male groups—like
sports teams and fraterni-
ties—layer protective silence
around members who perpe-
trate violence against women.
A bystander approach teaches
men to intervene to stop sexual
assaults before they happen—for
instance, stepping in when seeing one’s
students similar to those in place for minors or other vulnerable
populations in order to avoid litigation.
Duke University (along with University of Montana, Swarth-
more, and several others) has instituted such a policy, naming
almost all of its 34,000 employees as mandated reporters.
When staff or faculty members realize that students are about
to share a concern with them, they must inform the student
that the information they share will be reported to the desig-
nated administrator, with or without the student’s permission.
Duke University states that reports have increased since this
policy was adopted. However, some victim’s advocates oppose
the practice. They counter that campus policies that mandate
reporting irrespective of the victim’s desire perpetuate a campus
environment of silence and isolation and limit victims’ options for
confiding in trusted sources. A student Resident Assistant (RA)
at Swarthmore, where RAs are considered mandated reporters,
was recently fired from her position because she refused to break
confidentiality by identifying a victim. Critics warn that these
policies could ultimately lead to decreased reporting from victims
who feel there is no safe space for them to turn in confidence.
This is especially likely to be the case at a campus with few or
insufficient survivor support services.
The real issue is how to move beyond a culture of compli-
ance to a culture of prevention. In response to the requirements
of the Campus SaVE Act, university policies should foreground
survivor self-determination, provide strong perpetrator-preven-
tion programs, offer robust victim support services, and promote
increased dialogue about sexual violence with all members of
the university community. These efforts will take us beyond the
high visibility that reporting requirements have had, and into
the areas of support and education required for true change.
Amelia Seraphia Derr is in the social work department at Seattle University.
Her work focuses on social support and barriers to health and social services for
immigrants.
who thrived as young men in this same system.
What have we cooked up? Horren-
dous sexual assaults on unconscious
girls by high school football
players in Steubenville and
conduct because of their high
profile? Perhaps. But research
by sociologist Todd Crosset since
the 1990s has shown that men who
play intercollegiate sports are more likely
Against Violence” has done peer education at
the University of Maine for years. And since
1993, Northeastern University’s Men-
tors in Violence Prevention program
has created a template for a
national proliferation of sports-
based programs that deploy
trate violence against women.
A bystander approach teaches
men to intervene to stop sexual
assaults before they happen—for
instance, stepping in when seeing one’s
“Sometimes it’s
not about football.
“Sometimes it’s
just about rape.”
- Patricia CarrollPatricia Carroll, Lawyer
8. 23SPRING 2014 contexts
Sexual assault is embedded in the routine
values and culture of silence in organizations.
teammates dragging an inebriated woman to a back room.
A good man, the bystander approach teaches, steps forward
not only to keep a woman safe, but also to keep the team safe
from public trouble.
The years of silence surrounding Penn State University
football coach Jerry Sandusky’s serial sexual assaults of children
is one example of the absolute failure by high-profile university
coaches and administrators to model the responsible bystander
behavior they say their young athletes should engage in. This
case showed that, rather than resulting simply from the actions
of one bad man, sexual assault is embedded in the routine values
and culture of silence in organizations.
A number of years ago, I assisted
psychologist Mark Stevens—a pioneer in
working with athletes to prevent sexual
violence—in an intervention with a college
football program after members of the
team were accused of sexually assaulting a woman at an off-
campus party. Before the first of two workshops, I asked Stevens
if he really thought that a few hours of talk could change the
culture of sexual dominance that so commonly cements football
team members’ loyalties while simultaneously putting women
and vulnerable men at risk. Stevens answered no. “But,” he
added, “if we can empower one or two guys who, down the
road, might intervene in a situation to stop a sexual assault,
then our work will have made the world safer for at least one
woman.”
I still worry that such interventions do less to prevent acts of
violence than they do to contain the public relations nightmare
that sexual assaults create for athletics departments. Confirming
that fear, a man I recently interviewed told me that he had been
hired by a big-time college sports program to institute a violence
prevention program, only to find it “incredibly disappointing”
when he learned his employers had hired him mostly to work
with male athletes of color to keep them eligible to play sports.
“I thought that they were genuinely ready to do something,
you know, make some changes… I got kind of duped. I had
this particular background [in violence prevention] so that was
really enticing for them, and they had no intention of actually
letting me do any of that work.”
While some schools have adopted sexual assault prevention
programs for some of their men’s sports teams, we just don’t
know how well they work. We need good research that points
to how, or under what conditions prevention programs within
institutions like football (or the military) can actually succeed
in mitigating gender-based violence. To have such an impact,
I believe these interventions will need to confront how sexism
is routinely intertwined with male entitlement and celebratory
violence. To be truly successful, I suspect, such a program would
render the game itself to be no longer football as we know it.
MichaelA.Messner is in sociology and gender studies at the University of Southern
California.He is currently writing a book with Max Greenberg andTal Peretz on men
who work to prevent violence against women.
This case isn't about a YouTube video. This case isn't
about social media. This case isn't about Big Red
football. This case is about a 16-year-old girl who was
taken advantage of, toyed with and humiliated. And it's
time people who did this to her are held responsible.
- Marianne Hemmeter, ProsecutorMarianne Hemmeter, ProsecutorMarianne Hemmeter
“
”
9. 24 contexts.org
failure to serve and protect
by carol burke
Military scandals in the past two years have brought new atten-
tion to old problems: sexual harassment, sexual assault, and the
potential for bias in the handling of these crimes. The general
who commanded the 82nd Airborne was charged with forcible
sodomy, indecent acts, and violating orders, and was issued a
reprimand and ordered to pay a $20,000 fine. The commanders
in charge of Lackland Air Force Base apparently didn’t realize
that, over a two-year period, 62 recruits were assaulted by 33
drill instructors. Even those tasked with preventing sexual assault
were charged with the crimes they had pledged to thwart. A lieu-
tenant colonel who headed the Sexual Harassment and Assault
Response Prevention program at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, was
arrested and charged with stalking an ex-wife and sending her
threatening emails in violation of a restraining order. A lieuten-
ant colonel in charge of the Air Force Sexual Assault Prevention
and Response Program was charged with the sexual battery of
a stranger in a parking lot. His alleged victim, according to wit-
nesses, took justice into her own hands and after pushing away
the drunken officer, ran after him and punched him in the face.
At trial, the officer was acquitted.
Ultimately, the scandal that ignited the outrage of several
congresswomen was Lieutenant General Craig Franklin’s decision
to overturn Lieutenant Colonel James Wilkerson’s court-martial
conviction for sexual assault. To Franklin, it seemed incongruous
that a man “who adored his wife and his 9-year-old son,” a man
who as a pilot had flown in the same unit as him, and a man
who had been selected “for promotion to full colonel, a wing
inspector general, a career officer” could be a sexual predator. So
Franklin exercised the power granted him
and other commanders under the Uniform
Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) to reverse
any verdict without explanation. Although
this might have looked at the time like the
decision of an out-of-touch commander
from his lonely and lofty post, identifying
more with the plight of the accused than
of the victim, emails related to the case revealed that generals of
even higher rank than Franklin’s supported his decision.
According to the Defense Department’s own survey, 26,000
anonymous respondents claimed that they had been sexually
assaulted in 2012, yet only 3,374 complaints were officially
reported in that year. The incendiary mix of the skyrocketing rates
of assault and the apparent indifference of some commanders to
the plight of victims captured the attention of many women in
Congress, and they demanded reform. These congresswomen,
joined by some of their male colleagues, took aim at the heart
viewpoints
Not every single commander necessarily wants
women in the force. Not every single commander be-
lieves what a sexual assault is. Not every single com-
mander can distinguish between a slap on the ass and a
rape because they merge all of these crimes together.
- Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, D-N.Y.
“
”
Nowhere in America do we allow a boss to
decide if an employee was sexually assaulted or
not, except in the United States military.
10. 25SPRING 2014 contexts
of military culture, the sacrosanct military justice system, which
can only be as impartial as the commander who oversees it.
Senator Kristin Gillibrand (D-NY) proposed a two-part judicial
system akin to those of many of our NATO Allies, a system that
would take the most serious crimes like murder and sexual
assault out of the chain of command and ensure that decisions
to investigate, prosecute, and convict could not be arbitrarily
reversed by a commander. In a statement issued December 20,
2013, Gillibrand said, “Nowhere in America do we allow a boss
to decide if an employee was sexually assaulted or not, except
in the United States military.”
Senator Claire McCaskill (D-MO) fashioned a more moder-
ate compromise that left the investigation and adjudication of
crimes of sexual assault in the hands of commanders but that
lifted the five-year statute of limitations on courts-martial for
sex-related crimes, criminalized retaliation by commanders (but
not by peers), provided counsel for victims, and did away with
the “good soldier defense.” The compromise carried the day,
much to the chagrin of victims who regard the UCMJ as a system
that often denies them justice.
For several years now the Department of Defense has
required mandatory training intended to prevent sexual assault
and sexual harassment, crafted public service announcements
for broadcast on military TV stations, established hotlines for
victims, and posted pleas in bathrooms on bases here and abroad
for bystanders to step in when they see abuse taking place.
Unfortunately, these costly efforts have failed to build trust in
a military judicial system. Victims see these public campaigns
as the military’s efforts to protect the institution and not them.
As long as the investigation and adjudication of sexual assault
cases remain within such a command-centric judicial system, the
partiality of a single individual can easily trump justice.
Carol Burke is in the English department and a faculty associate in the anthropol-
ogy department at the University of California, Irvine. She is the author of Camp
All-American, Hanoi Jane, and the High-and-Tight: Gender, Folklore, and Changing
Military Culture.
Sexual assaults by US military in Japan
unlikely to end in prison
At US military bases in Japan, most service members found culpable in sex crimes in recent
years did not go to prison, according to internal Department of Defence documents. Instead, in
a review of hundreds of cases filed in America’s largest overseas military installation,
offenders were fined, demoted, restricted to their bases or removed from the military.
a review of hundreds of cases filed in America’s largest overseas military installation,
a review of hundreds of cases filed in America’s largest overseas military installation,
a review of hundreds of cases filed in America’s largest overseas military installation,
a review of hundreds of cases filed in America’s largest overseas military installation,
The Military Has a Rape Problem-
and It's Not Just Women Who Suffer
The military says it's working to wipe out sexual violence in the armed
forces. So why is nobody talking about the staggering number of men
who are victimized year after year?
Sexual assaults by US military in Japan
Sexual assaults by US military in Japan
At US military bases in Japan, most service members found culpable in sex crimes in recent
At US military bases in Japan, most service members found culpable in sex crimes in recent
years did not go to prison, according to internal Department of Defence documents. Instead, in
years did not go to prison, according to internal Department of Defence documents. Instead, in
a review of hundreds of cases filed in America’s largest overseas military installation,
a review of hundreds of cases filed in America’s largest overseas military installation,
a review of hundreds of cases filed in America’s largest overseas military installation,
a review of hundreds of cases filed in America’s largest overseas military installation,
a review of hundreds of cases filed in America’s largest overseas military installation,
a review of hundreds of cases filed in America’s largest overseas military installation,
The Military Has a Rape ProblemThe Military Has a Rape Problem--
and It's Not Just Women Who Sufferand It's Not Just Women Who Suffer
The military says it's working to wipe out sexual violence in the armedThe military says it's working to wipe out sexual violence in the armed
Rape victims say militarylabels them 'crazy'By David S. Martin, CNN(CNN) -- Stephanie Schroeder joined the U.S. Marine Corps not long after 9/11. She was a
21-year-old with an associate's degree when she reported for boot camp at Parris Island, South
Carolina.