This document discusses sex offender policies and related research findings. It summarizes studies that have found relatively low recidivism rates for sex offenders, often lower than other types of criminals. For example, a US DOJ study found a 5.3% recidivism rate for sex offenders over 3 years, compared to 43% for non-sex offenders. Treatment is also shown to reduce recidivism. However, sex offender laws like registration and notification are enacted in response to public fear rather than evidence, and these laws may negatively impact offenders and their rehabilitation without clear evidence that they reduce reoffending.
Trends in female crime are complex compared to male crime. While female crime makes up a smaller percentage, it has been increasing, especially for minor property crimes and substance abuse. There are differences in the types of crimes committed by men and women, with women more likely to commit property crimes like theft. The causes of female crime are varied and can include personal factors like education level, as well as family issues, lack of opportunities, and social or legal system failures. Understanding the underlying causes of female crime is important for developing strategies to reduce it.
The document discusses crime and violence in Canada. It defines different types of crimes such as property crimes, violent crimes, victimless crimes, and computer crimes. It provides statistics on crime in Canada, noting that reported criminal incidents decreased from 2011 to 2012, largely due to reductions in non-violent crimes. The document also discusses youth crime statistics and notes that nearly 40,000 cases were completed in Canadian youth courts in 2013/2014, which was 12% lower than the previous year. Common youth crimes are discussed as well as the benefits of diversion programs for first-time youth offenders.
Victimology is the study of victims and patterns of victimization. Certain groups are more likely to experience victimization based on factors like age, gender, race, and lifestyle. Younger individuals between 12-24 and males experience higher rates of victimization overall. Females are more likely to be victimized by someone they know, while males are equally likely to be victimized by strangers or acquaintances. Blacks, Native Americans, and Hispanics also experience higher rates of victimization than whites. Victim-precipitation and lifestyle theories suggest that victimization is influenced by a victim's behaviors and routines that increase contact with motivated offenders in the absence of a capable guardian against crime.
The document discusses domestic violence, including its definition, types, causes, effects, statistics, prevention, and solutions. It defines domestic violence as behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control the other, whether married or not. The types of domestic violence include physical, emotional, isolation, intimidation, economic, and sexual abuse. Causes include environment, poor self-esteem, and drug and alcohol abuse. Effects involve low self-esteem, depression, suicide, sleep disruption, and inability to trust. Prevention involves ending the violence, reporting it, filing charges, documenting abuse, and seeking support.
This document discusses juvenile sexual offending in India. It notes the rise in juvenile crime rates and sexual assault cases. The 2015 amendment lowered the age of adult prosecution to 16 for serious crimes. Characteristics of juvenile sex offenders include being male adolescents aged 13-17, with impulse control issues and high rates of prior abuse and psychiatric disorders. Common etiological factors are physical/sexual abuse, exposure to violence, substance abuse, and pornography. Treatment focuses on changing behaviors in the youth's environment using family/social strengths. The conclusion calls for improved sex education, treatment, and addressing underlying causes to curb this problem.
The document discusses sex offender recidivism and reoffending. It notes that research findings on recidivism have been inconsistent. Studies have followed criminals after release and found that some are convicted of new sexual, violent, or other crimes within 5-25 years. Common factors for reoffending include deviant sexual interests, antisocial orientation, and lifestyle instability. The document also discusses risk assessment tools, treatment programs, and concludes that continued research is needed to find ways to reduce recidivism since currently there is no direct answer.
This document discusses victims and victimization from several perspectives. It begins by defining who is considered a victim and the harms they can experience. Certain groups are at higher risk of victimization due to factors like lifestyle, age, gender, race, social status and repeat victimization. The nature and locations of victimization are also examined. Several theories of victimization are then outlined, including lifestyle theory, routine activity theory, and victim precipitation theory. The roles of suitable targets, lack of guardians, and motivated offenders in allowing crimes of opportunity are also discussed in the context of routine activity theory.
This document discusses repeat offending patterns and approaches to reducing repeat offending. It finds that most crime is committed by a small minority of repeat offenders, especially young men. Measurement of repeat offending is difficult due to underreporting of crime. Successful strategies to reduce repeat offending include using data to analyze patterns, identifying prolific offenders, focusing intensive resources on them, and using deterrents and treatment programs. Focusing on repeat offenders can be an efficient way to reduce crime, but identifying them prospectively is challenging.
Trends in female crime are complex compared to male crime. While female crime makes up a smaller percentage, it has been increasing, especially for minor property crimes and substance abuse. There are differences in the types of crimes committed by men and women, with women more likely to commit property crimes like theft. The causes of female crime are varied and can include personal factors like education level, as well as family issues, lack of opportunities, and social or legal system failures. Understanding the underlying causes of female crime is important for developing strategies to reduce it.
The document discusses crime and violence in Canada. It defines different types of crimes such as property crimes, violent crimes, victimless crimes, and computer crimes. It provides statistics on crime in Canada, noting that reported criminal incidents decreased from 2011 to 2012, largely due to reductions in non-violent crimes. The document also discusses youth crime statistics and notes that nearly 40,000 cases were completed in Canadian youth courts in 2013/2014, which was 12% lower than the previous year. Common youth crimes are discussed as well as the benefits of diversion programs for first-time youth offenders.
Victimology is the study of victims and patterns of victimization. Certain groups are more likely to experience victimization based on factors like age, gender, race, and lifestyle. Younger individuals between 12-24 and males experience higher rates of victimization overall. Females are more likely to be victimized by someone they know, while males are equally likely to be victimized by strangers or acquaintances. Blacks, Native Americans, and Hispanics also experience higher rates of victimization than whites. Victim-precipitation and lifestyle theories suggest that victimization is influenced by a victim's behaviors and routines that increase contact with motivated offenders in the absence of a capable guardian against crime.
The document discusses domestic violence, including its definition, types, causes, effects, statistics, prevention, and solutions. It defines domestic violence as behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control the other, whether married or not. The types of domestic violence include physical, emotional, isolation, intimidation, economic, and sexual abuse. Causes include environment, poor self-esteem, and drug and alcohol abuse. Effects involve low self-esteem, depression, suicide, sleep disruption, and inability to trust. Prevention involves ending the violence, reporting it, filing charges, documenting abuse, and seeking support.
This document discusses juvenile sexual offending in India. It notes the rise in juvenile crime rates and sexual assault cases. The 2015 amendment lowered the age of adult prosecution to 16 for serious crimes. Characteristics of juvenile sex offenders include being male adolescents aged 13-17, with impulse control issues and high rates of prior abuse and psychiatric disorders. Common etiological factors are physical/sexual abuse, exposure to violence, substance abuse, and pornography. Treatment focuses on changing behaviors in the youth's environment using family/social strengths. The conclusion calls for improved sex education, treatment, and addressing underlying causes to curb this problem.
The document discusses sex offender recidivism and reoffending. It notes that research findings on recidivism have been inconsistent. Studies have followed criminals after release and found that some are convicted of new sexual, violent, or other crimes within 5-25 years. Common factors for reoffending include deviant sexual interests, antisocial orientation, and lifestyle instability. The document also discusses risk assessment tools, treatment programs, and concludes that continued research is needed to find ways to reduce recidivism since currently there is no direct answer.
This document discusses victims and victimization from several perspectives. It begins by defining who is considered a victim and the harms they can experience. Certain groups are at higher risk of victimization due to factors like lifestyle, age, gender, race, social status and repeat victimization. The nature and locations of victimization are also examined. Several theories of victimization are then outlined, including lifestyle theory, routine activity theory, and victim precipitation theory. The roles of suitable targets, lack of guardians, and motivated offenders in allowing crimes of opportunity are also discussed in the context of routine activity theory.
This document discusses repeat offending patterns and approaches to reducing repeat offending. It finds that most crime is committed by a small minority of repeat offenders, especially young men. Measurement of repeat offending is difficult due to underreporting of crime. Successful strategies to reduce repeat offending include using data to analyze patterns, identifying prolific offenders, focusing intensive resources on them, and using deterrents and treatment programs. Focusing on repeat offenders can be an efficient way to reduce crime, but identifying them prospectively is challenging.
Right Realism seeks practical crime control measures rather than finding the causes of crime. It acknowledges crime is a real problem that destroys communities. Right Realists argue crime results from biological differences, faulty socialization leading to an underclass, and rational choice. They propose preventing crime through proactive policing, broken windows policy, strong communities, target hardening, and deterring crime through certainty of punishment like imprisonment. The goal is controlling crime rather than solving its root causes.
Chapter 16 provides an overview of victimology, the study of crime victims. It discusses who is typically victimized and various theories of victimization. Characteristics like gender, age, income level, and marital status can influence victimization risk. The chapter also examines the impact of victimization on victims and the criminal justice system's role in assisting victims and enforcing their rights.
Case studies and report writing of crime scene visitsdevootydevu01
The document discusses the process of documenting a crime scene through written notes, photographs, diagrams and sketches to create a final report, with sections including a summary, description of the scene, processing details, evidence collected, and pending tasks. It also provides an example case study of the murder of Neeraj Grover in 2008 and the evidence and verdict. Finally, it references techniques used to solve cold cases like that of the Golden State Killer through DNA evidence and public genealogy databases.
This presentation covers the main pointers to remember while studying the schools of criminology. Compiling together in simple language, I've created a friendly presentation to help you associate the school with its salient features.
*Please open in Microsoft PPT for high definition and best effects :)
Rape is something that is becoming very common in today's society the hard punishments is not the only thing that will stop this social evil but it is the change in attitude of the people.
Young single males are most likely to be victims of assault and robbery. Surveys show that crime victims can experience lasting emotional impacts, with many victims of child abuse experiencing low self-esteem into adulthood. The Islington Crime Survey found that crimes against women often occur in the home, though women disproportionately fear crime outside the home, altering their behavior as a result. Approximately one-third of survey respondents had been victims, but half of these were victims of repeat crimes, indicating that a small number of people experience multiple victimizations.
Biological theories of crime propose that criminal behavior may be influenced by biological factors. Cesare Lombroso's theory claimed that criminals have distinct physical characteristics showing their evolutionarily primitive nature. The Y chromosome theory links criminal behavior to an extra Y chromosome. William Sheldon's somatotype theory associated criminality with a mesomorphic body type. While these theories provide biological explanations for crime, they have been criticized for ignoring free will and failing to account for social and environmental influences on criminal behavior.
This is a presentation I made while I was going through my college days. A presentation which included 5 people all my peers and and a lot of research. You will find all types of Information on Rape with Real Case studies ranging from Man Raped by a woman to the Infamous Hannah Foster Rape Case. Read and Share so that everyone can know more about this heinous crime.
Actus rea refers to the guilty act, while mens rea refers to the guilty mind or intent. So the correct answer is C - Guilty act and guilty mind. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea means "the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty". This is a fundamental principle of criminal law that for an act to result in criminal liability, it must involve both a guilty act (actus rea) and a guilty mind (mens rea).
This document summarizes information about victimization from a criminology course. It discusses the social ecology and characteristics of victimizations, as well as theories of victimization. The key points are:
1) Victimization risk varies based on location (e.g. public vs. private), gender, age, social status, and other demographic factors.
2) Theories of victimization like lifestyle theory and routine activities theory suggest victimization risk increases through behaviors like frequenting risky locations, having valuable possessions, and lacking capable guardians.
3) Victimization can cause economic losses, suffering, stress, PTSD and increased risk of anti-social behavior in victims.
Rape is a serious crime that involves nonconsensual sexual acts through unwanted touching, oral sex, anal sex, or vaginal penetration. The document discusses several cases of rape in India, including a 17-year-old boy who brutally raped a girl and her boyfriend, and only faced 3 years in prison due to his age. It also notes statistics about the prevalence of rape in India, such as 44% of rapes occurring before age 18, and only 16.3% of rapists serving jail time. While laws have been strengthened in India to address rape, issues still remain around marital rape not being illegal and protections not extending to transgender people.
Raman Raghav was a serial killer in Mumbai, India from 1965-1968 who murdered over 40 people. He targeted poor victims who were sleeping on the streets, killing them by hitting them with heavy objects. The police investigation took 3 years to identify Raghav as the killer. When arrested, psychological evaluations found he suffered from chronic paranoid schizophrenia. He was sentenced to life in prison instead of the death penalty due to his mental illness. Raghav died in prison in 1995 from kidney disease.
1) Rape patterns are influenced by factors such as race, age, time of year, location, and victim characteristics. Gang rapes account for over 40% of reported rapes and target unsuspecting victims. 2) Date/acquaintance rape is the most common type, often involving verbal coercion, and over half of female college students experience sexual assault. 3) Victim responses vary depending on the type of rape, and they may face further abuse from police and courts when reporting. Survivors commonly experience shock, fear, and long-term psychological impacts.
This document presents information on crimes against women in India from a group presentation. It discusses how violence against women continues globally and provides definitions and statistics on the situation in India. Crime statistics show that rape, kidnapping, dowry deaths and other crimes against women have been increasing in India. Several laws and acts have been passed to protect women, but challenges remain in changing cultural mindsets and ensuring women's safety, participation and rights. Overall progress requires increased awareness of women's issues and gender equality.
Kidnapping involves unlawfully taking a person away against their will by force or fraud. A case study describes the kidnapping and murder of 10-year-old Naga Vaishnavi in India in 2010. She was kidnapped from her car and later found murdered. The main accused in the case later claimed others were responsible, including the victim's mother. Stranger danger lessons advise children to run, scream, and resist if approached, and escape maneuvers if already in a kidnapper's vehicle. Personal safety devices and resources are also outlined.
This document discusses organized crime. It defines organized crime as groups that use unlawful means like violence, threats, or corruption to gain money or advantages. It describes the characteristics of organized crime groups as having teamwork, hierarchies, planning, and effective member control. The activities of organized crime include narcotics, gambling, human trafficking, and money laundering. There are different types of organized crime like gangs, racketeering, and syndicates. The document also discusses the levels of relationship between organized crime and political corruption.
This document summarizes the key components and capabilities of Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS). It discusses the goals of understanding AFIS, how fingerprints are acquired and processed, different types of fingerprint searches, system accuracy, current issues and limitations, and emerging technologies like mobile AFIS.
This PPT Includes basics of Criminology, the theories of different Criminologists, schools of criminology, importance of criminology in policy making for each country in administration of criminal justice, role of media and investigating strategies.
Mental illness can be related to criminal behavior in several ways. Specific mental disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and substance abuse disorders have been linked to increased rates of violence and criminal acts. In terms of criminal responsibility, the McNaughton Rules and insanity defense evaluate if a defendant understood the nature and consequences of their actions or if mental illness caused them to not know right from wrong. Malaysian law also allows for diminished responsibility to reduce murder charges to manslaughter if a person's mental state impaired their responsibility.
Presented by
John Lynch, Yamhill Co. Juv. Dept.
SUPERVISION & TREATMENT
OF SEXUAL OFFENDERS
1
Almost every hand you’ve shaken has touched a penis.
THINK ABOUT THIS
FOR A SECOND…
To gain knowledge regarding the broad range of considerations when supervising offenders who have committed sexual offenses and to examine effective intervention strategies.
LEARNING GOAL
Myths about sex offenders
Common characteristics of sex offenders
Sexual offense recidivism rates
Risk factors that are/are not associated
with recidivism
Common tactics of sex offenders
WE WILL COVER…
“Success-oriented” supervision model
The importance of communication
Specialized supervision conditions and
success-oriented goals
How to respond to violations
WE WILL COVER…
Effective interventions
Common treatment goals
Use of the polygraph
Doing your job better & reducing your
stress
WE WILL COVER…
SEX OFFENDER VERSION
7
Most sexual offenses are committed by strangers.
Most sexual offenses are committed by someone known to the victim or victim’s family, regardless if the victim is a child or an adult.
Approximately 60% of boys and 80% of girls who are sexually victimized are abused by someone known to the child or the child’s family.
From 2005 to 2010, 78% of sexual violence involved an offender who was a family member, intimate partner, friend, or acquaintance.
Debunking the Myths
Bullet 2 – (60% boys / 80% girls) is from Lieb, Quinsey, and Berliner, 1998.
In a 2009 study conducted by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 13,471 juvenile sex offender cases were evaluated which revealed that in 88.2% of reported incidents, the victim was either a family member or acquaintance.
Only 2.5% involved a victim who was considered a stranger to the offender.
Victim Relationship
Rape and sexual assault victimizations against females by victim-offender relationship
1994–1998, 1999–2004, and 2005–2010Victim-Offender Relationship1994-19981999-20042005-2010Stranger
Non-stranger21%
79%25%
75%22%
78%Intimate Partner
(includes former spouse, BF, GF)28%30%34%Relative9%3%6%Acquaintance42%42%38%
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 1994–2010.
Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010 (March 2013). Special report published by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Sexual offense rates are higher than ever and continue to climb.
Despite the increase in publicity about sexual crimes, from 1995 to 2010, the estimated annual rate of female (age 12 or older) rape or sexual assault victimizations has declined 58%.
Debunking the Myths
Only a fraction of those who commit sexual offenses are apprehended and convicted for their crimes.
Debunking the Myths
Debunking the Myths
This figure taken from the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) website, acces.
11 Sex Offenders Assessment and TreatmentShahid M. Shahidullah an.docxpaynetawnya
11 Sex Offenders: Assessment and Treatment
Shahid M. Shahidullah and Diane L. GreenINTRODUCTION
There has been a rapid growth and expansion of correctional institutions in America in the1980s and 1990s. Between 1982 and 2003, correctional expenditures for all levels of government, including federal, state, and local, increased 573 percent. In 1982, total correctional expenditures were about $9.1 billion. In 2003, they increased to about $60.9 billion (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006). This rapid growth in correctional expenditures was accompanied with rapid growth in incarcerated population. In 2004, there were about 7 million people in America who were in prison, or jail, or in probation. Between 1995 and 2005, the incarcerated population in America grew at an annual rate of about 3.4 percent (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005). In 2001, about $38.2 billion was spent by the state authorities for corrections, and out of that about $28.4 billion was spent for adult correctional facilities. In 2001, about 59 percent of the justice expenditures of the states were for corrections alone.
This growth and expansion in corrections has brought, particularly for the states, not only new prisons and prison jobs but also new responsibilities and concerns for offender management. In the context of the emerging policy model of prison reentry, correctional institutions are being increasingly asked to build a bridge between prison and communities, particularly through a model of offender management that can reduce recidivism and strengthen reentry and reintegration. A new managerial paradigm is currently growing in American corrections that emphasizes that offender management should be seen in terms of a more holistic and comprehensive perspective—a perspective that can combine risk assessment and treatment with new goals and planning for their reentry and offender management in the communities (MacKenzie, 2001). This new model has expanded particularly in the area of sex offender management, and its expansion is planned and guided nationally by the Center for Sex Offender Management [CSOM]—a federal program established in 1997 by the Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, in collaboration with the National Institute of Justice, National Institute of Corrections, State Justice Institute, and the American Probation and Parole Association.
The core of the CSOM model is that sex offender management must begin with effective assessment and treatment of sex offenders inside the prison. Reentry and recidivism depend on whether the risk of reoffending was effectively assessed, and suitable treatment plans were made and offered. The postincarceration success of sex offender registration, notification, tracking, and management is now seen as intimately connected with effective sex offender assessment and treatment during incarceration in prison. It is because of this emerging comprehensive approach that correctional institutions are reexamining ...
Right Realism seeks practical crime control measures rather than finding the causes of crime. It acknowledges crime is a real problem that destroys communities. Right Realists argue crime results from biological differences, faulty socialization leading to an underclass, and rational choice. They propose preventing crime through proactive policing, broken windows policy, strong communities, target hardening, and deterring crime through certainty of punishment like imprisonment. The goal is controlling crime rather than solving its root causes.
Chapter 16 provides an overview of victimology, the study of crime victims. It discusses who is typically victimized and various theories of victimization. Characteristics like gender, age, income level, and marital status can influence victimization risk. The chapter also examines the impact of victimization on victims and the criminal justice system's role in assisting victims and enforcing their rights.
Case studies and report writing of crime scene visitsdevootydevu01
The document discusses the process of documenting a crime scene through written notes, photographs, diagrams and sketches to create a final report, with sections including a summary, description of the scene, processing details, evidence collected, and pending tasks. It also provides an example case study of the murder of Neeraj Grover in 2008 and the evidence and verdict. Finally, it references techniques used to solve cold cases like that of the Golden State Killer through DNA evidence and public genealogy databases.
This presentation covers the main pointers to remember while studying the schools of criminology. Compiling together in simple language, I've created a friendly presentation to help you associate the school with its salient features.
*Please open in Microsoft PPT for high definition and best effects :)
Rape is something that is becoming very common in today's society the hard punishments is not the only thing that will stop this social evil but it is the change in attitude of the people.
Young single males are most likely to be victims of assault and robbery. Surveys show that crime victims can experience lasting emotional impacts, with many victims of child abuse experiencing low self-esteem into adulthood. The Islington Crime Survey found that crimes against women often occur in the home, though women disproportionately fear crime outside the home, altering their behavior as a result. Approximately one-third of survey respondents had been victims, but half of these were victims of repeat crimes, indicating that a small number of people experience multiple victimizations.
Biological theories of crime propose that criminal behavior may be influenced by biological factors. Cesare Lombroso's theory claimed that criminals have distinct physical characteristics showing their evolutionarily primitive nature. The Y chromosome theory links criminal behavior to an extra Y chromosome. William Sheldon's somatotype theory associated criminality with a mesomorphic body type. While these theories provide biological explanations for crime, they have been criticized for ignoring free will and failing to account for social and environmental influences on criminal behavior.
This is a presentation I made while I was going through my college days. A presentation which included 5 people all my peers and and a lot of research. You will find all types of Information on Rape with Real Case studies ranging from Man Raped by a woman to the Infamous Hannah Foster Rape Case. Read and Share so that everyone can know more about this heinous crime.
Actus rea refers to the guilty act, while mens rea refers to the guilty mind or intent. So the correct answer is C - Guilty act and guilty mind. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea means "the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty". This is a fundamental principle of criminal law that for an act to result in criminal liability, it must involve both a guilty act (actus rea) and a guilty mind (mens rea).
This document summarizes information about victimization from a criminology course. It discusses the social ecology and characteristics of victimizations, as well as theories of victimization. The key points are:
1) Victimization risk varies based on location (e.g. public vs. private), gender, age, social status, and other demographic factors.
2) Theories of victimization like lifestyle theory and routine activities theory suggest victimization risk increases through behaviors like frequenting risky locations, having valuable possessions, and lacking capable guardians.
3) Victimization can cause economic losses, suffering, stress, PTSD and increased risk of anti-social behavior in victims.
Rape is a serious crime that involves nonconsensual sexual acts through unwanted touching, oral sex, anal sex, or vaginal penetration. The document discusses several cases of rape in India, including a 17-year-old boy who brutally raped a girl and her boyfriend, and only faced 3 years in prison due to his age. It also notes statistics about the prevalence of rape in India, such as 44% of rapes occurring before age 18, and only 16.3% of rapists serving jail time. While laws have been strengthened in India to address rape, issues still remain around marital rape not being illegal and protections not extending to transgender people.
Raman Raghav was a serial killer in Mumbai, India from 1965-1968 who murdered over 40 people. He targeted poor victims who were sleeping on the streets, killing them by hitting them with heavy objects. The police investigation took 3 years to identify Raghav as the killer. When arrested, psychological evaluations found he suffered from chronic paranoid schizophrenia. He was sentenced to life in prison instead of the death penalty due to his mental illness. Raghav died in prison in 1995 from kidney disease.
1) Rape patterns are influenced by factors such as race, age, time of year, location, and victim characteristics. Gang rapes account for over 40% of reported rapes and target unsuspecting victims. 2) Date/acquaintance rape is the most common type, often involving verbal coercion, and over half of female college students experience sexual assault. 3) Victim responses vary depending on the type of rape, and they may face further abuse from police and courts when reporting. Survivors commonly experience shock, fear, and long-term psychological impacts.
This document presents information on crimes against women in India from a group presentation. It discusses how violence against women continues globally and provides definitions and statistics on the situation in India. Crime statistics show that rape, kidnapping, dowry deaths and other crimes against women have been increasing in India. Several laws and acts have been passed to protect women, but challenges remain in changing cultural mindsets and ensuring women's safety, participation and rights. Overall progress requires increased awareness of women's issues and gender equality.
Kidnapping involves unlawfully taking a person away against their will by force or fraud. A case study describes the kidnapping and murder of 10-year-old Naga Vaishnavi in India in 2010. She was kidnapped from her car and later found murdered. The main accused in the case later claimed others were responsible, including the victim's mother. Stranger danger lessons advise children to run, scream, and resist if approached, and escape maneuvers if already in a kidnapper's vehicle. Personal safety devices and resources are also outlined.
This document discusses organized crime. It defines organized crime as groups that use unlawful means like violence, threats, or corruption to gain money or advantages. It describes the characteristics of organized crime groups as having teamwork, hierarchies, planning, and effective member control. The activities of organized crime include narcotics, gambling, human trafficking, and money laundering. There are different types of organized crime like gangs, racketeering, and syndicates. The document also discusses the levels of relationship between organized crime and political corruption.
This document summarizes the key components and capabilities of Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS). It discusses the goals of understanding AFIS, how fingerprints are acquired and processed, different types of fingerprint searches, system accuracy, current issues and limitations, and emerging technologies like mobile AFIS.
This PPT Includes basics of Criminology, the theories of different Criminologists, schools of criminology, importance of criminology in policy making for each country in administration of criminal justice, role of media and investigating strategies.
Mental illness can be related to criminal behavior in several ways. Specific mental disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and substance abuse disorders have been linked to increased rates of violence and criminal acts. In terms of criminal responsibility, the McNaughton Rules and insanity defense evaluate if a defendant understood the nature and consequences of their actions or if mental illness caused them to not know right from wrong. Malaysian law also allows for diminished responsibility to reduce murder charges to manslaughter if a person's mental state impaired their responsibility.
Presented by
John Lynch, Yamhill Co. Juv. Dept.
SUPERVISION & TREATMENT
OF SEXUAL OFFENDERS
1
Almost every hand you’ve shaken has touched a penis.
THINK ABOUT THIS
FOR A SECOND…
To gain knowledge regarding the broad range of considerations when supervising offenders who have committed sexual offenses and to examine effective intervention strategies.
LEARNING GOAL
Myths about sex offenders
Common characteristics of sex offenders
Sexual offense recidivism rates
Risk factors that are/are not associated
with recidivism
Common tactics of sex offenders
WE WILL COVER…
“Success-oriented” supervision model
The importance of communication
Specialized supervision conditions and
success-oriented goals
How to respond to violations
WE WILL COVER…
Effective interventions
Common treatment goals
Use of the polygraph
Doing your job better & reducing your
stress
WE WILL COVER…
SEX OFFENDER VERSION
7
Most sexual offenses are committed by strangers.
Most sexual offenses are committed by someone known to the victim or victim’s family, regardless if the victim is a child or an adult.
Approximately 60% of boys and 80% of girls who are sexually victimized are abused by someone known to the child or the child’s family.
From 2005 to 2010, 78% of sexual violence involved an offender who was a family member, intimate partner, friend, or acquaintance.
Debunking the Myths
Bullet 2 – (60% boys / 80% girls) is from Lieb, Quinsey, and Berliner, 1998.
In a 2009 study conducted by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 13,471 juvenile sex offender cases were evaluated which revealed that in 88.2% of reported incidents, the victim was either a family member or acquaintance.
Only 2.5% involved a victim who was considered a stranger to the offender.
Victim Relationship
Rape and sexual assault victimizations against females by victim-offender relationship
1994–1998, 1999–2004, and 2005–2010Victim-Offender Relationship1994-19981999-20042005-2010Stranger
Non-stranger21%
79%25%
75%22%
78%Intimate Partner
(includes former spouse, BF, GF)28%30%34%Relative9%3%6%Acquaintance42%42%38%
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 1994–2010.
Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010 (March 2013). Special report published by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Sexual offense rates are higher than ever and continue to climb.
Despite the increase in publicity about sexual crimes, from 1995 to 2010, the estimated annual rate of female (age 12 or older) rape or sexual assault victimizations has declined 58%.
Debunking the Myths
Only a fraction of those who commit sexual offenses are apprehended and convicted for their crimes.
Debunking the Myths
Debunking the Myths
This figure taken from the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) website, acces.
11 Sex Offenders Assessment and TreatmentShahid M. Shahidullah an.docxpaynetawnya
11 Sex Offenders: Assessment and Treatment
Shahid M. Shahidullah and Diane L. GreenINTRODUCTION
There has been a rapid growth and expansion of correctional institutions in America in the1980s and 1990s. Between 1982 and 2003, correctional expenditures for all levels of government, including federal, state, and local, increased 573 percent. In 1982, total correctional expenditures were about $9.1 billion. In 2003, they increased to about $60.9 billion (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006). This rapid growth in correctional expenditures was accompanied with rapid growth in incarcerated population. In 2004, there were about 7 million people in America who were in prison, or jail, or in probation. Between 1995 and 2005, the incarcerated population in America grew at an annual rate of about 3.4 percent (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005). In 2001, about $38.2 billion was spent by the state authorities for corrections, and out of that about $28.4 billion was spent for adult correctional facilities. In 2001, about 59 percent of the justice expenditures of the states were for corrections alone.
This growth and expansion in corrections has brought, particularly for the states, not only new prisons and prison jobs but also new responsibilities and concerns for offender management. In the context of the emerging policy model of prison reentry, correctional institutions are being increasingly asked to build a bridge between prison and communities, particularly through a model of offender management that can reduce recidivism and strengthen reentry and reintegration. A new managerial paradigm is currently growing in American corrections that emphasizes that offender management should be seen in terms of a more holistic and comprehensive perspective—a perspective that can combine risk assessment and treatment with new goals and planning for their reentry and offender management in the communities (MacKenzie, 2001). This new model has expanded particularly in the area of sex offender management, and its expansion is planned and guided nationally by the Center for Sex Offender Management [CSOM]—a federal program established in 1997 by the Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, in collaboration with the National Institute of Justice, National Institute of Corrections, State Justice Institute, and the American Probation and Parole Association.
The core of the CSOM model is that sex offender management must begin with effective assessment and treatment of sex offenders inside the prison. Reentry and recidivism depend on whether the risk of reoffending was effectively assessed, and suitable treatment plans were made and offered. The postincarceration success of sex offender registration, notification, tracking, and management is now seen as intimately connected with effective sex offender assessment and treatment during incarceration in prison. It is because of this emerging comprehensive approach that correctional institutions are reexamining ...
(2 of 2) Legislative History of Sex Offender Residence Restrictionssoissues
The document discusses several myths related to sex offender policies and recidivism rates. It provides facts showing that:
1) Recidivism rates are much lower than believed, with most studies finding rates around 14% for sex offenders over 4-6 years;
2) Not all sex offenders are the same - some groups like pedophiles who molest boys reoffend more than others; and
3) Treatment can help reduce recidivism by 10-40% according to several studies.
This document provides information about sexual assault policies and statistics in different states. It begins with an introduction explaining the purpose is to objectively provide information, not make policy suggestions. Section 1 discusses statistics about victims and perpetrators of sexual assault in the US. Section 2 reviews the states with the highest and lowest reported rape rates. Alaska and South Dakota have the highest, while New Jersey and New York have the lowest. Section 3 notes definitions of sexual assault and rape vary by state and provides federal definitions for context.
The document discusses sexual offenders after prison, including statistics, monitoring, and challenges. Some key points:
- Around 747,000 sexual offenders are registered in the US, with 5.3% reoffending sexually and 87% committing non-sexual crimes.
- Upon release, offenders must register with their state's sexual offender registry and provide personal details that are made public.
- Offenders are categorized into risk levels 1-3, with level 3 deemed highest risk. Monitoring includes GPS tracking for high risk offenders.
- Challenges include offenders failing to register, providing fake addresses, and disappearing. Revelation of offender details aims to empower public safety but also risks further victimization and vigilantism in communities
Sexual violence occurs throughout the world Available data suggest
that in some countries nearly one in four women may experience
sexual violence by an intimate partner and up to one third of
adolescent girls report their first sexual experience as being forced
Sexual violence has a profound impact on physical and mental health
As well as causing physical injury, it is associated with an increased
risk of a range of sexual and reproductive health problems, with both
immediate and long term consequences
This study examined the relationship between phallometric assessments (measures of sexual arousal) and two risk assessment tools (RRASOR and MnSOST-R) in a sample of 367 incarcerated sex offenders. Preliminary analyses found that age was significantly correlated with phallometric and risk assessment scores, but not race or victim type. Offenders were grouped by victim relationship (intrafamilial, extrafamilial, adult only). Risk scores differed between groups, but phallometric scores did not, though adult offenders showed higher arousal overall. Primary analyses found no significant associations between phallometric indices and scores on the MnSOST-R or its subscales. Victim relationship type did not impact these relationships
This document discusses the issue of lenient treatment of female sex offenders compared to males. It provides statistics showing that the number of female sex offenders is rising in the US and many states. However, conviction and sentencing rates for females remain lower than guidelines. The document examines several state-specific examples of female teachers receiving probation or light sentences for sexual relationships with students, despite sentencing guidelines calling for heavier punishment. The document argues for equal treatment and punishment of female sex offenders in order to protect children and ensure just application of the law.
Very few of us know that 73% of the rape victims know the rapists. Moreover, 40% of rapes happen at victim’s home and 20% occur in the homes of familiar people.
It turned out that most of us have no idea about the effective precautions needed to protect ourselves from the traumatic experience, because we expect danger from a wrong source. A widespread belief is that one should expect a rapist to sit in the bushes in the park late at night, while the reality is different.
My colleague Paulina Grzelak and I were astonished while exploring this topic, as we were quite oblivious to the real situation as well. Therefore, we decided to make a small questionnaire and ask people what they think about rape.
This presentation begins with the analysis of what makes a person become a rapist, which is followed by the comparison of the results of the questionnaire with real data.
I would be grateful if you shared this presentation as many people need this knowledge.
I also want to add that most figures we present come from the States where definition of rape and social situation may differ from ours. Hence, comparing data from the U.S. with opinions from Poland and Ukraine may seem improper. For instance, being forced into sexual contact by husband may not even be recognized as rape in Ukraine, “because it’s his natural right”. And even if a wife admits this fact, social welfare system (which does not exist here, let’s face it) leaves her no option apart from remaining silent, while in the U.S. rape victims are less dependent on family members. Therefore, one has to approach the statistics carefully. Still, we believe that using American data can be justified by the fact that they explore the subject more than any other country.
Sex offenders and the law.tracey.percifield.unit4 ipTpeisi Nesby
The document discusses laws regarding sex offenders in Texas and Florida. Both states have strict laws including mandatory prison time starting at age 18, life imprisonment or the death penalty for certain offenses. Sex offenders must register with the state and have their information made public. Upon release, they are tracked with GPS monitoring and subject to restrictions on where they can live and be around children. Treatment programs focus on counseling, medication, and sometimes involuntary castration for repeat offenders. The conclusion supports these tough laws and penalties as needed to protect victims and communities.
This document provides a summary of gang violence in the African American community and recommendations to prevent it. It defines the problem of gang violence and prevalence rates. African American gangs have high rates of violence despite lower membership. Factors that contribute to gang violence include poverty, lack of opportunities, and social disorganization. The document recommends that the mayor implement community outreach programs to reduce poverty and increase social and economic well-being, citing two specific programs as examples: Neighborhood Centers Inc. and Connecticut Association for Human Services. Both work to improve communities and move families out of poverty.
This study analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 1,143 individuals ages 16-22 to examine patterns of sexual violence perpetration over time. Three key profiles of perpetration were identified for both younger (16-18) and older (19+) age groups: 1) a high perpetration profile with a high probability of sexual harassment, rape, coercive sex, and sexual assault; 2) a middle perpetration profile with a high probability of sexual harassment; and 3) a low perpetration profile with low probabilities of any perpetration. While most individuals remained stable in their perpetration profiles over time, some escalated or reduced their perpetration behaviors. Few gender differences were found except that males ages 16-18 were more
Characteristics od Sibling and Nonsibling Sexual Abuse Cases Under Canadian C...BASPCAN
Dr. Delphine Collin-Vezina
Director
Centre for Research on Children and Families
Tier II Canada Research Chair in Child Welfare
Associate Professor, McGill University
The study found that 8.5% of adolescents and young adults ages 13-20 reported perpetrating some form of sexual violence in their lifetime. Male perpetrators were more likely than females to report attempted rape or coercive sex. Female perpetrators tended to be older and victimize people older than themselves, while male perpetrators tended to be younger when they first offended and target younger victims. Very few sexual violence incidents were reported to authorities, with only one male perpetrator in the study reporting being arrested. The results provide initial nationwide estimates of adolescent sexual violence perpetration but have limitations due to sensitivity of the topic.
This document provides information about sex offenders and discusses ways to reduce risk and promote rehabilitation. It notes that not all sex offenders are predators or child molesters, and that treatment can significantly reduce recidivism rates. While some laws target the small percentage of dangerous offenders, they affect all cases. The document encourages establishing boundaries, acknowledging the possibility of change, understanding recidivism risks, and allowing the church to help rehabilitate offenders through trained policies and procedures. The overall message is one of pursuing balanced policies and rehabilitation over fear and punishment alone.
Policy Brief on Print Media Analysis of GBV Cases YouthHubAfrica
This document summarizes the findings of a study analyzing reported cases of gender-based violence (GBV) in Nigerian print media from April to September 2021. The study found 271 GBV cases reported, most commonly rape (24%) and physical assault (28%). The Southwestern region had the most reported cases (35%). Most victims were young females under 17, while most perpetrators were older men aged 30-49. The document calls for strengthening policies against GBV and training for media on ethical reporting of such cases.
Sexual assault cases regularly make headlines and can potentially cause serious reputational harm to law enforcement agencies and police departments for mishandling the cases or not pursuing them vigorously enough.
Sexual assault cases regularly make headlines and can potentially cause serious reputational harm to law enforcement agencies and police departments for mishandling the cases or not pursuing them vigorously enough.
The picture on the left shows the latest developments in a long-term problem of sexual assault on college campuses. In June, Candice Johnson, OCR Acting Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights issued a memo that effectively stalled investigation of civil rights violations including sexual assault on campuses. A month later, Democratic Senators Kirsten Gillibrand from New York State and Claire McCaskill from Missouri urged Secretary of Education Betsy Devos to reverse this decision as unlawful because of failure to protect students under Title IX. Full text of the memo and Title IX, Sec. 1681 Sex are part of your lesson handout.
Similar problem with widespread sexual assault, and especially against minors, is a long-term problem at cruise ships. Because of the nature of cruise ships, there is no immediate response by law enforcement and the ship guards that investigate the matter are the cruise company’s employees therefore often unlikely to be of meaningful help to the victims. Jurisdiction can be federal, state or foreign, depending on the ship’s flag.
Finally, sexual violence in a workplace can be difficult to address because of the unequal relationship between parties and under-reporting. Recently, car company Tesla appeared in the news as a hostile workplace to women.
Print Media Analysis of GBV cases in Nigeria (April - September 2021)YouthHubAfrica
Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is described as violence, including sexual, physical, mental and economic harm inflicted on an individual in public or in private on account of the individual’s gender. This includes the threat of violence, all forms of coercion and manipulations. GBV spectrum extends to all forms of intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child marriage, female genital mutilation and honor crimes (1). The trauma associated with GBV has debilitating effects on the lives of survivors and this negatively affects their productivity and perpetuates the cycle of poverty survivors have to contend with.
Session 3 1 lllc 2222 official statistics.2016Nathan Loynes
This document provides statistics and explanations about measuring and understanding crime. It discusses four main ways of knowing how much crime exists: crimes known to police, victim surveys, self-report studies, and other agency data. It also examines definitions of crime, challenges in interpreting data, and strengths and weaknesses of different data sources. Key findings include that victimization studies are thought to provide the most accurate estimates, with the British Crime Survey estimating that 77% of crime goes unrecorded.
Similar to Sexual Offenders Risk, Recidivism, and Social Policies (20)
Teens, Online Stranger Contact & Cyberbullying - What the research is telling...soissues
The document summarizes research on teens' online activities and safety concerns. Some key findings include:
- 32% of teens have been contacted by strangers online, and 7% had disturbing contact. Factors like posting photos increased risks.
- 32% experienced cyberbullying like private messages being shared without permission. Girls faced more bullying.
- 24% of parents said their teen saw inappropriate content online accidentally. Most teens can handle unwanted contact by ignoring it.
- 58% of online teens have social media profiles. Older teens and girls used them more. Profiles are often set to private or have fake information.
Registering Harm - How sex offense registries fail youth and communitiessoissues
The document summarizes issues with sex offense registries and the Adam Walsh Act (AWA). It discusses:
1) The history and origins of sex offense registries in the 1990s in response to media coverage, despite falling crime rates.
2) Key provisions and requirements of laws like the Wetterling Act, Megan's Law, and the AWA, including expanding registries to include juveniles and retroactivity.
3) Issues with the AWA including overburdening state budgets, placing unnecessary burdens on law enforcement, targeting juveniles and families, undermining rehabilitation, creating a false sense of security, and compromising community safety.
4) Recommendations including repe
This document summarizes New Mexico's current sex offender registration laws and how they compare to the requirements of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA). It finds that while New Mexico meets many SORNA standards, it differs in some key areas such as tiering of offenses, timing of initial registration, and the number of registrants posted on its public registry website. The document offers to provide assistance to New Mexico on aligning its laws further with SORNA.
Moral panics occur when a condition, group, or idea emerges that is seen as threatening societal values or interests. The document discusses how moral panics are often fueled by disproportionate media coverage of issues related to sex, drugs, youth, and new technologies. Moral panics can affect society by threatening stability and established social structures. They reflect societal fears, especially around protecting children, and reveal cultural anxieties about changes introduced by new media or technologies. While moral panics usually have short lifespans, politicians and media can sometimes prolong them by perpetuating the associated fears.
FL - Zero Tolerance and Homeless Sex Offenderssoissues
The Florida Department of Corrections has instituted several measures to reduce violations of probation terms and the number of absconders. They published guidance on "willful" violations, provided training to probation officers, and worked with courts to allow technical violations to be reported via letter in many counties rather than requiring arrest. These efforts contributed to a 20% decline in violations per 1,000 offenders between 2004 and 2006. The Department also launched an initiative in 2006 to reduce the number of absconders, achieving a 25% reduction within a year and a 30% reduction overall.
Banishment or facilitated reentry a human rights perspectivesoissues
This document summarizes a presentation given by Corinne A. Carey of Human Rights Watch at an ATSA conference regarding issues with current sex offender registration and notification laws from a human rights perspective. It outlines several rights that may be violated by overly broad laws, including privacy, housing choice, and avoiding stigma or harassment. Problems mentioned include registration of non-violent or consensual acts, lifetime requirements, lack of risk assessment, and residency restrictions that can interfere with family integrity. Consequences like loss of jobs or housing and threats of vigilantism against registrants are also discussed. The presentation calls for more narrowly tailored laws that respect human rights.
Understanding the Diversity of Sex Offenders - Implications for Informed Publ...soissues
This document summarizes research on sex offenders and implications for public policy. It finds that while sex offenders are not a homogeneous group, they are often treated as such in policy. Research shows sex offenders have varying risks and needs, and that effective management considers an offender's risk level and targets criminogenic needs through evidence-based practices like treatment and specialized community supervision. Strategies shown to reduce recidivism include actuarial risk assessment, treatment addressing deviant interests and attitudes, and community supervision combining surveillance with rehabilitation. The document cautions against one-size-fits-all policies and advocates approaches tailored to risk level and individual needs.
(1 of 2) legislative history of sex offender residence restrictionssoissues
- Residence restrictions for sex offenders have become increasingly common since the 1990s, with many states and localities passing laws restricting where sex offenders can live.
- However, multiple studies have found no evidence that residence restrictions reduce recidivism or increase community safety. Some studies found that residence restrictions increase housing instability and homelessness among sex offenders, which is linked to higher rates of reoffending.
- Victim advocacy groups and criminal justice organizations have opposed residence restrictions, arguing they undermine offender monitoring and rehabilitation efforts without providing public safety benefits.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Sexual Offenders Risk, Recidivism, and Social Policies
1. Sex offender policies July 2006 NACDL 1
Jill S. Levenson, Ph.D.
Lynn University
Boca Raton, FL
jsljwm@bellsouth.net
Sexual Offenders:
Risk, Recidivism, and Social Policies
2. July 2006 NACDL 2Sex offender policies
The problem of sexual violence
Approximately 90,000 cases of child
sexual abuse are confirmed in the U.S.
each year (Administration on Children
Youth and Families, 2004).
Self-report victimization surveys have
found that 23% of adults were sexually
abused before the age of 18
(Finkelhor, Moore, Hamby, & Straus,
1997).
17-22% of women and 2-8% of men
have been victims of sexual assault
(Putnam, 2003; Satcher, 2001).
The Incidence and Prevalence Survey
indicated there are 78 sexual assaults
per hour in our country (Tjaden &
Theonnes, 2000).
Because many cases of sexual abuse
go unreported due to victim fear,
shame, or loyalty to the abuser (Salter,
1995), documented reports of sexual
assault underestimate the extent of the
problem.
The majority of sex crimes may go
undetected (Abel, Becker,
Cunningham-Rathner, Mittleman,
Murphy, & Rouleou, 1987; Bureau of
Justice Statistics, 1997).
Some sexual offenders admit to
committing many more sexual assaults
than those for which they have been
caught (English, Jones, Pasini-Hill,
Patrick, & Cooley-Towell, 2000; Heil,
Ahlmeyer, & Simons, 2003).
3. July 2006 NACDL 3Sex offender policies
Myth or Fact?
All sex offenders reoffend
Treatment doesn’t work
Stranger Danger
Sex crime rates are on the rise
5. July 2006 NACDL 5Sex offender policies
Recidivism Facts
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
DOJ Canada long term
0%
50%
100%
SO NON
SO
US Dept. of Justice
5.3% recidivism rate over 3 year
follow-up
Sex offenders were less likely than
non-sex offenders to be rearrested for
any offense –– 43 % of sex offenders
versus 68 % of non-sex offenders.
Sex offenders were 4 times more
likely than non-sex offenders to be
rearrested for a sex offense.
Solicitor General’s Office of Canada
(n = 29,000)
14% recidivism rate over 5 years – all
sex offenders
13% - child molesters
Long-term (15 years) follow-up have
found recidivism rates of 24% (Harris
& Hanson)
6. July 2006 NACDL 6Sex offender policies
Source Recidivism Rate Definition of
recidivism
Follow-up period Sample size
Hanson & Bussierre (1998) Charges or
convictions
4-5 years 29,450
All sex offenders 14%
Child molesters 13%
Rapists 20%
Hanson & Morton-Bourgon (2005) Charges or
convictions
5-6 years 19,267
All sex offenders 14%
Harris & Hanson (2004) Charges or
convictions
15 years 4,724
All sex offenders 24%
Incestuous molesters 13%
Child molesters / girl victims 16%
Child molesters / boy victims 35%
Rapists 24%
Bureau of Justice Statistics (2003) arrests 3 years 9,691
All sex offenders 5.3%
8. July 2006 NACDL 8Sex offender policies
Harris and Hanson (2004)
N = 4,724; 15 year follow up period:
“Most sexual offenders do not re-offend sexually over
time. This may be the most important finding of this
study as this finding is contrary to some strongly held
beliefs. After 15 years, 73% of sexual offenders had not
been charged with, or convicted of, another sexual
offence. The sample was sufficiently large that very
strong contradictory evidence is necessary to
substantially change these recidivism estimates” (p. 17).
9. July 2006 NACDL 9Sex offender policies
Some sex offenders are more dangerous than
others
pedophiles who molest boys: 35-52%
rapists of adult women: 19-39%
Incest offenders: < 10% - 13%
Repeat offenders are more likely to reoffend than first-time offenders.
Those who comply with probation and treatment have lower
reoffense rates than those who violate the conditions of their release.
Sex offenders who target strangers are more dangerous than those
with victims inside their own family.
10. July 2006 NACDL 10Sex offender policies
Fact:
Sex crime rates have declined.
Sex crime rates, like other serious, non-sexual crimes (e.g., assault, robbery), have
declined substantially over the past decade, based on both official crime reports and
victim reports (Tonry, 2004).
Rape arrest rates peeked in 1990 and have decreased steadily since 1991.
The 2001 rate for forcible rape was 9.6 per 100,000, the lowest rate recorded since
national record-keeping practices were implemented (Maguire & Pastore, 2003).
Child sexual abuse rates also appear to be on the decline (Finkelhor & Jones, 2004;
Jones & Finkelhor, 2003).
It might be argued that the drop in crime rates is a direct result of increasingly
aggressive crime policies, but sociological and criminological scholars assert that
such trends are more likely a result of society’s changing values and social norms
(Tonry, 2004).
11. July 2006 NACDL 11Sex offender policies
Cause and effect can be misleading…
12. July 2006 NACDL 12Sex offender policies
Are sex offenders the most dangerous
type of criminal?
The U.S. Department of Justice (Bureau of Justice
Statistics, 2002).
burglary (74%)
larceny (75%)
auto theft (70%)
DUI (51%)
Sex offenders 5.3%
14. July 2006 NACDL 14Sex offender policies
U.S. DOJ (2003)
Recidivism of over 9,000 sex offenders
released from prison in 1994 (3 year follow-up)
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
All Child
Mol
Rape Stat rape Non-sex
517 sex offenders
rearrested for new
sex crime
3,328 non-sex
offenders rearrested
for new sex crime
Repeat sex offenders
accounted for only
13% of the 3,845 new
sex crimes committed
by inmates released
in 1994
16. July 2006 NACDL 16Sex offender policies
Treatment Doesn’t Work: Facts
Furby, Weinrott, & Bradshaw
(1989).
Combined analysis of numerous
studies that was unable to detect
a significant treatment effect due
to methodology variability.
Hanson, R. K., Gordon, A.,
Harris, A. J. R., Marques, J. K.,
Murphy, W., Quinsey, V. L., &
Seto, M. C. (2002).
17% untreated
10% treated
Losel, F., & Schmucker, M.
(2005).
Recidivism reduced by nearly 40%
Treatment failure is associated
with higher recidivism rates.
SOTEP:
Sex offenders who successfully
complete a treatment program
reoffend less often than those
who do not demonstrate that
they “got it” (Marques,
Miederanders, Day, Nelson, &
van Ommeren, 2005).
17. July 2006 NACDL 17Sex offender policies
Can they be cured?
Treatment won’t work equally well for everyone, and
100% success should not be expected.
Sex offender treatments, like many other types of
medical and mental health interventions, don’t focus on a
cure but on a reduction of symptoms.
Men who get married do not stop being attracted to other
women, they stop acting on it.
Treatment for diabetes doesn’t cure the disease, it
manages the disease.
Sex offender treatment teaches clients how to change
their thinking and their behavior.
18. July 2006 NACDL 18Sex offender policies
Facts: Stranger Danger
Perpetrators reported that their victims were strangers in less than 30% of
rapes and 15% of sexual abuse (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1997).
A study reviewing sex crimes as reported to police revealed that
93% of child sexual abuse victims knew their abuser;
34.2% were family members and
58.7% were acquaintances (BJS, 2000).
Only 7% of the perpetrators of child victims were strangers (BJS, 2000).
About 40% of sexual assaults take place in the victim’s own home, and 20%
take place in the home of a friend, neighbor or relative (BJS, 1997).
About .7% of all murders involve sexual assault.
The prevalence of sexual murders declined by about half between the late
1970’s and the mid 1990’s (BJS, 1997).
About 75% of sexual murder victims are over the age of 18 (BJS, 1997).
19. July 2006 NACDL 19Sex offender policies
Random acts of sexual violence, especially against children,
generate enormous media coverage.
Sexual abuse causes great harm to victims, so our society is rightly
concerned about it.
The media reports many inaccurate facts about sex offenders.
The public is largely misinformed about sex offenders, particularly
about recidivism rates and the threat that strangers pose to children.
This misinformation leads to fear and urgency to create laws to
prevent sex crimes.
Lawmakers act to serve their constituency, and policies are often
enacted in the absence of empirical evidence.
21. July 2006 NACDL 21Sex offender policies
Registration and Notification
1994: Jacob Wetterling Act
Required sex offenders to register with local law enforcement so that
such criminals could be tracked and their whereabouts known.
1996: Megan’s Law
Amended the Wetterling Act, requiring all states to implement
community notification.
About half of the states assign offenders to one of three risk levels and
notify differentially according to risk. They use risk assessment
instruments with moderate predictive validity.
Other states (such as Florida) employ broad community notification
Upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2003, in 2 cases (CT & Alaska)
PROTECT amendment require all states to develop Internet registries
by 2006.
22. July 2006 NACDL 22Sex offender policies
Thus far, there is little evidence that community notification is
successful in reducing sexual offense recidivism.
Washington Institute for Public Policy
(Schram & Milloy, 1995).
Compared 125 released adult sex
offenders who were subject to
Washington’s highest level of
notification with a randomly selected
control group of 90 offenders released
before the law went into effect.
Follow-up periods 1 – 4 years.
No statistically significant difference in
recidivism rates between offenders
who were subject to notification (19%
recidivism) and those who were not
(22% recidivism).
However, sex offenders who
were subject to community
notification were arrested
more quickly for new sex
crimes than those not
subject to notification.
63% of the new sex offenses
occurred in the jurisdiction
where notification took place.
The authors concluded that
community notification had
little effect on sex offense
recidivism.
23. July 2006 NACDL 23Sex offender policies
Do they work?
An interrupted time-series analysis involving ten states
investigated the impact of registration and notification laws
on sexual assault rates.
(Walker, Maddan, Vasquez, VanHouten, & Ervin-McLarty,
2005).
Five states experienced an increase in sexual assault
rates, with one of those states being statistically significant
Trends in three states revealed a significant decrease in
sex crime rates.
The authors concluded that registration and notification
policies did not appear to have a systematic influence on
decreasing sex crime rates across the ten states as a
group.
24. July 2006 NACDL 24Sex offender policies
Do they work?
(Washington State Institute for Public Policy, 2005).
After controlling for generally decreasing crime trends, sex offense
recidivism rates dropped nearly 70% after 1997, when community
notification procedures in Washington were standardized across the
state
While the authors acknowledged they were unable to account for
other possible explanations for this reduction (e.g., more severe
sentencing guidelines, or improved probationary supervision), they
concluded that community notification has likely contributed to
reductions in sexual offending.
Notably, Washington reserves its most aggressive community
notification for its highest risk “level III” offenders. Consequently, the
results might be generalized only to those states with similarly
crafted policies.
25. July 2006 NACDL 25Sex offender policies
Levenson, J.S. & Cotter, L.P. (2005). The impact of Megan’s Law on sex
offender reintegration. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 21(1), 49-66.
Type of Consequence Reported
Yes
N=183
I have lost a job because my boss or co-workers found
out I am a sex offender.
27%
I have had to move from a home or apartment because
landlord found out that I am a sex offender.
20%
I have had to move from a home or apartment because
neighbors complained that I was a sex offender.
15%
I have been threatened or harassed by neighbors. 33%
I have been physically assaulted or injured by someone
who found out I was a sex offender.
5%
My property has been damaged by someone who found out I
was a sex offender.
21%
A person who lives with me has been threatened,
harassed, assaulted, injured, or suffered property
damage because I am a sex offender.
19%
26. July 2006 NACDL 26Sex offender policies
Results
As the length of time on probation (and
exposure to notification procedures)
increased, so did the incidence of:
physical assault
(r = .19; p < .05)
property damage
(r = .17; p < .05)
consequences to household members
(r = .20; p < .01).
27. July 2006 NACDL 27Sex offender policies
Police crime scene tape is stretched
across the driveway at the home of slain
sex offender William Elliott, 24, in Corinth,
Maine, Monday, April 17, 2006. Elliot and
another sex offender, Joseph L. Gray, 57,
of Milo, Maine, were shot to death in
28. July 2006 NACDL 28Sex offender policies
Results
Social / Psychological Impact Agree or
Strongly
Agree
Megan’s law interferes with my recovery by causing more stress in
my life.
71%
I feel alone and isolated because of Megan’s law. 64%
I have lost friends or a close relationship because of Megan’s law. 52%
I am afraid for my safety because of Megan’s law. 46%
Shame and embarrassment due to Megan’s law keep me from
engaging in activities.
67%
I have less hope for the future now that I will be a registered sex
offender for life.
72%
Sometimes Megan’s law makes me feel hopeless – “no one believes I
can change so why even try?”
49%
29. July 2006 NACDL 29Sex offender policies
Positive Consequences
Positive Impact Agree or
Strongly
Agree
I am more willing to manage my risk factors because I know my neighbors
are watching me.
36%
I am more motivated to prevent reoffense so that I can prove to others that
I am not a bad person.
66%
I think that registration and notification help me to prevent offending. 22%
Because my neighbors know that I am a sex offender, I have less access
to potential victims because people keep their children (or other
potential victims) away from me.
22%
Megan’s Law has helped me to be more honest with people. 26%
I find that most people who know that I am a sex offender are supportive of
my recovery.
52%
I agree that communities are safer when they know where sex offenders
live.
32%
30. July 2006 NACDL 30Sex offender policies
Indiana & Connecticut (N = 239)
N yes
I've lost a job because boss or co-workers have found out. 237 21%
I've had to move out of an apartment or house that I rented
because landlord found out. 239 10%
I've had to move out of an apartment or house that I rented
because a neighbor found out. 239 8%
I've had to move out of a home that I own because a neighbor
found out. 236 3%
I've been threatened or harassed by neighbors. 239 21%
I've been physically assaulted or injured. 238 10%
My property has been damaged. 239 18%
A person who lives with me has been threatened, harassed,
assaulted, injured or suffered property damage. 239 16%
31. July 2006 NACDL 31Sex offender policies
N
agree or
Strongly
agree
Megan's law makes my recovery more difficult by causing stress in
my life. 239 62%
I feel alone and isolated because of Megan's law. 239 54%
I have lost friends or close relationships because of Megan's law. 236 50%
I am afraid for my safety because of Megan's law. 235 46%
Shame and embarrassment due to Megan's law keep me from
engaging in activities. 236 58%
I have less hope for the future now that I will be a registered sex
offender. 238 55%
Sometimes Megan's law makes me feel hopeless - "no one
believes I can change, so why even try?" 239 44%
Indiana & Connecticut (N = 239)
32. July 2006 NACDL 32Sex offender policies
Narrative Responses:
Common Themes
Many offenders pointed out that their victims were family members or
acquaintances and that the threat of strangers is exaggerated by the media.
They suggested the need for education to help families become more aware
of the dangers posed by people they know and trust.
The majority of responses focused on the need for a risk-level system of
classification with differential notification for higher risk offenders.
Another common theme was the unfairness of lifetime registration and
notification.
Respondents felt that notification should be altered after successful
completion of treatment or probation, or that a mechanism to petition the
court for removal from the registry should be provided after some extended
period of law-abiding behavior.
33. July 2006 NACDL 33Sex offender policies
Registry reliability
More than half the sample reported that
the information on Florida’s Internet
registry was incorrect.
Poor tracking of sex offenders has
received national attention and reduces
the credibility and effectiveness of
notification.
34. July 2006 NACDL 34Sex offender policies
Registry reliability
In 2003, the Boston Herald reported that the
whereabouts of 49% of registered sex offenders
in Massachusetts were unknown (Mullvihill,
Wisniewski, Meyers, & Wells, 2003).
An investigation of the accuracy of Kentucky’s
internet registry revealed that as many as 25%
of the registered addresses might be incorrect
(Tewksbury, 2002).
35. July 2006 NACDL 35Sex offender policies
Indiana & CT
The information listed about me on the registry helps the public know how to protect
themselves from me.
47 19.6 19.9 19.9
59 24.6 25.0 44.9
72 30.0 30.5 75.4
50 20.8 21.2 96.6
8 3.3 3.4 100.0
236 98.3 100.0
4 1.7
240 100.0
strongly disagree
disagree
I don't know
agree
strongly agree
Total
Valid
SystemMissing
Total
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
The information listed about me on the internet registry is correct.
15 6.3 6.4 6.4
9 3.8 3.8 10.2
89 37.1 37.9 48.1
98 40.8 41.7 89.8
24 10.0 10.2 100.0
235 97.9 100.0
5 2.1
240 100.0
strongly disagree
disagree
I don't know
agree
strongly agree
Total
Valid
SystemMissing
Total
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
36. July 2006 NACDL 36Sex offender policies
Conclusions
Little evidence to support that community
notification prevents sexual abuse,
reduces recidivism, or protects children.
The unintended consequences of sexual
abuse might disrupt the stability of sex
offenders in ways that may be
counterproductive.
38. July 2006 NACDL 38Sex offender policies
Residence restrictions nationally
As of 2004, 14 states had residence restrictions
Since 2005, hundreds of cities have passed ordinances
Two major cases have been heard in Iowa courts
Seering v. Iowa, a district court declared Iowa's restrictions unconstitutional
in 2003, resulting in an injunction preventing the enforcement of Iowa's 2,000
foot buffer zone.
In July of 2005, the Iowa Supreme Court overturned the lower court's ruling,
opining that the infringement on sex offenders' freedom of residency was
superseded by the state's compelling interest in protecting its citizens.
In a separate but related Iowa case, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals also
upheld the constitutionality of the law in a class action suit against the state
by sex offenders ("Doe v. Miller and White," 2004).
The U.S. Supreme Court has refused to hear the case.
40. July 2006 NACDL 40Sex offender policies
Forces pushing increased residence
restrictions
Common belief that this effort will make the
community safer.
Common feeling that punitive efforts towards all
sex offenders are justified after hearing highly
publicized single cases of child abduction, abuse
and death.
41. July 2006 NACDL 41Sex offender policies
Does proximity to schools
increase recidivism?
Colorado found that molesters who reoffended while
under supervision were randomly scattered throughout
the study area, and did not seem to live closer than non-
recidivists to schools or child care centers (Colorado
department of public safety, 2004).
“It’s not where they live, it’s how they live.”
-Kim English
In Minnesota, sex offenders’ proximity to schools or
parks was not a factor in recidivism, nor did it impact
community safety (Minnesota DOC, 2003; n = 329).
42. July 2006 NACDL 42Sex offender policies
So do they work?
There is no evidence that residence
restrictions reduce recidivism, increase
public safety, prevent sexual abuse, or
protect children.
43. July 2006 NACDL 43Sex offender policies
Unanticipated
Consequences
Push offenders out of metropolitan areas and into rural communities with few
resources.
Isolate offenders and limit access to employment opportunities, social support,
social services, and mental health treatment.
Prevent living with supportive family members.
Require the re-location of family members.
Overlapping restriction zones make it essentially impossible for sex offenders in
some cities to find housing.
Restrictions can lead to homelessness and transience, which interfere with effective
tracking , monitoring, and close probationary supervision.
May increase risk by aggravating the stressors (ex. Isolation, disempowerment ,
shame, depression, substance abuse,lack of social supports) that can trigger some
sex offenders to relapse.
44. July 2006 NACDL 44Sex offender policies
So what?
Decades of criminological research have identified social
support and stable employment as important factors in
successful community re-entry and decreased
recidivism.
Policies that disrupt stability are likely to interfere with
offender reintegration and increase risk for reoffense.
45. July 2006 NACDL 45Sex offender policies
Levenson, J.S. & Cotter, L.P. (2005). The impact of sex offender residence restrictions: 1,000
feet from danger or one step from absurd? International Journal of Offender Therapy and
Comparative Criminology, 49(2), 168-168.
Available at www.floridaatsa.com
Item Yes (n = 135)
I have had to move out of a home that I owned due to the
1,000 foot rule.
22%
I have had to move out of an apartment that I rented due
to the 1,000 foot rule.
28%
When released from prison, I was unable to return to my
home.
25%
I have been unable to live with supportive family
members due to the 1,000 foot rule.
44%
I find it difficult to find affordable housing due to the
1,000 foot rule.
57%
I have suffered financially because of the 1,000 foot rule. 48%
I have suffered emotionally because of the 1,000 foot
rule.
60%
46. July 2006 NACDL 46Sex offender policies
Many offenders emphasized their need for social support and believed
their risk increased with isolation from supportive family and friends.
“I believe you have a better chance of recovery by
living with supportive family members.”
“What helps me is having support people around…
isolating me is not helpful.”
One reported concern at having to live alone
because of the location of his family’s home, and
several young adults said they were unable to live
with parents and younger siblings after committing
what they referred to as a “statutory” offense.
Some respondents indicated that they had had to
relocate several times, and one said he was forced
to move to a “ghetto.”
47. July 2006 NACDL 47Sex offender policies
The majority of respondents emphatically proclaimed that the 1,000-
foot rule would have no effect on their risk of reoffense.
Many pointed out the need for internal motivation to prevent reoffense
and said that if a sex abuser wanted to reoffend, the rule would not
stop him.
“Has no effect at all on offending,”
“Does not make an impact on my life,”
“I follow the rule but it has had little impact,”
“It’s a childish rule,”
“You can walk as far as you want if that [child abuse] is what you’re
after,”
“Living 1,000 feet away compared to 900 feet doesn’t prevent
anything,”
“It doesn’t matter where a sex offender lives if he sets his mind on
reoffending… he can just get closer by walking or driving. The
1,000-rule is just a longer leash, I don’t see the point.”
48. July 2006 NACDL 48Sex offender policies
Some participants pointed out the Myth of “Stranger
Danger”:
“It doesn’t matter where you live; Most offenses happen
with someone you know or live with.”
“Most abuse happens in homes or with family or close
friends, not at bus stops or schools.”
49. July 2006 NACDL 49Sex offender policies
Indiana (n=148)
Item Valid % answering yes
Had to move out of a house that I owned. 139 7
Had to move out of a residence that I rented. 139 11
When released from prison, was unable to return
to home or apartment. 137 26
Unable to live with supportive family members. 137 37
Landlord refused to rent to me because I am a
sex offender. 135 22
Landlord refused to renew my lease. 134 8
Have found it difficult to find an affordable place to
live. 136 38
Was grandfathered in and did not have to move
from a previously established residence. 132
3
(16% I don’t know)
50. July 2006 NACDL 50Sex offender policies
Indiana
Item Valid
% agree or strongly
agree
Housing restrictions have led to financial hardship. 136 40
Housing restrictions make me feel hopeless, angry and/or depressed. 136 45
Because of housing restrictions, I live farther away from employment
opportunities. 136 37
Because of housing restrictions, I live farther away from social services
and/or mental health treatment. 136 25
Because of housing restrictions, I live farther away from supportive family
or friends. 137 45
I worry that if I have to move, I will be unable to find a place to live. 137 64
I am more able to manage my risk factors because I cannot live near a
school, park or playground. 135 26
Residence restrictions are successful in limiting my access to children. 134 26
Residence restrictions help me to prevent offending. 135 19
If I really wanted to reoffend, I would be able to do so despite my
residence restrictions. 133 74
51. July 2006 NACDL 51Sex offender policies
New Trend: 2,500 Feet
Virtually every
independent city in
Miami-Dade and Broward
have passed ordinances.
It is essentially impossible
for sex offenders to find
housing in metro-Miami
and Ft. Lauderdale.
52. July 2006 NACDL 52Sex offender policies
Orange County, FL
GIS mapping
The most dominant zoning category in Orange County is low-density
residential with 137,944 occupied properties, or 51.2% of all 269,428
occupied residential and combined use properties.
22.5% of these 137,944 potentially available properties in this zoning
category fall within a 1,000 feet buffer around schools and 63.7% fall within
a 2,500 buffer, reducing the number of available properties to 106,888 and
50,108, respectively.
When considering all 5 restrictions combined, the number drops to 4,233
properties for the 1,000-feet buffer zones and to 37 properties for the 2,500-
feet buffer zones.
In addition, these numbers represent all existing properties and only a very
small portion of these are likely to be available for rent or purchase at any
particular point in time.
5 restrictions: schools, parks, daycare centers, bus stops, theme attractions
53. July 2006 NACDL 53Sex offender policies
When considering the residency restriction categories individually, bus stops are the
most restrictive (93.0% of potential properties fall within 1,000 of a bus stop and
99.6% within 2,500),
followed by daycares (24.2% and 55.4%),
schools (19.7% and 55.8%),
parks (15.9% and 38.2%)
and attractions (0.2% and 1.0%).
These results clearly highlight the dominance of bus stops as a restrictive factor, and
that daycares and schools result in roughly similar restrictions on the residency
choices.
54. July 2006 NACDL 54Sex offender policies
Public statements AGAINST
residence restrictions
Iowa County Attorney’s Association
NAESV
www.naesv.org
www.nacdl.org
55. July 2006 NACDL 55Sex offender policies
Recommendations for evidence-based
policy
Social policies designed to prevent sexual violence will be most effective
when they are informed by scientific data about sex offense patterns,
recidivism, risk, assessment, therapeutic interventions, and community
management strategies.
One-size-fits-all policies are not cost-efficient, nor are they likely to afford
utmost protection to the public.
Grove and Meehl (1996) warned that failing to apply research evidence to
decision-making may have grave consequences for individuals and
communities.
They advocated for the use of empirical methods to inform the development
of social policy and intervention services, and argued that to do otherwise is
not only inefficient, but unethical (Grove & Meehl, 1996).
56. July 2006 NACDL 56Sex offender policies
The legislative process
57. July 2006 NACDL 57Sex offender policies
1. Risk assessment should be used to classify offenders into
categories, with increased restrictions and more aggressive
monitoring implemented for high risk offenders.
Research has identified risk factors correlated with
increased risk, and instruments have been developed
to assess risk.
Broad policies dilute the public’s ability to identify truly
dangerous offenders.
Broad policies are an inefficient use of resources.
58. July 2006 NACDL 58Sex offender policies
2. Treatment programs should be a mandatory component or
legislation designed to combat sexual violence.
Treated sex offenders reoffend nearly 40% less
often than those who do not receive treatment.
Collaborative approaches to treatment,
monitoring, and supervision(“containment
models”) have been proven effective and cost-
efficient in other states (CO).
59. July 2006 NACDL 59Sex offender policies
3. Public education should focus on sexual abuse prevention and
the steps that parents can take to enhance child safety.
The myth of stranger danger leads to a false sense of security for
parents.
The vast majority of child sexual abuse is committed by friends and
relatives, not by strangers lurking in playgrounds.
Sexual violence prevention should include education about
grooming patterns of offenders who use their position of trust and
authority.
60. July 2006 NACDL 60Sex offender policies
4. The definition of a “Sexual Predator” should more clearly distinguish
such offenders as discussed below.
The Kansas sexually violent predator act, for example, defines
“predatory acts” are those “directed towards strangers or individuals
with whom relationships have been established or promoted for the
primary purpose of victimization”.
In some states, the definition includes criteria involving the use of
violence, weapons, or causing injury during the commission of a sex
crime, or those offenders who have had multiple victims.
Repeat offenders, and those who have committed abduction of
children or adults for sexual purposes should be considered should
be considered predators.
Such definitions are more consistant with the term “sexually violent
predator” as defined in civil commitment proceedings, which require a
convicted sex offender to have a mental abnormally (DSM diagnosis)
predisposing him to a likelihood of future sexually violent crimes.
61. July 2006 NACDL 61Sex offender policies
Evidence based social policy can lead to
safer communities.
Communities should be protected from repeat and
violent sex offenders.
Tougher sentencing laws will help keep dangerous
offenders away.
When offenders are released into the community, we
should provide an infrastructure that facilitates
successful re-entry rather than contributing to obstacles
known to increase recidivism.
Decades of criminological research tell us that stability,
support, and employment are predictors of successful re-
entry.