Panel: Healthy Sexuality, Pornography, and Porn Literacy
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Jess Alder (Program Director, Start Strong, Boston Public Health Commission), Nicole Daley (Director of Evaluation and Engagement, One Love Foundation), and Emily F. Rothman, ScD (Professor, Boston University School of Public Health) delved into the topic of whether porn use is a public health problem and highlighted a curriculum they developed for teens to discuss porn, healthy relationships, and sexual violence.
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Panel: Healthy Sexuality, Pornography, and Porn Literacy
- 1. 9/18/2019 1 Pornography Literacy for Adolescents JessAlder,MPA Nicole Daley, MPH Emily Rothman,ScD September 6, 2019 National Coalition for Sexual Health Annual Meeting THE STORY BEGINS IN 2015 CURRICULUM RATIONALE Why? • Pornography may be the number one sex educator for some youth. • Discuss and analyze the messages presented in pornography. Goals: • To start conversations with young people about pornography. • Increase understanding of consent and healthy sexual relationships. • Promote critical thinking, healthy communication, and consent. CURRICULUM RATIONALE Why? • Pornography may be the number one sex educator for some youth. • Discuss and analyze the messages presented in pornography. Goals: • To start conversations with young people about pornography. • Increase understanding of consent and healthy sexual relationships. • Promote critical thinking, healthy communication, and consent. **We do not show pornography to teenagers** RESEARCH INFORMING OUR WORK What is pornography? How widespread is pornography use? When people say pornography is a public health crisis, what do they mean? Is all or most pornography violent, and is that a problem? Does seeing pornography harm adolescents? Is it possible to become addicted to pornography? Is it true that people escalate to “harder and harder” pornography? (content progression) What is feminist pornography? 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 2. 9/18/2019 2 Pornographies Magazines Literature Films TV Shows OnlineVideos Amateur Professional PornographiesPornographies Legal to ProduceLegal to Produce Educational Videos Educational Videos MainstreamMainstream Consensual and “vanilla” Consensual and “vanilla” Incest- themed Incest- themed “Barely legal” “Barely legal” Kink and BDSM Kink and BDSM WaterboardWaterboard ElectroElectroAnimeAnime Illegal to ProduceIllegal to Produce Actual RapeActual Rape Child PornChild Porn Dead BodyDead Body Zoophilic Porn Zoophilic Porn THERE IS A LOT OF PORN ON THE INTERNET • There are over 22,000 websites with the word “porn” in their name in the Alexa top 1M websites. • Two of the top 10 most visited websites in the world are porn websites • LiveJasmine.com is #33, and Pornhub is #38 Sources: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.06520.pdf;https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites THERE IS ALSO… Virtual reality porn Porn cartoons Porn video games 7 8 9 10 11 12
- 3. 9/18/2019 3 Percentage of U.S. women who said they watched at least one pornographic movie in each year the GSS queried participants about their pornography consumption United States Women and Pornography Through Four Decades: Exposure, Attitudes, Behaviors, Individual Differences - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/Percentage-of-US-women-who-said-they-watched-at-least-one-pornographic-movie-in-each_fig1_237017309 [accessed 11 Oct, 201 Regnerus, M., Gordon, D., Price, J. (2016). Documenting Pornography Use in America: A Comparative Analysis of Methodological Approaches. JSR, 53(7), 873–881 YOUTH AGES 10-17 YEARS OLD PORNOGRAPHY EXPOSURE BY MODE AND YEAR 9% 13% 10% 10% 14% 16% 12% 11% 10% 9% 7% 9% 9% 3% 9% 9% 9% 12% 14% 17% 20% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 2006 2007 2008 2010 2012 2013 2016 X-rated movie X-rated magazine X-rated website Source: Waves 1-7 of the Growing up with Media Study; Ybarra et al. ; SOURCE OF SLIDE: KIM MITCHELL, UNH, 2018 WHY DO PEOPLE USE PORNOGRAPHY? Ogas & Gaddam (2012).A BillionWicked Thoughts:What the Internet Tells Us About Sexual Relationships. 94% 87% 87% 74% 71% 53% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Sexual satisfaction Arousal Orgasm Stress relief Boredom Wanting to forget problems 38% 21% 17% 8% 4% 13% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Boredom Sexy/horny mood Curiosity Accident Someone else made me watch Other reason Why do teens in our non-probability sample use pornography? WHY ARE PEOPLE SO WORRIED ABOUT PORNOGRAPHY? https://www.ksl.com/?sid=39405776&nid=148 13 14 15 16 17 18
- 4. 9/18/2019 4 https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-pornography-school-shootings-congresswoman-20180529-story.html RESOLUTION LANGUAGE (17 arguments) (1) pornography perpetuates a sexually toxic environment; pornography is contributing to the hyper-sexualization of teens, and prepubescent children; pornography often serves as children’s and youths’ sex education and shapes their sexual templates… (2) pornography is addictive; potential detrimental effects on pornography’s users can impact brain development and functioning, contribute to emotional and medical illnesses, shape deviant sexual arousal, and lead to difficulty forming or maintaining intimate relationships,… (3) exposure is leading to low self-esteem and body image disorders, an increase in problematic sexual activity at younger ages, and greater likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behavior such as sending sexually explicit images, hookups, multiple sex partners…; (4) Because pornography treats women as objects, and commodities for the viewer’s use, it teaches girls they are to be used and boys to be users; … (5) pornography increases the demand for sex trafficking, prostitution, and child sexual abuse images (i.e.,child pornography); RESOLUTION LANGUAGE (6) pornography use is linked to lessening desire in young men to marry, dissatisfaction in marriage, and infidelity;this link demonstrates that pornography has a detrimental effect on the family unit; (7) OTHER: the obscenity industry considers the line of legality to be drawn by prosecutors, not by legislators, and pornographers in many parts of the country responded by self-regulating when federal obscenity laws were enforced; overcoming pornography’s harms is beyond the capability of the afflicted individual to address alone RESOLUTION LANGUAGE CONTENT ANALYSES RESEARCH STUDIES AGGRESSIVE ACTS IN TOP 50 MOVIES FROM ADULTVIDEO NEWS (AVN) 88% 75% 54% 41% 37% 28% 12% 7% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Any physical aggression Spanking Gagging Slapping Hair pulling Choking Pinching Bondage Bridge 2010, N=304 scenes 19 20 21 22 23 24
- 5. 9/18/2019 5 AGGRESSIVE ACTS IN BEST- SELLING VIDEOS 94% of targets of aggression were women 70% of aggressors were men 95% of targets responded with neutrality or pleasure • Bridges (2010) went to the AVN website in 2005 • Selected the top 30 best-selling videos for a 7 month period which gave her 275 movies • Selected 50 of those movies at random and analyzed the scenes in them,which was 304 scenes. • There were a total of 3,376 aggressive acts. WRIGHT META-ANALYSIS FINDINGS Pornography use associated with higher rates of self-reported sexual aggression Adolescents and adults were both susceptible,the data do not support one age group being more or less susceptible to the effects of pornography on sexual aggression. Data were contrary to the “carthasis perspective,” violent pornography consumers were more—not less—likely to commit actual acts of sexual aggression. Wright PJ, Tokunaga RS, Kraus A. A Meta-Analysis of Pornography Consumption and Actual Acts of Sexual Aggression in General Population Studies. Journal of Communication. 2016;66(1):183-205. “In future work, it is important not to use an overly simplistic lens of focus in which pornography exposure is seen as generally harmful or not. Depending on particular constellations of personality characteristics, the effects of pornography may differ considerably among different teenagers as well as within different cultures.The research suggests that particular concerns may be needed for those who are highly frequent consumers of pornography, those who seek out sexually violent content, and those who also have other risk factors.” -Malamuth and Huppin (2005) GENDER INEQUALITY KLAASSEN, & JOCHEN (2014) : TOP 4 WEBSITES, 100 MOST-VIEWED VIDEOS FEB 2013 19% 10% 76% 61% 43% 17% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Close-up of genitals Takes a submissive role Appears to have orgasm Men Men Women Men Men Women Wom en Women MEDIA DEPICTING SEXUAL CONTENT 2% 4% 32% 32% 0% 20% 40% Internet Games Music TV/Movies Ybarra, M. L., et al. (2014). "Sexual Media Exposure, Sexual Behavior, and Sexual Violence Victimization in Adolescence." Clinical Pediatrics 53(13): 1239-1247. CORRELATES OF UNDERAGE PORNOGRAPHY USE Body monitoring Negative beliefs about women’s health Sexually permissive attitudes Sexting Non-condom use Number of sex partners Desensitization to content Compulsive use Internet compulsive use Traditional gender roles Evaluating women’s bodies Sexual aggression Sexual preoccupancy “Performance” of sex Relationship dissatisfaction Conduct problems Earlier sexual debut Depression and anxiety Rape myths Sexual violence victimization 25 26 27 28 29 30
- 6. 9/18/2019 6 POTENTIAL BENEFITS OR POSITIVE CORRELATES OF PORNOGRAPHY USE Youth Body acceptance Sexual orientation acceptance (McCormack, 2017) Increased self esteem Sexual techniques Adults More egalitarian attitudes* More favorable attitudes towards birth control Ability to articulate what you want during sex Increased intimacy with partners Tension relief *Kohut, T., Baer, J. L., & Watts, B. (2016). Is pornography really about “making hate to women”? Pornography users hold more gender egalitarian attitudes than nonusers in a representative American sample. Journal of Sex Research, 53(1), 1–11. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1023427 Female student: It really opened my eyes to how tender sex can be for all couples, not just heterosexuals.The homosexual clips were very eye opening because you always think about their sexual relationships but never know. Mary Ann Watson PhD & Randyl D. Smith PhD (2012): Positive Porn: Educational, Medical, and Clinical Uses, American Journal of Sexuality Education, 7:2, 122-145 Adult woman: It does make me feel empowered in the sense that I can access these things, I’m comfortable with them. I’m comfortable with my body…It’s been driven by my own preferences and choices and so I think that is nice particularly since I’ve been in relationships a lot of my 20s McKeown, JKL, Parry, DC., Light,TP (2018).“My iPhone Changed My Life: How digital technologies can enable women’s consumption of online sexually explicit materials. Sexuality and Culture, 22:340-354 1954, WERTHAM …ruined the imaginations of children ….gave them a taste for violence ….promoted homoeroticism ….promoted misogyny …promoted racism …a public health problem sickening children at the population level WHAT IS ADDICTION Addiction is a disease, like cancer or diabetes. Addiction is not simply a weakness. -National Institute of Drug Abuse If you are addicted to something, you cannot“recover.”You are in remission, but according to the disease model it is a chronic disease and relapse is part of it. 31 32 33 34 35 36
- 7. 9/18/2019 7 Neither the DSM-5 nor the ICD-11 classify pornography as a mental disorder or addiction. HOW COMMON IS COMPULSIVE USE? Weinstein,A.; Lejoyeux (2010): 1.5-8% of Americans and Europeans may be characterized as having an unhealthy internet use disorder. Kinsey Institute survey (2002): 9% of porn viewers said they had tried unsuccessfully to stop. Rissel et al., (2017): Representative survey, 1.2% of Australian women who viewed pornography felt addicted, and 4.4% of men. Twohigh et al (2009): Small survey of 84 college-age males found that 20–60% felt their pornography use was problematic. PREVALENCE OF HYPERSEXUALITY DISORDER 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% Langstrom & Hanson, 2006 Skegg et al., 2010 (thoughts) Skegg et al., 2010 (behavior) Winters et al., 2010 Men Women AMERICAN SEXUAL HEALTH ASSOCIATION Dr. Eli Coleman, past-president World Association for Sexual Health: I don’t think that excesses in behaviors should be viewed as addictions. I think that term “addiction” is overused and implies that all behavioral excesses can be explained by some similar mechanism.What we know about alcohol and drug addictions cannot be simply transferred to other behavioral excesses. http://www.ashasexualhealth.org/pornography-addictive/ ; Dr. Eli Coleman DOES FEMINIST/ETHICAL PORN EXIST? People don’t really know how to define “feminist pornography” (even though there is a book with that name) There is pornography that: Shows female orgasms Uses non-exploited people Has good labor conditions Is made by women Shows actual sex (not performed) Is entirely clothed, shows no penetration, has kissing, etc. 37 38 39 40 41 42
- 8. 9/18/2019 8 DOES FEMINIST PORN EXIST? • Pink LabelTV:https://www.pinklabel.tv/ • Erika Lust: https://lustcinema.com/ • Crash Pad Series: https://crashpadseries.com/queer-porn/ • X-Confessions: https://xconfessions.com/ • Hegre.com massage category: http://www.hegre.com/massage/sexual-exploration- massage • Frolic Me Films: https://www.frolicme.com/films/ • AbbyWinters: abbywinters.com • https://sssh.com/ • Make Love Not Porn AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEXUALITY EDUCATION REFLECTIONS FROM PARTICIPANTS https://youtu.be/3cgJHHWYuK0 LOGIC MODEL SHORT-TERM OUTCOMES • Increased knowledge of potential harms of pornography exposure • Increased knowledge of human sexuality • Decreased acceptance of traditional gender norms and stereotypes • Decreased intentions to use pornography unthinkingly • Decreased intentions to use violence in dating relationships • Decreased attitudes supportive of dating and sexual violence • Reduced attitudes supportive of commercial sex and “pimp” lifestyle • Increased intentions to intervene as positive bystander re: pornography,sexual,and dating violence LONG-TERM OUTCOMES • Reduced dating violence or sexual violence victimization and perpetration • Reduced pornography use if <18 yrs old • Increased upstander behavior related to pornography • Increased upstander behavior related to dating violence or sexual violence perpetration and victimization 43 44 45 46 47 48
- 9. 9/18/2019 9 PORN LITERACY WORKSHOP GROUP AGREEMENTS Respect privacy Respectful language Respect others’ sexual orientation and sexual interests Keep your personal experiences private but you can attribute things to a friend Enough Let’s Move On:What to do if someone is taking up too much airtime One mic (Everyone speaks one at a time and limits side conversations) THE PORN LITERACY CURRICULUM OVERVIEW SESSION 1:Why are we Talking about Pornography? Understand the perceptions and myths program participants have coming into the workshops SESSION 2:The History of Sexually Explicit Images in Society Help participants to understand that what is considered “obscene” is somewhat political;and has been changing over time SESSION 3: Norms RelatedToViolence & Double Standards RE: Sex Explore norms related to beauty and to violence; and how constant exposure to consistent imagery shapes us. THE PORN LITERACY CURRICULUM OVERVIEW SESSION 4: If Porn Use Can Become Compulsive Dispel myths about addiction; while discussing signs someone may need counseling intervention for compulsive behavior SESSION 5: Pornography isn’t Reality andThe link to Commercial Sexual Exploitation Participants discuss the industry behind videos they watch; and the possibility that some performers in some pornography are coerced SESSION 6: Healthy Intimacy Participants learn about the plethora of intimacies that exist aside from physical intimacy. THE PORN LITERACY CURRICULUM OVERVIEW SESSION 7: Healthy Flirting,Dating,and Caring for Other People Participants discuss street harassment,healthy flirting,how pornography flirting isn’t reality SESSION 8: So-called Revenge Porn, and Disseminating Sexually Explicit Selfies Participants explore laws related to sexting and so-called“revenge porn” SESSION 9: Peers and Pornography ACTIVITY: FEAR FACTOR • Where you had to endure your toe being squeezed until you press a button to tap out? • Where you faced a known challenge (i.e., climbing a wall) BUT there is a disclaimer that the challenge could be changed on you midway through the show ? • Where you kneel and the game pours a goopy substance on your face? ACTIVITY: HEALTHY INTIMACY CAROUSEL Types of Intimacy • Mutual • Affect • Cognitive • Physical • Commitment/Cohesion • Self-Disclosure • General closeness 49 50 51 52 53 54
- 10. 9/18/2019 10 YOU CAN FOLLOW US ON TWITTER! Please follow @EmRothman @njd2213 @HealthyBoston 55