Wesat2201
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This document discusses the relationship between drug abuse and HIV/AIDS. It provides statistics showing that injection drug use remains a major mode of HIV transmission worldwide. The document also notes that drug abuse treatment is the most effective HIV prevention strategy for injection drug users, but that there are challenges in implementing treatment programs. Future research focuses on long-acting medications and immunotherapies to help treat addiction.
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Wesat2201
- 1. Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS Nora D. Volkow, M.D. Director National Institute on Drug Abuse
- 2. Estimated Number of AIDS Cases and Deaths Among Adults and Adolescents By Exposure Category United States and Dependent Areas
- 3. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Number of people living with HIV (millions) Year MSM Hetero, IDU MSM, Hetero, IDU MSM, Hetero, IDU IDU Hetero, IDU ↑ Estimated Number of Adults & Children Living With HIV IDU, Hetero Although It Has Improved in Some Places, Injection Drug Use Remains A Significant HIV Transmission Mode In Many Regions of the World Oceania Middle East & North Africa Eastern Europe & Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean North America and W & C Europe Asia Sub-Saharan Africa
- 5. Convergence of HIV Seroprevalence Among Injecting and Non-injecting Drug Users Current Injectors Non-Injectors HIV Prevalence 13% CI 12-15% 12% CI 9-16% Drug Treatment Program (n=2121 2001-2004) Respondent-Driven Sampling (n=448 2004) 15% CI 11-19% 17% CI 12-21% Source: Des Jarlais et al AIDS, 21: 231-235, 2007. Current Injectors Non-Injectors 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
- 6. sober intoxicated (0.1 mg%) Drug and Alcohol Intoxication MARKEDLY Disrupt Brain Function: Effects of alcohol intoxication on brain metabolism
- 7. In Adults, Emotional Self Regulation Is Normally Implemented By A Neural Circuit Comprising Various Prefrontal Regions …& Subcortical Limbic Structures Source: Beauregard, M. et al., Journal of Neuroscience 21 RC165, 2001. Sexual Arousal Condition Attempted Inhibition Condition Attempted Inhibition Condition
- 8. Alcohol decreases activity of areas involved with control and increases activity of areas involved with emotional reactivity Effects of Alcohol Intoxication on Brain Glucose Metabolism (Marker of Brain Function) Decreases prefrontal cortex cingulate gyrus Increases amygdala
- 9. In the United States, Minorities are Disproportionately Affected by HIV/AIDS Infection
- 10. Reported AIDS Cases, By Racial/Ethnic Group Cumulative Through 2006 United States and Dependent Areas
- 11. Estimated Number of Adults and Adolescents Living with AIDS By Sex United States and Dependent Areas
- 12. Reported AIDS Cases, By Sex and Transmission Category, Cumulative Through 2006 United States and Dependent Areas
- 13. HIV Seroconversion at 18 Months By Receipt of Treatment 0 5 10 15 20 25 Rate of Seroconversion (%) Treatment Status No treatment Partial treatment Continuous treatment Source: Metzger, D. S., Woody, G. E., McLellan, A. T., O’Brien, C. P., Druley, P., Navaline, H., De Philipps, D., Stolley, P., & Abrutyn, E. (1993). Human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion among intravenous drug users in- and out-of-treatment: An 18-month prospective follow-up. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 6, 1049-1056. Among IDUs the Most Effective HIV/AIDS Prevention Strategy is Drug Abuse Treatment
- 16. Since Vaccine Strategies Have Not Yet Worked We Need to Focus More Efforts on Prevention Strategies and their Implementation
- 18. Copyright restrictions may apply. Hall, H. I. et al. JAMA 2008;300:520-529. Estimated New Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections by Transmission Category, Extended Back-Calculation Model, 50 US States and the District of Columbia, 1977-2006 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 1977- 1979 1980- 1981 1982- 1983 1984- 1985 1986- 1987 1988- 1990 1991- 1993 1994- 1996 1997- 1999 2000- 2002 2003- 2006 Period Injections MSM IDU MSM/IDU Heterosexual
Editor's Notes
- The proportional distribution of AIDS cases by transmission category has shifted since the beginning of the epidemic. In 1985, male-to-male sexual contact accounted for 64% of all AIDS cases; in 2006, this transmission category accounted for 43% of all AIDS cases. The proportion of AIDS cases attributed to injection drug use increased during 1985–1994 and then slightly decreased, accounting for 19% of cases in 2006. The proportion of AIDS cases attributed to male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use decreased from 9% in 1985 to 5% in 2006. The proportion of AIDS cases attributed to high-risk heterosexual contact increased from 3% in 1985 to 32% in 2006. The remaining AIDS cases were those attributed to hemophilia or the receipt of blood or blood products and those in persons without an identified risk factor. The data have been adjusted for reporting delays and cases without risk factor information were proportionally redistributed.
- The proportional distribution of AIDS cases among racial/ethnic groups has changed since the beginning of the epidemic. The proportion of AIDS cases in whites (not Hispanic) has decreased while the proportions in blacks (not Hispanic) and Hispanics have increased. The proportion of AIDS cases among Asians/Pacific Islanders and American Indians/Alaska Natives has remained relatively constant, at approximately 1% of all cases. Of persons diagnosed with AIDS in the United States and dependent areas in 2006, 48% were black, 29% were white, 21% were Hispanic, 1% were Asian/Pacific Islander, and less than 1% were American Indian/Alaska Native. The data have been adjusted for reporting delays. Slides containing more information on HIV and AIDS in racial and ethnic minorities are available at http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/race-ethnicity/index.htm.
- This slide shows increases in the number of adults and adolescents living with AIDS in the United States and dependent areas from 1993 through 2006. The increase is due primarily to the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, introduced in 1996, which has delayed the progression of AIDS to death. At the end of 2006, an estimated 447,720 adults and adolescents were living with AIDS; of these, 77% were males and 23% were females. The data have been adjusted for reporting delays.
- Of AIDS cases diagnosed in 2006 among male adults and adolescents, 59% were attributed to male-to-male sexual contact and 16% were attributed to injection drug use. Approximately 17% of cases were attributed to high-risk heterosexual contact and 7% were attributed to male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use. Most (73%) of the AIDS cases diagnosed in 2006 among female adults and adolescents were attributed to high-risk heterosexual contact, and 24% were attributed to injection drug use. The data have been adjusted for reporting delays and cases without risk factor information were proportionally redistributed.