This document discusses stacks and their applications. It defines a stack as a Last In First Out (LIFO) data structure where newly added items are placed on top. The core stack operations of PUSH, POP, and PEEK are described. An array implementation of stacks is presented and animations demonstrate push and pop operations. Applications of stacks like checking for balanced braces, converting infix to postfix notation, and postfix calculators are explained with examples. Pseudocode provides an algorithm for infix to postfix conversion using a stack.
STACK ( LIFO STRUCTURE) - Data StructureYaksh Jethva
Stack which is known as LIFO structure.Which is type of the Linear data structure and it is Non-Primitive data structure.
Definition:Non primitive data structure are not a basic data structure and depends on other primitive data structure (Integer,float etc).
Non primitive data structure can't be operated by machine level instruction directly.
The document discusses stacks, which are a fundamental data structure used in programs. It defines a stack as a linear list of items where additions and deletions are restricted to one end, called the top. Common stack operations include push, which adds an element to the top, and pop, which removes an element from the top. Stacks have applications in parsing expressions, reversing strings, implementing depth-first search algorithms, and calculating arithmetic expressions in prefix and postfix notation. Stacks can be implemented using static arrays or dynamic arrays/linked lists.
This document discusses stacks, which are data structures that only allow adding or removing items from the top. The key operations are push to add an item and pop to remove an item, making stacks follow LIFO (last in, first out) order. Stacks have many uses like evaluating expressions, where a postfix expression uses a stack to evaluate terms without regard for precedence rules. The document also covers converting infix expressions to postfix and prefix forms using a stack.
Data Structure- Stack operations may involve initializing the stack, using it and then de-initializing it. Apart from these basic stuffs, a stack is used for the following two primary operations −
PUSH, POP, PEEP
A stack is a data structure where items can only be inserted and removed from one end. The last item inserted is the first item removed (LIFO). Common examples include stacks of books, plates, or bank transactions. Key stack operations are push to insert, pop to remove, and functions to check if the stack is empty or full. Stacks can be used to implement operations like reversing a string, converting infix to postfix notation, and evaluating arithmetic expressions.
This document discusses stacks, which are non-linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Stacks have operations like push and pop that insert and remove elements from the top of the stack. Pushing adds an element and increments the top pointer, while popping removes an element and decrements the top pointer. Stacks have applications in expression evaluation, memory management, and recursion. The document provides algorithms and code examples for implementing push and pop operations on a stack.
The document introduces stacks and discusses their implementation and applications. It defines a stack as a data structure that follows LIFO order, where elements can only be added and removed from one end. Stacks have two main implementations - using arrays and linked lists. Common applications of stacks include undo/redo in editors, browser history, and evaluating postfix expressions.
This document discusses stacks and their applications. It defines a stack as a Last In First Out (LIFO) data structure where newly added items are placed on top. The core stack operations of PUSH, POP, and PEEK are described. An array implementation of stacks is presented and animations demonstrate push and pop operations. Applications of stacks like checking for balanced braces, converting infix to postfix notation, and postfix calculators are explained with examples. Pseudocode provides an algorithm for infix to postfix conversion using a stack.
STACK ( LIFO STRUCTURE) - Data StructureYaksh Jethva
Stack which is known as LIFO structure.Which is type of the Linear data structure and it is Non-Primitive data structure.
Definition:Non primitive data structure are not a basic data structure and depends on other primitive data structure (Integer,float etc).
Non primitive data structure can't be operated by machine level instruction directly.
The document discusses stacks, which are a fundamental data structure used in programs. It defines a stack as a linear list of items where additions and deletions are restricted to one end, called the top. Common stack operations include push, which adds an element to the top, and pop, which removes an element from the top. Stacks have applications in parsing expressions, reversing strings, implementing depth-first search algorithms, and calculating arithmetic expressions in prefix and postfix notation. Stacks can be implemented using static arrays or dynamic arrays/linked lists.
This document discusses stacks, which are data structures that only allow adding or removing items from the top. The key operations are push to add an item and pop to remove an item, making stacks follow LIFO (last in, first out) order. Stacks have many uses like evaluating expressions, where a postfix expression uses a stack to evaluate terms without regard for precedence rules. The document also covers converting infix expressions to postfix and prefix forms using a stack.
Data Structure- Stack operations may involve initializing the stack, using it and then de-initializing it. Apart from these basic stuffs, a stack is used for the following two primary operations −
PUSH, POP, PEEP
A stack is a data structure where items can only be inserted and removed from one end. The last item inserted is the first item removed (LIFO). Common examples include stacks of books, plates, or bank transactions. Key stack operations are push to insert, pop to remove, and functions to check if the stack is empty or full. Stacks can be used to implement operations like reversing a string, converting infix to postfix notation, and evaluating arithmetic expressions.
This document discusses stacks, which are non-linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Stacks have operations like push and pop that insert and remove elements from the top of the stack. Pushing adds an element and increments the top pointer, while popping removes an element and decrements the top pointer. Stacks have applications in expression evaluation, memory management, and recursion. The document provides algorithms and code examples for implementing push and pop operations on a stack.
The document introduces stacks and discusses their implementation and applications. It defines a stack as a data structure that follows LIFO order, where elements can only be added and removed from one end. Stacks have two main implementations - using arrays and linked lists. Common applications of stacks include undo/redo in editors, browser history, and evaluating postfix expressions.
An ordered collection of items from which items may be deleted from one end called the front and into which items may be inserted from other end called rear is known as Queue.
It is a linear data structure.
It is called the First In First Out (FIFO) list. Since in queue, the first element will be the first element out.
This document discusses stacks and queues as abstract data structures. Stacks follow LIFO (last in first out) order, adding and removing elements from one end. Queues follow FIFO (first in first out) order, adding to one end (rear) and removing from the other (front). The document provides examples of stack and queue applications and implementations using arrays.
Stack and its Applications : Data Structures ADTSoumen Santra
Stacks are a data structure that follow the last-in, first-out (LIFO) principle. Elements are inserted and removed from the same end called the top of the stack. Common stack operations include push to add an element, pop to remove an element, peek to view the top element, and isEmpty to check if the stack is empty. Stacks have various applications like representing function call stacks, evaluating mathematical expressions, and solving puzzles like the Towers of Hanoi. They can be implemented using arrays or linked lists.
A stack is a linear data structure that follows the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Elements can only be inserted or removed from one end, called the top. Stacks have common operations like push to add an element and pop to remove the top element. Stacks have many applications including evaluating arithmetic expressions in postfix notation, implementing recursion, and solving puzzles like Towers of Hanoi. The document discusses stack implementations using arrays and linked lists and provides examples of stack applications.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation. It introduces stacks and their common operations like push and pop. It describes using stacks to solve problems like reversing a list, calculating in Reverse Polish Notation, and bracket matching by keeping track of opening brackets on a stack. Sample code is provided to implement a stack class with methods like push, pop and top to manipulate items on the stack.
Stack is a linear data structure that follows the LIFO (Last In First Out) principle. Elements are inserted and removed from the top of the stack. Stack can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Common stack operations are push, which adds an element to the top, and pop, which removes an element from the top.
Queue is a linear data structure where elements are inserted at one end called the rear and deleted from the other end called the front. It follows the FIFO (first in, first out) principle. Queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. In an array implementation, elements are inserted at the rear and deleted from the front. In a linked list implementation, nodes are added to the rear and removed from the front using front and rear pointers. There are different types of queues including circular queues, double-ended queues, and priority queues.
Stacks are linear data structures that only allow insertion and deletion of elements from one end, called the top. Elements are inserted via a push operation and deleted via a pop operation. Stacks can be implemented using arrays, with a pointer tracking the top element. Common applications of stacks include reversing the order of elements and evaluating mathematical expressions by treating them as a postfix notation.
a. Concept and Definition✓
b. Inserting and Deleting nodes ✓
c. Linked implementation of a stack (PUSH/POP) ✓
d. Linked implementation of a queue (Insert/Remove) ✓
e. Circular List
• Stack as a circular list (PUSH/POP) ✓
• Queue as a circular list (Insert/Remove) ✓
f. Doubly Linked List (Insert/Remove) ✓
For more course related material:
https://github.com/ashim888/dataStructureAndAlgorithm/
Personal blog
www.ashimlamichhane.com.np
The document discusses stacks and queues. It defines stacks as LIFO data structures and queues as FIFO data structures. It describes basic stack operations like push and pop and basic queue operations like enqueue and dequeue. It then discusses implementing stacks and queues using arrays and linked lists, outlining the key operations and memory requirements for each implementation.
The document discusses applications of stacks, including reversing strings and lists, Polish notation for mathematical expressions, converting between infix, prefix and postfix notations, evaluating postfix and prefix expressions, recursion, and the Tower of Hanoi problem. Recursion involves defining a function in terms of itself, with a stopping condition. Stacks can be used to remove recursion by saving local variables at each step.
The document discusses different types of linked lists including:
- Singly linked lists that can only be traversed in one direction.
- Doubly linked lists that allow traversal in both directions using forward and backward pointers.
- Circular linked lists where the last node points back to the first node allowing continuous traversal.
- Header linked lists that include a header node at the beginning for simplified insertion and deletion. Header lists can be grounded where the last node contains a null pointer or circular where the last node points to the header.
- Two-way or doubly linked lists where each node contains a forward and backward pointer allowing bidirectional traversal through the list.
Linked lists are linear data structures where elements are linked using pointers. The three main types are singly, doubly, and circular linked lists. Linked lists allow dynamic memory allocation and fast insertion/deletion compared to arrays but slower access. A linked list contains nodes, each with a data field and pointer to the next node. Basic operations on linked lists include insertion, deletion, traversal, and search. Doubly linked lists include pointers to both the next and previous nodes.
A stack is a linear data structure that follows the last-in, first-out (LIFO) principle. Elements are inserted and removed from one end called the top. The basic operations are push, which inserts an element at the top, and pop, which removes the top element. Stacks have many real-world applications like piles of books and evaluating mathematical expressions. An array can be used to implement a stack by storing elements from index 0 to the top index, and incrementing or decrementing the top index during push and pop operations.
The document discusses arithmetic expressions and how to evaluate them using stacks. It defines arithmetic expressions and their components. It then describes the rules for evaluating expressions, including order of operations. Different notation styles for expressions are introduced - infix, prefix and postfix. An algorithm is provided for converting infix expressions to postfix notation using a stack. Finally, the document explains how to evaluate a postfix expression using a stack.
The document discusses queue data structures. A queue is a linear data structure where additions are made at the end/tail and removals are made from the front/head, following a First-In First-Out (FIFO) approach. Common queue operations include add, remove, check if empty, check if full. A queue can be stored using either a static array or dynamic linked nodes. The key aspects are maintaining references to the head and tail of the queue.
Stack is a last-in, first-out (LIFO) data structure where elements are inserted and removed from the top. Pushing adds an element to the top of the stack, while popping removes the top element. A stack overflow occurs when pushing to a full stack, while a stack underflow happens when popping an empty stack. Stack applications include system startup/shutdown processes, function calling where the last function called is the first to return, and argument passing in C where arguments are pushed right-to-left and popped left-to-right.
Queue is an abstract data structure, somewhat similar to Stacks. Unlike stacks, a queue is open at both its ends. One end is always used to insert data (enqueue) and the other is used to remove data (dequeue). Queue follows First-In-First-Out methodology, i.e., the data item stored first will be accessed first.
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It defines a stack as a linear data structure that follows the LIFO principle with insertion and deletion occurring at one end. Key stack operations are described as push, pop, peek, isEmpty and isFull. Queue is defined as a linear structure that follows the FIFO principle with insertion at the rear and deletion at the front. Common queue operations are enqueue, dequeue, peek, isEmpty and isFull. Array and linked list implementations of stacks and queues are also covered.
The document discusses the stack data structure. A stack is a collection of elements that follow the LIFO (last-in, first-out) principle. Elements can be inserted and removed from the top of the stack only. Stacks have common applications like undo functions in text editors and web browser history. Formally, a stack is an abstract data type that supports push, pop, top, is_empty and length operations. The document provides examples and explanations of stack operations and applications like infix to postfix conversion, expression evaluation, balancing symbols, function calls and reversing a string.
An ordered collection of items from which items may be deleted from one end called the front and into which items may be inserted from other end called rear is known as Queue.
It is a linear data structure.
It is called the First In First Out (FIFO) list. Since in queue, the first element will be the first element out.
This document discusses stacks and queues as abstract data structures. Stacks follow LIFO (last in first out) order, adding and removing elements from one end. Queues follow FIFO (first in first out) order, adding to one end (rear) and removing from the other (front). The document provides examples of stack and queue applications and implementations using arrays.
Stack and its Applications : Data Structures ADTSoumen Santra
Stacks are a data structure that follow the last-in, first-out (LIFO) principle. Elements are inserted and removed from the same end called the top of the stack. Common stack operations include push to add an element, pop to remove an element, peek to view the top element, and isEmpty to check if the stack is empty. Stacks have various applications like representing function call stacks, evaluating mathematical expressions, and solving puzzles like the Towers of Hanoi. They can be implemented using arrays or linked lists.
A stack is a linear data structure that follows the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Elements can only be inserted or removed from one end, called the top. Stacks have common operations like push to add an element and pop to remove the top element. Stacks have many applications including evaluating arithmetic expressions in postfix notation, implementing recursion, and solving puzzles like Towers of Hanoi. The document discusses stack implementations using arrays and linked lists and provides examples of stack applications.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation. It introduces stacks and their common operations like push and pop. It describes using stacks to solve problems like reversing a list, calculating in Reverse Polish Notation, and bracket matching by keeping track of opening brackets on a stack. Sample code is provided to implement a stack class with methods like push, pop and top to manipulate items on the stack.
Stack is a linear data structure that follows the LIFO (Last In First Out) principle. Elements are inserted and removed from the top of the stack. Stack can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Common stack operations are push, which adds an element to the top, and pop, which removes an element from the top.
Queue is a linear data structure where elements are inserted at one end called the rear and deleted from the other end called the front. It follows the FIFO (first in, first out) principle. Queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. In an array implementation, elements are inserted at the rear and deleted from the front. In a linked list implementation, nodes are added to the rear and removed from the front using front and rear pointers. There are different types of queues including circular queues, double-ended queues, and priority queues.
Stacks are linear data structures that only allow insertion and deletion of elements from one end, called the top. Elements are inserted via a push operation and deleted via a pop operation. Stacks can be implemented using arrays, with a pointer tracking the top element. Common applications of stacks include reversing the order of elements and evaluating mathematical expressions by treating them as a postfix notation.
a. Concept and Definition✓
b. Inserting and Deleting nodes ✓
c. Linked implementation of a stack (PUSH/POP) ✓
d. Linked implementation of a queue (Insert/Remove) ✓
e. Circular List
• Stack as a circular list (PUSH/POP) ✓
• Queue as a circular list (Insert/Remove) ✓
f. Doubly Linked List (Insert/Remove) ✓
For more course related material:
https://github.com/ashim888/dataStructureAndAlgorithm/
Personal blog
www.ashimlamichhane.com.np
The document discusses stacks and queues. It defines stacks as LIFO data structures and queues as FIFO data structures. It describes basic stack operations like push and pop and basic queue operations like enqueue and dequeue. It then discusses implementing stacks and queues using arrays and linked lists, outlining the key operations and memory requirements for each implementation.
The document discusses applications of stacks, including reversing strings and lists, Polish notation for mathematical expressions, converting between infix, prefix and postfix notations, evaluating postfix and prefix expressions, recursion, and the Tower of Hanoi problem. Recursion involves defining a function in terms of itself, with a stopping condition. Stacks can be used to remove recursion by saving local variables at each step.
The document discusses different types of linked lists including:
- Singly linked lists that can only be traversed in one direction.
- Doubly linked lists that allow traversal in both directions using forward and backward pointers.
- Circular linked lists where the last node points back to the first node allowing continuous traversal.
- Header linked lists that include a header node at the beginning for simplified insertion and deletion. Header lists can be grounded where the last node contains a null pointer or circular where the last node points to the header.
- Two-way or doubly linked lists where each node contains a forward and backward pointer allowing bidirectional traversal through the list.
Linked lists are linear data structures where elements are linked using pointers. The three main types are singly, doubly, and circular linked lists. Linked lists allow dynamic memory allocation and fast insertion/deletion compared to arrays but slower access. A linked list contains nodes, each with a data field and pointer to the next node. Basic operations on linked lists include insertion, deletion, traversal, and search. Doubly linked lists include pointers to both the next and previous nodes.
A stack is a linear data structure that follows the last-in, first-out (LIFO) principle. Elements are inserted and removed from one end called the top. The basic operations are push, which inserts an element at the top, and pop, which removes the top element. Stacks have many real-world applications like piles of books and evaluating mathematical expressions. An array can be used to implement a stack by storing elements from index 0 to the top index, and incrementing or decrementing the top index during push and pop operations.
The document discusses arithmetic expressions and how to evaluate them using stacks. It defines arithmetic expressions and their components. It then describes the rules for evaluating expressions, including order of operations. Different notation styles for expressions are introduced - infix, prefix and postfix. An algorithm is provided for converting infix expressions to postfix notation using a stack. Finally, the document explains how to evaluate a postfix expression using a stack.
The document discusses queue data structures. A queue is a linear data structure where additions are made at the end/tail and removals are made from the front/head, following a First-In First-Out (FIFO) approach. Common queue operations include add, remove, check if empty, check if full. A queue can be stored using either a static array or dynamic linked nodes. The key aspects are maintaining references to the head and tail of the queue.
Stack is a last-in, first-out (LIFO) data structure where elements are inserted and removed from the top. Pushing adds an element to the top of the stack, while popping removes the top element. A stack overflow occurs when pushing to a full stack, while a stack underflow happens when popping an empty stack. Stack applications include system startup/shutdown processes, function calling where the last function called is the first to return, and argument passing in C where arguments are pushed right-to-left and popped left-to-right.
Queue is an abstract data structure, somewhat similar to Stacks. Unlike stacks, a queue is open at both its ends. One end is always used to insert data (enqueue) and the other is used to remove data (dequeue). Queue follows First-In-First-Out methodology, i.e., the data item stored first will be accessed first.
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It defines a stack as a linear data structure that follows the LIFO principle with insertion and deletion occurring at one end. Key stack operations are described as push, pop, peek, isEmpty and isFull. Queue is defined as a linear structure that follows the FIFO principle with insertion at the rear and deletion at the front. Common queue operations are enqueue, dequeue, peek, isEmpty and isFull. Array and linked list implementations of stacks and queues are also covered.
The document discusses the stack data structure. A stack is a collection of elements that follow the LIFO (last-in, first-out) principle. Elements can be inserted and removed from the top of the stack only. Stacks have common applications like undo functions in text editors and web browser history. Formally, a stack is an abstract data type that supports push, pop, top, is_empty and length operations. The document provides examples and explanations of stack operations and applications like infix to postfix conversion, expression evaluation, balancing symbols, function calls and reversing a string.
A stack is a last-in, first-out data structure where only the top element can be accessed. Elements can be added with push() and removed with pop(). Stacks have various implementations including arrays, vectors, and linked lists. Arrays have fixed size but best performance while vectors grow dynamically but may be slow if resizing. Linked lists allow constant time push/pop but are generally slower. Stacks have many applications including parsing with delimiters, operating system function calls, reverse polish notation calculators, and pathfinding algorithms.
A stack is a last-in, first-out data structure where only the top element can be accessed. Elements can be added with push() and removed with pop(). Stacks have various implementations including arrays, vectors, and linked lists. Arrays have fixed size but best performance while vectors grow dynamically but may be slow if resizing. Linked lists allow constant time push/pop but are generally slower. Stacks have many applications including parsing with delimiters, operating system function calls, reverse polish notation calculators, and pathfinding algorithms.
The document discusses stacks as a data structure. It defines stacks as last-in, first-out structures where only the top element can be accessed. Common stack operations like push and pop are introduced. Three common implementations of stacks are described - using arrays, vectors, and linked lists. The advantages and disadvantages of each implementation are provided. Examples of stack applications in areas like compilers, operating systems, and artificial intelligence are given.
The document discusses stacks and queues as abstract data types. It describes stacks as last-in, first-out (LIFO) data structures that can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Elements are inserted and removed from one end, called the top. Similarly, queues are first-in, first-out (FIFO) structures where elements are inserted at the rear and removed from the front. Common operations for both include push/enqueue, pop/dequeue, isEmpty, and isFull. Example code demonstrates implementing stacks and queues in C using arrays and linked lists. Applications are given such as undo functions, method call stacks, and waiting lists.
1. The document discusses stacks and queues as linear data structures. It describes stack operations like push and pop and provides algorithms for implementing these operations.
2. An example program for implementing a stack using an array is presented, with functions defined for push, pop, and display operations on the stack.
3. Applications of stacks discussed include reversing a list or string by pushing characters onto a stack and popping them off in reverse order, and converting infix expressions to postfix using a stack.
Stack and Queue.pptx university exam preparationRAtna29
Queues and stacks are dynamic while arrays are static. So when we require dynamic memory we use queue or stack over arrays. Stacks and queues are used over arrays when sequential access is required. To efficiently remove any data from the start (queue) or the end (stack) of a data structure
The document discusses stacks and stack operations in C. It defines a stack as a linear data structure that follows the LIFO principle, where elements are added and removed from one end called the top. The key stack operations are PUSH to add an element, POP to remove an element, and DISPLAY to output the stack. It provides algorithms for implementing PUSH and POP and handling exceptions like stack overflow. The document also covers postfix notation, where operators follow operands, and the postfix evaluation algorithm using a stack.
The document describes implementing a queue using an array. It provides algorithms for enQueue() and deQueue() operations. EnQueue() inserts elements at the rear by incrementing rear and checking for full. DeQueue() deletes elements from the front by incrementing front and checking for empty. The queue uses front and rear pointers to manage insertion and deletion of elements based on FIFO principle using an underlying fixed-size array.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation using templates in C++. It defines a stack as a first-in last-out (LIFO) data structure where elements are added and removed from the top. It specifies stack operations like push, pop, isEmpty etc. and provides their implementation using templates, allowing stacks of different data types. It also discusses using stacks to evaluate postfix expressions and provides a function to replace all occurrences of an item in a stack with another item.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation using templates in C++. It defines a stack as a first-in last-out (LIFO) data structure where elements are added and removed from the top. It specifies stack operations like push, pop, isEmpty etc. and provides implementations of a stack class using templates and dynamic memory allocation. It also discusses an example of evaluating postfix expressions using a stack.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation using templates in C++. It defines a stack as a first-in last-out (LIFO) data structure where elements are added and removed from the top. It specifies stack operations like push, pop, isEmpty etc. and provides their implementation using templates, allowing stacks of different data types. It also discusses using stacks to evaluate postfix expressions and provides a function to replace all occurrences of an item in a stack.
This document discusses linear data structures like stacks and queues. It defines them as ordered data collections where items are added and removed from specific ends. Stacks follow LIFO while queues follow FIFO. The key operations for stacks are push and pop, while queues use enqueue and dequeue. Python implementations are shown using lists. Functions are created to add, remove, and display items for both stacks and queues.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation. It defines stacks as ordered collections where insertions and deletions occur at one end. Common stack operations like push and pop are described. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Various stack applications are mentioned like checking balanced symbols.
This document discusses stacks and their implementation and applications. It can be summarized as:
1. Stacks are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle, where elements can only be inserted or removed from one end called the top. Common stack operations are push to add and pop to remove elements.
2. Stacks have two main implementations - using arrays or linked lists. Array implementations are faster but have size limits, while linked lists are dynamic. Push and pop operations on both are described.
3. Stacks have many applications including evaluating arithmetic expressions using postfix notation, which avoids the need for parentheses. The document describes converting expressions to postfix and an algorithm to evaluate them
The document discusses stacks in C++. It defines a stack as a data structure that follows LIFO (Last In First Out) principle where the last element added is the first to be removed. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The key operations on a stack are push which adds an element and pop which removes an element. Example applications of stacks include function call stacks, converting infix to postfix notation, and reversing arrays.
The document discusses data structures and abstract data types (ADTs). It provides examples of linear lists and linked lists as implementations of the ADT linear list. Key points made include:
- An ADT defines operations on a data structure without specifying its implementation.
- Linked lists provide flexibility for insertion and deletion compared to arrays.
- The main linked list operations are insertion, deletion, finding an element, and traversal.
- Queues and stacks are examples of linear lists with restricted insertion/deletion points.
Stacks are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Elements are added and removed from the top of the stack. Stacks have two main operations - Push, which adds an element to the top of the stack, and Pop, which removes an element from the top. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Compilers use stacks to convert infix arithmetic expressions to postfix notation and then evaluate the postfix expression. This process involves pushing and popping operators from the stack.
Feature selection is the process of selecting a subset of the terms occurring in the training set and using only this subset as features in text classification.
Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity. Fidelity: A faithful output.
Generally used to connect devices in wireless mode.
It is a term that refers to IEEE 802.11 communications
Li-Fi stands for Light Fidelity.
Uses light instead of radio waves.
Uses Visible part of electromagnetic spectrum.
Also known as Light based Wi-Fi.
Communication channels through which news entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are delivered is known as media. Media includes every broadcasting and narrow-casting medium such as Newspaper, Magazines, Television, Radio, Billboards, Direct mail, Telephone, Fax and Internet.
AGILE TESTING is a testing practice that follows the rules and principles of agile software development. Unlike the Waterfall method, Agile Testing can begin at the start of the project with continuous integration between development and testing. Agile Testing is not sequential but continuous. Agile testing involves testing as early as possible in the software development life-cycle.
Ethical hacking also known as penetration testing or white-hat hacking, involves the same tools, tricks, and techniques that hackers use, but with one major difference that Ethical hacking is legal. It focuses on authorised attempts to gain unauthorised access to systems and find vulnerabilities. Ethical hacking is done with the legal permission of a company to test and increase the security of its systems and networks.
In software engineering and software architecture design, design decisions address architecturally significant requirements; they are perceived as hard to make and/or costly to change. It is called also architecture strategies and tactics.
An algorithm is a plan, a logical step-by-step process for solving a problem. Algorithms are normally written as a flowchart or in pseudo-code.
A flowchart is a diagram that represents a set of instructions. Flowcharts normally use standard symbols to represent the different types of instructions. These symbols are used to construct the flowchart and show the step-by-step solution to the problem.
Software Quality Assurance is a means and practice of monitoring the software engineering processes and methodologies used in a project to ensure proper quality of the software. Scrum is a framework utilising an agile mindset for developing, delivering, and sustaining products in a complex environment.
Quicksort is a divide and conquer algorithm that works by partitioning an array around a pivot value and recursively sorting the subarrays. It first selects a pivot element and partitions the array by moving all elements less than the pivot before it and greater elements after it. The subarrays are then recursively sorted through this process. When implemented efficiently with an in-place partition, quicksort is one of the fastest sorting algorithms in practice, with average case performance of O(n log n) time but worst case of O(n^2) time.
This presentation defines the asteroids and describes its role in our solar system and how to protect our earth from these space rocks in case of any mishap.
The document discusses double and circular linked lists. It covers inserting and deleting nodes from doubly linked lists and circular linked lists. Specifically, it describes how to insert nodes at different positions in a doubly linked list, such as at the front, after a given node, at the end, and before a given node. It also explains how to delete nodes from a doubly linked list. For circular linked lists, it outlines how to insert nodes in an empty list, at the beginning, at the end, and between nodes. It also provides the steps to delete nodes from a circular linked list.
Do you want Software for your Business? Visit Deuglo
Deuglo has top Software Developers in India. They are experts in software development and help design and create custom Software solutions.
Deuglo follows seven steps methods for delivering their services to their customers. They called it the Software development life cycle process (SDLC).
Requirement — Collecting the Requirements is the first Phase in the SSLC process.
Feasibility Study — after completing the requirement process they move to the design phase.
Design — in this phase, they start designing the software.
Coding — when designing is completed, the developers start coding for the software.
Testing — in this phase when the coding of the software is done the testing team will start testing.
Installation — after completion of testing, the application opens to the live server and launches!
Maintenance — after completing the software development, customers start using the software.
UI5con 2024 - Bring Your Own Design SystemPeter Muessig
How do you combine the OpenUI5/SAPUI5 programming model with a design system that makes its controls available as Web Components? Since OpenUI5/SAPUI5 1.120, the framework supports the integration of any Web Components. This makes it possible, for example, to natively embed own Web Components of your design system which are created with Stencil. The integration embeds the Web Components in a way that they can be used naturally in XMLViews, like with standard UI5 controls, and can be bound with data binding. Learn how you can also make use of the Web Components base class in OpenUI5/SAPUI5 to also integrate your Web Components and get inspired by the solution to generate a custom UI5 library providing the Web Components control wrappers for the native ones.
Artificia Intellicence and XPath Extension FunctionsOctavian Nadolu
The purpose of this presentation is to provide an overview of how you can use AI from XSLT, XQuery, Schematron, or XML Refactoring operations, the potential benefits of using AI, and some of the challenges we face.
Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...Crescat
Crescat is industry-trusted event management software, built by event professionals for event professionals. Founded in 2017, we have three key products tailored for the live event industry.
Crescat Event for concert promoters and event agencies. Crescat Venue for music venues, conference centers, wedding venues, concert halls and more. And Crescat Festival for festivals, conferences and complex events.
With a wide range of popular features such as event scheduling, shift management, volunteer and crew coordination, artist booking and much more, Crescat is designed for customisation and ease-of-use.
Over 125,000 events have been planned in Crescat and with hundreds of customers of all shapes and sizes, from boutique event agencies through to international concert promoters, Crescat is rigged for success. What's more, we highly value feedback from our users and we are constantly improving our software with updates, new features and improvements.
If you plan events, run a venue or produce festivals and you're looking for ways to make your life easier, then we have a solution for you. Try our software for free or schedule a no-obligation demo with one of our product specialists today at crescat.io
Flutter is a popular open source, cross-platform framework developed by Google. In this webinar we'll explore Flutter and its architecture, delve into the Flutter Embedder and Flutter’s Dart language, discover how to leverage Flutter for embedded device development, learn about Automotive Grade Linux (AGL) and its consortium and understand the rationale behind AGL's choice of Flutter for next-gen IVI systems. Don’t miss this opportunity to discover whether Flutter is right for your project.
E-commerce Development Services- Hornet DynamicsHornet Dynamics
For any business hoping to succeed in the digital age, having a strong online presence is crucial. We offer Ecommerce Development Services that are customized according to your business requirements and client preferences, enabling you to create a dynamic, safe, and user-friendly online store.
OpenMetadata Community Meeting - 5th June 2024OpenMetadata
The OpenMetadata Community Meeting was held on June 5th, 2024. In this meeting, we discussed about the data quality capabilities that are integrated with the Incident Manager, providing a complete solution to handle your data observability needs. Watch the end-to-end demo of the data quality features.
* How to run your own data quality framework
* What is the performance impact of running data quality frameworks
* How to run the test cases in your own ETL pipelines
* How the Incident Manager is integrated
* Get notified with alerts when test cases fail
Watch the meeting recording here - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbNOje0kf6E
UI5con 2024 - Keynote: Latest News about UI5 and it’s EcosystemPeter Muessig
Learn about the latest innovations in and around OpenUI5/SAPUI5: UI5 Tooling, UI5 linter, UI5 Web Components, Web Components Integration, UI5 2.x, UI5 GenAI.
Recording:
https://www.youtube.com/live/MSdGLG2zLy8?si=INxBHTqkwHhxV5Ta&t=0
Microservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we workSven Peters
A lot of technical challenges and complexity come with building a cloud-native and distributed architecture. The way we develop backend software has fundamentally changed in the last ten years. Managing a microservices architecture demands a lot of us to ensure observability and operational resiliency. But did you also change the way you run your development teams?
Sven will talk about Atlassian’s journey from a monolith to a multi-tenanted architecture and how it affected the way the engineering teams work. You will learn how we shifted to service ownership, moved to more autonomous teams (and its challenges), and established platform and enablement teams.
Neo4j - Product Vision and Knowledge Graphs - GraphSummit ParisNeo4j
Dr. Jesús Barrasa, Head of Solutions Architecture for EMEA, Neo4j
Découvrez les dernières innovations de Neo4j, et notamment les dernières intégrations cloud et les améliorations produits qui font de Neo4j un choix essentiel pour les développeurs qui créent des applications avec des données interconnectées et de l’IA générative.
Unveiling the Advantages of Agile Software Development.pdfbrainerhub1
Learn about Agile Software Development's advantages. Simplify your workflow to spur quicker innovation. Jump right in! We have also discussed the advantages.
Most important New features of Oracle 23c for DBAs and Developers. You can get more idea from my youtube channel video from https://youtu.be/XvL5WtaC20A
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissancesNeo4j
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissances
Allez au-delà du battage médiatique autour de l’IA et découvrez des techniques pratiques pour utiliser l’IA de manière responsable à travers les données de votre organisation. Explorez comment utiliser les graphes de connaissances pour augmenter la précision, la transparence et la capacité d’explication dans les systèmes d’IA générative. Vous partirez avec une expérience pratique combinant les relations entre les données et les LLM pour apporter du contexte spécifique à votre domaine et améliorer votre raisonnement.
Amenez votre ordinateur portable et nous vous guiderons sur la mise en place de votre propre pile d’IA générative, en vous fournissant des exemples pratiques et codés pour démarrer en quelques minutes.
2. Last Lecture Summary
• Introduction to Double Linked List
• Insertions and Deletions in Doubly Linked List
• Introduction to Circular Linked List
• Insertion and Deletion in Circular Linked List
4. What is a stack?
• It is an ordered group of homogeneous items of elements.
• Elements are added to and removed from the top of the
stack (the most recently added items are at the top of the
stack).
• The last element to be added is the first to be removed
(LIFO: Last In, First Out).
5.
6. Stack Specification
• Definitions: (provided by the user)
▫ MAX_ITEMS: Max number of items that might be on
the stack
▫ ItemType: Data type of the items on the stack
• Operations
▫ MakeEmpty
▫ Boolean IsEmpty
▫ Boolean IsFull
▫ Push (ItemType newItem)
▫ Pop (ItemType& item)
7. Push Operation
• Function: Adds newItem to the top of the stack.
• Preconditions: Stack has been initialized and is not
full.
• Post conditions: newItem is at the top of the stack.
void StackType::Push(ItemType newItem)
{
top++;
items[top] = newItem;
}
8. Algorithm for PUSH operation
1. Check if the stack is full or not.
2. If the stack is full, then print error of overflow and
exit the program.
3. If the stack is not full, then increment the top and
add the element.
9. Pop Operation
• Function: Removes topItem from stack and returns it in
item.
• Preconditions: Stack has been initialized and is not
empty.
• Post conditions: Top element has been removed from
stack and item is a copy of the removed element.
void StackType::Pop(ItemType item)
{
item = items[top];
top--;
}
10. Algorithm for POP operation
1. Check if the stack is empty or not.
2. If the stack is empty, then print error of underflow
and exit the program.
3. If the stack is not empty, then print the element at
the top and decrement the top.
17. Analysis of Stack Operations
• Push Operation : O(1)
• Pop Operation : O(1)
• Top Operation : O(1)
The time complexities for push() and pop() functions
are O(1) because we always have to insert or remove
the data from the top of the stack, which is a one step
process.
19. Stack Applications
• Stacks are a very common data structure
▫ compilers
parsing data between delimiters (brackets)
▫ operating systems
program stack
▫ virtual machines
manipulating numbers
pop 2 numbers off stack, do work (such as add)
push result back on stack and repeat
▫ artificial intelligence
finding a path
20. Postfix expressions
• Postfix notation is another way of writing arithmetic
expressions.
• In postfix notation, the operator is written after the
two operands.
infix: 2+5 postfix: 2 5 +
• Expressions are evaluated from left to right.
• Precedence rules and parentheses are never
needed!!
23. Postfix expressions:
Algorithm using stacks
WHILE more input items exist
Get an item
IF item is an operand
stack.Push(item)
ELSE
stack.Pop(operand2)
stack.Pop(operand1)
Compute result
stack.Push(result)
stack.Pop(result)
24. Reverse Polish Notation
• Way of inputting numbers to a calculator
▫ (5 + 3) * 6 becomes 5 3 + 6 *
▫ 5 + 3 * 6 becomes 5 3 6 * +
• We can use a stack to implement this
▫ consider 5 3 + 6 *
5
3
8
+
8
6
*6
48
– try doing 5 3 6 * +
25. Finding a Path
• Consider the following graph of flights
PR
X Q
W
Y
Z
S
T
Key
: city (represented as C)
: flight from city C1 to city C2
C1 C2
flight goes from W to S
W S
Example
26. Finding a Path
• If it exists, we can find a path from any city C1 to
another city C2 using a stack
▫ place the starting city on the bottom of the stack
mark it as visited
pick any arbitrary arrow out of the city
city cannot be marked as visited
place that city on the stack
also mark it as visited
if that’s the destination, we’re done
otherwise, pick an arrow out of the city currently at
next city must not have been visited before
if there are no legitimate arrows out, pop it off the stack and go back to
the previous city
repeat this process until the destination is found or all the cities have
been visited
27. Example
• Want to go from P to Y
▫ push P on the stack and mark it as visited
▫ pick R as the next city to visit (random select)
push it on the stack and mark it as visited
▫ pick X as the next city to visit (only choice)
push it on the stack and mark it as visited
▫ no available arrows out of X – pop it
▫ no more available arrows from R – pop it
▫ pick W as next city to visit (only choice left)
push it on the stack and mark it as visited
▫ pick Y as next city to visit (random select)
this is the destination – all done
28. Pseudo-Code for the Example
public boolean findPath(City origin, City destination) {
StackArray stack = new Stack(numCities);
clearAllCityMarks();
stack.push(origin);
origin.mark();
while(!stack.isEmpty()) {
City next = pickCity();
if(next == destination) { return true; }
if(next != null) { stack.push(next); }
else { stack.pop(); } // no valid arrows out of city
}
return false;
}
29. Summary
• Introduction to Stack Data Structure
• Stack Operations
• Analysis of Stack Operations
• Applications of Stack Data Structure in Computer
Science