2. Logical operations of thinking in
investigations. They are either basic
or
integrated.
Basic Process Skills: Observing, comparing,
classifying, quantifying, inferring, predicting,
communicating and manipulative skills.
Integrated Process Skills: Embodied in
experimenting which includes
hypothesizing, controlling variables and
classifying data.
4. 1. OBSERVING
most basic and fundamental of the process
skills. One cannot compare, classify or perform
the other process skills without being a good
observer. We observe objects or events through
our five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste and
hearing.
Example: Describing a pencil as yellow
5. The Process of observing can
be:
• Qualitative – this is identifying and naming
the properties of an object such as its shape,
color, size, texture, smell, and sound.
• Quantitative – This kind of observation
involves measurement.
• Change – it could be the result of crushing,
pounding, burning, cutting, decaying, etc.
6. 2. COMPARING
Comparing is using
observable properties in
discovering similarities
of and differences
between objects and
phenomena. Through
comparison, we are able
to identify relationships
among objects and
phenomena observed.
7. 3. CLASSIFYING
There is an overwhelming number of things
around us – nonliving and living things. Order
can be attained by observing similarities,
differences and interrelationships and by
grouping them accordingly to suit some purpose.
Example: Placing all rocks having
certain grain size or hardness into
one group.
8. 4. INFERRING
Whileobservingisgettinginformation by
using one or more senses, inferring is
explaining or interpreting an observation.
Example: Saying that the
person who used a pencil made
a lot of mistakes because the
eraser was well worn.
9. 5. PREDICTING
Predicting is the process of using past
observationsordataalongwith otherkindsof
scientific knowledge to forecast event or
relationships. Astatement not basedon
observation is not a prediction. It is simply a
guess.
Interpolation –ispredictingnewdata basedonandwithina trend/
pattern of previously observed data.
Extrapolation- ispredictingnewdataoutsideorbeyondtherangeof
previouslyobserveddata.
11. 7. COMMUNICATING
Expressingideasin manyforms, such asorally, in
writing or with graphs, diagrams, tables of data
or photographs is a way of communicating.
Example: Describing the change in
height of a plant over time in writing or
through a graph.
12. 8. MANIPULATIVESKILLS
These skills involve using
equipment and
materials properly and
accurately, preparing
setups for investigation,
and handling specimen
carefully.
