This document provides an overview of researching and writing a research paper. It discusses planning the research by understanding the paper's requirements and choosing a topic. It also covers locating and evaluating sources, taking notes, developing a thesis, creating an outline, and writing a first draft. Finally, it introduces the Modern Language Association (MLA) style for formatting research papers.
This document provides guidance on researching and writing a research paper. It discusses planning the research by understanding the paper's requirements, choosing a topic, conducting preliminary research, and identifying a thesis statement. It also covers gathering sources, taking notes, avoiding plagiarism, organizing information, outlining, writing drafts, and following MLA style guidelines for formatting, in-text citations, and works cited pages.
This document provides instruction on planning and writing a research paper. It discusses understanding the paper requirements and topic, conducting preliminary research, developing a thesis statement, organizing research notes, creating an outline, writing a first draft, and following MLA style guidelines. Key aspects covered include narrowing a topic, differentiating between primary and secondary research, summarizing and paraphrasing sources properly to avoid plagiarism, and formatting in-text citations and a works cited page.
Get your essays and research papers written from the leader in the writing industry. We have in the academic writing field since 2001. We have customers from across the world. All orders will be provided with free draft before making any payment and payment details
Do you feel overwhelmed when you try to pick the right resources to include in your research paper? Do you know how to properly cite your research sources? This workshop shows students how to effective use the research they have completed and put those resources together into a properly cited and well developed research paper.
This document provides an overview of the academic research and writing process. It discusses the basic steps in creating a research paper, including choosing a topic, conducting research, and organizing the paper. The main parts of a research paper are also outlined, such as the introduction, body, and conclusion. Choosing a good research topic is emphasized, and tips are provided such as picking a topic you are interested in, ensuring there is available research, and developing a focused research question. The document serves as a guide for students on how to approach a research assignment.
Introducing Research Writing to 3rd Graders, a K-5 Common Core Lesson by Writ...Suzanne Klein
An engaging lesson from WriteSteps that introduces third-grade students to an important genre of Informational Writing as outlined in the Common Core State Standards. Students review what research writing is, practice narrowing down broad topics into subtopics, and compare traditional sources to technology sources. The lesson plan for this presentation is found on our website in Third grade, Unit 6 on Research Writing. This lesson plan features a version of the presentation that includes teacher notes for guiding the activities outlined in the slide. For inspiration and more information about K-5 writing and teaching, like us on Facebook, https://facebook.com/corestandardwritesteps. We also have free Common Core resources on Pinterest, at http://pinterest.com/writesteps.
WriteSteps is a comprehensive writing system includes a year's worth of Common Core lesson plans that integrate best practices like writers workshop, the 6 Traits, graphic organizers, and the Madeline Hunter lesson steps in a format that shortens the learning curve to becoming a master writing teacher. WriteSteps includes lessons for narrative, informational, and opinion writing, and offers web-based lessons, visual aids, rubrics, and other resources. To use our Common Core lessons free for 30 days at no obligation, go to http://writestepswriting.com/freetrial.aspx.
WriteSteps Founder & CEO Suzanne Klein is a former K-5 teacher and writing consultant with extensive training in writing pedagogy best practices, especially writer's workshop and 6 Traits. She has taught all elementary grades including a Title I literacy program, and gave professional development workshops on Balanced Writing for the Bureau of Education Research. Klein holds a Master of Arts degree in teaching, is a National Writing Project fellow, and draws inspiration from teachers such as Ralph Fletcher, Barry Lane, Lucy Calkins, Katie Wood Ray, and John Collins.
This document provides an overview of how to write a research paper. It begins by explaining why learning to write research papers is important for college students. It then outlines the typical structure of a research paper, including sections like the abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. The document discusses how to choose a research topic and gather materials. It provides guidance on writing each section and emphasizes using a consistent format for citations and references. The goal is to teach students the key components of a successful research paper.
This document provides guidance on researching and writing a research paper. It discusses planning the research by understanding the paper's requirements, choosing a topic, conducting preliminary research, and identifying a thesis statement. It also covers gathering sources, taking notes, avoiding plagiarism, organizing information, outlining, writing drafts, and following MLA style guidelines for formatting, in-text citations, and works cited pages.
This document provides instruction on planning and writing a research paper. It discusses understanding the paper requirements and topic, conducting preliminary research, developing a thesis statement, organizing research notes, creating an outline, writing a first draft, and following MLA style guidelines. Key aspects covered include narrowing a topic, differentiating between primary and secondary research, summarizing and paraphrasing sources properly to avoid plagiarism, and formatting in-text citations and a works cited page.
Get your essays and research papers written from the leader in the writing industry. We have in the academic writing field since 2001. We have customers from across the world. All orders will be provided with free draft before making any payment and payment details
Do you feel overwhelmed when you try to pick the right resources to include in your research paper? Do you know how to properly cite your research sources? This workshop shows students how to effective use the research they have completed and put those resources together into a properly cited and well developed research paper.
This document provides an overview of the academic research and writing process. It discusses the basic steps in creating a research paper, including choosing a topic, conducting research, and organizing the paper. The main parts of a research paper are also outlined, such as the introduction, body, and conclusion. Choosing a good research topic is emphasized, and tips are provided such as picking a topic you are interested in, ensuring there is available research, and developing a focused research question. The document serves as a guide for students on how to approach a research assignment.
Introducing Research Writing to 3rd Graders, a K-5 Common Core Lesson by Writ...Suzanne Klein
An engaging lesson from WriteSteps that introduces third-grade students to an important genre of Informational Writing as outlined in the Common Core State Standards. Students review what research writing is, practice narrowing down broad topics into subtopics, and compare traditional sources to technology sources. The lesson plan for this presentation is found on our website in Third grade, Unit 6 on Research Writing. This lesson plan features a version of the presentation that includes teacher notes for guiding the activities outlined in the slide. For inspiration and more information about K-5 writing and teaching, like us on Facebook, https://facebook.com/corestandardwritesteps. We also have free Common Core resources on Pinterest, at http://pinterest.com/writesteps.
WriteSteps is a comprehensive writing system includes a year's worth of Common Core lesson plans that integrate best practices like writers workshop, the 6 Traits, graphic organizers, and the Madeline Hunter lesson steps in a format that shortens the learning curve to becoming a master writing teacher. WriteSteps includes lessons for narrative, informational, and opinion writing, and offers web-based lessons, visual aids, rubrics, and other resources. To use our Common Core lessons free for 30 days at no obligation, go to http://writestepswriting.com/freetrial.aspx.
WriteSteps Founder & CEO Suzanne Klein is a former K-5 teacher and writing consultant with extensive training in writing pedagogy best practices, especially writer's workshop and 6 Traits. She has taught all elementary grades including a Title I literacy program, and gave professional development workshops on Balanced Writing for the Bureau of Education Research. Klein holds a Master of Arts degree in teaching, is a National Writing Project fellow, and draws inspiration from teachers such as Ralph Fletcher, Barry Lane, Lucy Calkins, Katie Wood Ray, and John Collins.
This document provides an overview of how to write a research paper. It begins by explaining why learning to write research papers is important for college students. It then outlines the typical structure of a research paper, including sections like the abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. The document discusses how to choose a research topic and gather materials. It provides guidance on writing each section and emphasizes using a consistent format for citations and references. The goal is to teach students the key components of a successful research paper.
are you struggling with writing the research paper? If yes, then here is the best ever PPT on how to write a research paper with perfection. Watch this PPT till the end to write the research paper with perfection.
1) Writing research papers is an important skill that can improve one's career and impact.
2) It is best to start writing early in the research process to help crystallize ideas and get feedback from others.
3) The introduction should clearly state the problem and contributions while the body provides evidence to support the claims.
The document provides guidance on developing a research plan in 20 steps. It discusses analyzing the rhetorical situation, choosing a topic, conducting preliminary research, developing research questions, scheduling field research, drafting a thesis and outline, finding and reading sources, completing drafts, getting peer reviews, revising, and finalizing the paper. It emphasizes establishing a schedule to complete tasks and provides tips for each step of the process such as considering interests and issues for the topic, narrowing the topic, taking notes, outlining, and keeping track of sources.
How do you write a master's thesis? Prof. Laura Black guides students from the Master of Advanced Studies in Humanitarian Logistics and Management through the process.
Write a research paper howto - good presentationantiw
1. The document provides advice on how to write a great research paper, focusing on conveying the main idea in a clear and engaging way.
2. It emphasizes using examples to introduce problems and solutions, making contributions explicit, and focusing on the narrative before technical details.
3. The goal is to infect the reader's mind with the idea like a virus by explaining intuitively rather than through jargon or impressing others.
This document discusses conducting research with multiple sources. It begins by summarizing Kenneth Burke's metaphor of research as joining an ongoing conversation. It then outlines the basic steps of identifying the conversation through research, evaluating sources, and then contributing to the conversation. The document focuses on the research process, describing it as recursive with steps like brainstorming questions, searching keywords, vetting sources, and refining searches. It provides examples of researching the topic of online versus in-person education.
This document provides guidance on writing and reviewing research papers. It begins with acknowledging the recommended reading and then outlines the main goals of a scientific paper. Various document preparation systems are discussed as well as the standard structure for a research paper, including sections on the introduction, background, related work, and conclusion. The document concludes with guidelines on paper style, dos and don'ts, and how to approach reviewing a paper with the goal of improving it for publication.
How to write a persuasive thesis for academic students, Delhi, Chandigarh, In...bestproofreadingservices
A persuasive thesis uses research and analysis to encourage the reader to agree with the author's argument. It involves narrowing a research topic, writing a thesis statement, compiling research through databases and libraries, taking notes, organizing notes into an outline, drafting an introduction that states the argument and significance, and drafting body paragraphs that refer to the outline and analyze evidence to support the thesis statement. The body paragraphs should have transition sentences and provide context for the evidence.
Teaching research in the elementary classroomfinakJolene Berg
The document provides an overview of a presentation on teaching research and informational writing in elementary classrooms. It outlines a 10-step "CB Research Model" and discusses practical ideas and tools for teaching each step, including choosing topics, developing research questions, evaluating sources, taking notes, and organizing information.
The document provides an overview of explanatory writing and journalism. It discusses the rise of explanatory sites and articles that aim to help readers understand current events, scientific concepts, and cultural phenomena. It also outlines some key elements of creating good explanations, such as understanding the audience, having a clear goal, and using a logical organizational structure. Examples are provided of how explanations of events, concepts, and processes may be structured.
This document outlines the parts and process for a 6th grade research paper on a historical, mathematical, or scientific event. It includes an introduction, outline, paper, works cited page, and optional presentation. Students are instructed to brainstorm topics, get approval on their top choices, find sources, create an outline and note cards, write a draft, add citations, edit the paper, and optionally include pictures in their presentation. The goal is for students to research and present an important event to the class in 3 to 5 minutes.
The document outlines the 9 steps to writing a research paper: 1) Choose a topic that is interesting but manageable. 2) Find information from various sources like the internet, books, and magazines. 3) Take notes on the relevant information found. 4) Make an outline organizing the main points in a logical flow from introduction to conclusion. 5) Organize notes according to the outline. 6) Write the first draft incorporating the relevant notes. 7) Revise the outline and draft, checking facts and rearranging ideas. 8) Type the final draft meeting formatting requirements. 9) Hand in the completed paper.
This document provides a 10 step guide for writing a research paper with ease. The steps include: thinking of a topic and questions, finding sources, reading sources and taking notes, brainstorming the structure, writing a thesis statement, drafting an introduction, writing the body in paragraphs with cited sources, drafting a conclusion, compiling a works cited page, and proofreading for spelling and grammar. Following these steps will help the writer organize their ideas and research into a well-written paper.
This document provides tips and guidelines for writing a good research paper for publication. It discusses the importance of sharing knowledge through publications. The structure of a research paper is explained, with the IMRAD model (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) being the most common. Key sections of a research paper like the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, tables and figures, conclusion and references are discussed in detail. Effective organization, relevance, clarity and following journal guidelines are some important factors to consider while writing each section. The last part emphasizes avoiding plagiarism and copyright violations which can damage one's academic reputation.
How to write a good Dissertation/ Thesis
Thesis refers to a written work on a particular domain resulting from original research. You should introduce your subject area and explain research topic by referring latest published materials instead of old published materials. The objective is to present a simple, clear and complete account of the results of your research.
• Brainstorm or generate ideas for your topic.
• Conduct a thorough literature search before designing your methodology and collecting your data.
Relate your findings to your original statement of the problem and your literature review.
Https://www.ThesisScientist.com
These slides are related to our last event at the Sapienza University of Rome for the graduate students. Please follow our website: https://www.facebook.com/psa.sapienza
How to Write A Research Paper? - Useful Tips For Successful Academic WritingResearchLeap
Academic writing is a style of writing that makes your work easier to read and understand. No matter how well versed you are with grammar, punctuation and other areas that come into play for writing papers, making a mistake with the content hurts your overall academic writing.
The purpose of academic writing is to make your work clear and understandable to whoever is reading and/or evaluating it. Another important part of academic writing is ensuring that your work is fully and correctly referenced. The tips in Research Leap Manual on Academic Writing contain practical methods of creating an academic paper which your readers will easily follow. With this guide, you will learn how to:
Choose a topic
Think (brainstorm)
Build an organized text
Write good introduction, thesis, body and conclusion parts
Format your writing
Reference your work
Get expert academic writing tips straight to your inbox, and become a better academic writer. Download our PDF manual right now from the attachment.
Your comment and feedback are highly appreciated. To receive other tips and manuals, and to expand your research network and access research opportunities, join us on Linked In or FB.
Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related
They may be classified as:
Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines; and
Foreign, if conducted in foreign lands RELATED STUDIES
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
A survey or review of related literature and studies is very important because such reviewed literature and studies serve as a foundation of the proposed study. This is because related literature and studies guide the researcher in pursuing his research venture. Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
The document provides guidance for students on conducting research and writing a research paper. It discusses learning objectives related to research skills, including gathering and synthesizing multiple sources to answer a question. It outlines the research writing process, including prewriting, writing, revising, and editing. It also defines key terms like summarizing, paraphrasing, quoting, and plagiarism. Students are instructed to take notes using the Cornell note-taking system and provided examples of properly quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing a source text.
are you struggling with writing the research paper? If yes, then here is the best ever PPT on how to write a research paper with perfection. Watch this PPT till the end to write the research paper with perfection.
1) Writing research papers is an important skill that can improve one's career and impact.
2) It is best to start writing early in the research process to help crystallize ideas and get feedback from others.
3) The introduction should clearly state the problem and contributions while the body provides evidence to support the claims.
The document provides guidance on developing a research plan in 20 steps. It discusses analyzing the rhetorical situation, choosing a topic, conducting preliminary research, developing research questions, scheduling field research, drafting a thesis and outline, finding and reading sources, completing drafts, getting peer reviews, revising, and finalizing the paper. It emphasizes establishing a schedule to complete tasks and provides tips for each step of the process such as considering interests and issues for the topic, narrowing the topic, taking notes, outlining, and keeping track of sources.
How do you write a master's thesis? Prof. Laura Black guides students from the Master of Advanced Studies in Humanitarian Logistics and Management through the process.
Write a research paper howto - good presentationantiw
1. The document provides advice on how to write a great research paper, focusing on conveying the main idea in a clear and engaging way.
2. It emphasizes using examples to introduce problems and solutions, making contributions explicit, and focusing on the narrative before technical details.
3. The goal is to infect the reader's mind with the idea like a virus by explaining intuitively rather than through jargon or impressing others.
This document discusses conducting research with multiple sources. It begins by summarizing Kenneth Burke's metaphor of research as joining an ongoing conversation. It then outlines the basic steps of identifying the conversation through research, evaluating sources, and then contributing to the conversation. The document focuses on the research process, describing it as recursive with steps like brainstorming questions, searching keywords, vetting sources, and refining searches. It provides examples of researching the topic of online versus in-person education.
This document provides guidance on writing and reviewing research papers. It begins with acknowledging the recommended reading and then outlines the main goals of a scientific paper. Various document preparation systems are discussed as well as the standard structure for a research paper, including sections on the introduction, background, related work, and conclusion. The document concludes with guidelines on paper style, dos and don'ts, and how to approach reviewing a paper with the goal of improving it for publication.
How to write a persuasive thesis for academic students, Delhi, Chandigarh, In...bestproofreadingservices
A persuasive thesis uses research and analysis to encourage the reader to agree with the author's argument. It involves narrowing a research topic, writing a thesis statement, compiling research through databases and libraries, taking notes, organizing notes into an outline, drafting an introduction that states the argument and significance, and drafting body paragraphs that refer to the outline and analyze evidence to support the thesis statement. The body paragraphs should have transition sentences and provide context for the evidence.
Teaching research in the elementary classroomfinakJolene Berg
The document provides an overview of a presentation on teaching research and informational writing in elementary classrooms. It outlines a 10-step "CB Research Model" and discusses practical ideas and tools for teaching each step, including choosing topics, developing research questions, evaluating sources, taking notes, and organizing information.
The document provides an overview of explanatory writing and journalism. It discusses the rise of explanatory sites and articles that aim to help readers understand current events, scientific concepts, and cultural phenomena. It also outlines some key elements of creating good explanations, such as understanding the audience, having a clear goal, and using a logical organizational structure. Examples are provided of how explanations of events, concepts, and processes may be structured.
This document outlines the parts and process for a 6th grade research paper on a historical, mathematical, or scientific event. It includes an introduction, outline, paper, works cited page, and optional presentation. Students are instructed to brainstorm topics, get approval on their top choices, find sources, create an outline and note cards, write a draft, add citations, edit the paper, and optionally include pictures in their presentation. The goal is for students to research and present an important event to the class in 3 to 5 minutes.
The document outlines the 9 steps to writing a research paper: 1) Choose a topic that is interesting but manageable. 2) Find information from various sources like the internet, books, and magazines. 3) Take notes on the relevant information found. 4) Make an outline organizing the main points in a logical flow from introduction to conclusion. 5) Organize notes according to the outline. 6) Write the first draft incorporating the relevant notes. 7) Revise the outline and draft, checking facts and rearranging ideas. 8) Type the final draft meeting formatting requirements. 9) Hand in the completed paper.
This document provides a 10 step guide for writing a research paper with ease. The steps include: thinking of a topic and questions, finding sources, reading sources and taking notes, brainstorming the structure, writing a thesis statement, drafting an introduction, writing the body in paragraphs with cited sources, drafting a conclusion, compiling a works cited page, and proofreading for spelling and grammar. Following these steps will help the writer organize their ideas and research into a well-written paper.
This document provides tips and guidelines for writing a good research paper for publication. It discusses the importance of sharing knowledge through publications. The structure of a research paper is explained, with the IMRAD model (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) being the most common. Key sections of a research paper like the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, tables and figures, conclusion and references are discussed in detail. Effective organization, relevance, clarity and following journal guidelines are some important factors to consider while writing each section. The last part emphasizes avoiding plagiarism and copyright violations which can damage one's academic reputation.
How to write a good Dissertation/ Thesis
Thesis refers to a written work on a particular domain resulting from original research. You should introduce your subject area and explain research topic by referring latest published materials instead of old published materials. The objective is to present a simple, clear and complete account of the results of your research.
• Brainstorm or generate ideas for your topic.
• Conduct a thorough literature search before designing your methodology and collecting your data.
Relate your findings to your original statement of the problem and your literature review.
Https://www.ThesisScientist.com
These slides are related to our last event at the Sapienza University of Rome for the graduate students. Please follow our website: https://www.facebook.com/psa.sapienza
How to Write A Research Paper? - Useful Tips For Successful Academic WritingResearchLeap
Academic writing is a style of writing that makes your work easier to read and understand. No matter how well versed you are with grammar, punctuation and other areas that come into play for writing papers, making a mistake with the content hurts your overall academic writing.
The purpose of academic writing is to make your work clear and understandable to whoever is reading and/or evaluating it. Another important part of academic writing is ensuring that your work is fully and correctly referenced. The tips in Research Leap Manual on Academic Writing contain practical methods of creating an academic paper which your readers will easily follow. With this guide, you will learn how to:
Choose a topic
Think (brainstorm)
Build an organized text
Write good introduction, thesis, body and conclusion parts
Format your writing
Reference your work
Get expert academic writing tips straight to your inbox, and become a better academic writer. Download our PDF manual right now from the attachment.
Your comment and feedback are highly appreciated. To receive other tips and manuals, and to expand your research network and access research opportunities, join us on Linked In or FB.
Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related
They may be classified as:
Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines; and
Foreign, if conducted in foreign lands RELATED STUDIES
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
A survey or review of related literature and studies is very important because such reviewed literature and studies serve as a foundation of the proposed study. This is because related literature and studies guide the researcher in pursuing his research venture. Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
The document provides guidance for students on conducting research and writing a research paper. It discusses learning objectives related to research skills, including gathering and synthesizing multiple sources to answer a question. It outlines the research writing process, including prewriting, writing, revising, and editing. It also defines key terms like summarizing, paraphrasing, quoting, and plagiarism. Students are instructed to take notes using the Cornell note-taking system and provided examples of properly quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing a source text.
The document provides guidance for students on conducting research and writing a research paper. It discusses learning objectives related to research skills, including gathering and synthesizing multiple sources to answer a question. It outlines the research writing process, including prewriting, writing, revising, and editing. It also defines key terms like summarizing, paraphrasing, quoting, and plagiarism. Students are instructed to take notes using the Cornell note-taking system and provided examples of properly quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing a source text.
The document provides instructions and activities for a 9th grade English research unit. It includes directions for completing assignments like a sponge activity, reading articles on co-sleeping risks and SIDS, and learning how to integrate sources through proper quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing. Students are given objectives for conducting research, citing sources, and developing their writing skills according to Common Core standards.
A step by-step on how to do a backgroundRowel Elca
1. Conduct preliminary research to help formulate a research question or thesis statement. Visit the library, internet, and databases to find preliminary sources like books and journals.
2. Take notes on sources and develop a research question or thesis statement to guide the thesis. Be sure to cite sources accurately.
3. Write a thesis statement expressing an opinion on an issue, problem, or solution based on research conducted so far.
This document provides an overview of the research process and guidelines for reviewing related literature. It discusses the importance of reviewing related literature to avoid duplicating past studies and provide context for the research problem. The review of related literature should include recent, objective materials that are directly relevant to the study, such as findings, methods, and conclusions from past investigations. When writing the literature review, the researcher should paraphrase sources, cite authors, include only relevant information, and relate sources to the research topic. The review should have a logical flow and avoid lengthy quotes or a list-like format.
This document provides instructions for an English class research unit on co-sleeping and SIDS. It outlines the day's activities, which include completing a sponge activity, reviewing homework, reading a new article on safe sleeping and completing a worksheet. Learning objectives focus on conducting research, gathering and integrating information from sources, and drawing evidence to support analysis. Key terms are defined and students are instructed on research writing structure, citing sources, taking notes, and the writing process.
How to write a research paper for undergraduate students in Corona's time: to...Aboul Ella Hassanien
Here is a potential thesis statement for this topic:
While Wikipedia provides a useful starting point for research, it should not be used as a final source in academic papers due to concerns about reliability and lack of authoritative sources, though with care it can help students become familiar with topics and find other credible sources.
The document provides an overview of the research process and importance of reviewing related literature. It discusses that the review of related literature helps guide the research topic selection, understand the conceptual framework, and learn about past methods and findings. The review should include recent, objective materials that are directly relevant to the study. Researchers are advised to take thorough notes from various sources and organize them thematically to write the literature review section. The review should synthesize key points from the sources and relate them to the research topic, while avoiding extensive copying.
The document provides instructions for an English class research assignment on the dangers of co-sleeping. It includes activities for students to complete a "sponge activity," take a quiz, read articles on co-sleeping, and learn how to properly cite sources, quote and paraphrase information, and develop their research paper following the writing process. Students are given objectives and terms to define, and examples of quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing are provided.
10 steps to write a basic research paperabdur rahman
This document outlines 10 steps to write a basic research paper. The steps include choosing an appropriate topic that interests the writer, gathering information from various sources, starting to research the topic, outlining the research with an introduction and supporting paragraphs, writing drafts of the body of the paper, revising drafts, creating a final draft, preparing a bibliography, adding a title page and keywords, and evaluating the completed work. The goal is to provide students with a starting point for writing their research paper by outlining the key elements and process.
This document provides an overview of conducting research for a PSYC 3401 Experimental Psychology course. It discusses devising a research strategy, beginning background research, selecting and accessing resources, critically evaluating resources, and saving resources found. It provides guidance on defining a topic, conducting background research, doing detailed research, and developing a final product. It also outlines various research tools like databases, citation software, catalogs, and the internet that can be used during the research process.
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review for a research study. It discusses reviewing related literature, theories, and past studies to identify gaps and lay the conceptual framework for a new study. Key aspects covered include searching databases and other sources, organizing collected notes, addressing plagiarism, and writing the review. The document also offers tips for critiquing existing studies, such as using guide questions to evaluate the purpose, methods, findings and limitations of prior work. The overall message is that a thorough literature review is crucial for situating a study in the context of past research and identifying opportunities for new contributions.
research involves investigating a topic to learn more about it. Typically, one conducts research to answer questions. Often, as one learns more about a topic, initial questions generate additional questions. for more visit http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/writing/research-paper-writing.aspx
The document provides guidance on the academic research process. It discusses developing a research topic and question. Researchers must determine the scope of their work and timeline. They should use primary and secondary sources, taking detailed notes and evaluating source credibility. The drafting process involves writing a thesis, incorporating sources via quotes and paraphrasing, and revising. Researchers must follow formatting guidelines for citations and references in the final paper. Reliability of sources depends on the intended use and medium of the information. The academic research process requires determining a focused topic and question, conducting thorough research and analysis, and properly presenting findings.
This document provides an overview of literature reviews, including:
1. Definitions of a literature review as the systematic study of existing work relevant to a research topic.
2. The purposes of literature reviews, which include gaining knowledge from past work and avoiding issues others encountered.
3. The steps to conducting an effective literature review, such as identifying keywords and sources, taking notes, and organizing insights.
4. Guidance on citing sources ethically and avoiding plagiarism.
This document provides a six step process for successful assignment planning: 1) Understand the assignment by reading instructions carefully and clarifying requirements, 2) Get organized by assessing readings and reserving resources, 3) Conduct research by developing keywords and search strategies to find relevant sources, 4) Evaluate sources using criteria like currency, relevance, and authority, 5) Take notes and make summaries in your own words to avoid plagiarism, 6) Create an outline and write the assignment by structuring it with an introduction, body, and conclusion. Following these steps can help students plan assignments effectively and meet deadlines.
How to publish a technical paper in SCI Journals?Ajay Kumar
This document provides instructions on how to write a technical research paper and publish it in a scientific journal. It discusses choosing a topic and narrowing it, creating an outline, avoiding plagiarism by paraphrasing sources, including a bibliography, and proofreading. The key steps are choosing a narrow topic, writing an introduction sentence stating the main argument, explaining the differences between primary and secondary sources, learning how to paraphrase properly, and editing the paper by fact checking citations and references.
The document outlines the steps in the writing process for an academic paper, including planning, researching, drafting, and revising, and notes that these steps do not have to be linear. It provides details on each step, such as making an outline, evaluating sources, integrating sources, and addressing common issues that frustrate markers. Resources for writing help, such as professors and the Writing Centre, are also listed.
The document discusses various microbiology techniques for culturing microbes including inoculation, isolation, incubation, inspection, and identification. It describes how to produce pure cultures through methods like streak plating and describes different types of culture media including solid, liquid, enriched, selective, and differential media. The goals are to transfer microbes to produce isolated colonies, grow them under proper conditions, observe characteristics, and identify organisms through comparing data.
The document provides instructions for creating a research poster, including reviewing sample posters and an article on best practices. It discusses font size, logo placement, poster size, image and graphic quality, and elements that make a poster engaging. A sample student research poster is also included, with sections on the problem, methodology, results, conclusions, and references. The poster summarizes a study on the occupations of school-aged children who have siblings with cognitive or behavioral disabilities.
The document provides instructions for creating an effective research poster. It discusses reviewing sample posters to understand best practices like font size, logo placement, size of the poster, and quality of images. It also recommends considering what makes sample posters visually engaging and how one's own poster could be improved.
Position Your Body for Learning implements evidence-based measurements to assess optimal positioning for learning. The document describes three simple assessments - "roll", "rattle", and "rumble" - to determine if desk height matches elbow rest height and chair height matches popliteal height. It explains that proper ergonomic positioning through adjustments can improve students' attention, fine motor skills, and performance on standardized tests. The document provides a form called "Measuring for Optimal Positioning" to document student measurements and identify furniture adjustments needed.
The agenda outlines a thesis dissemination meeting that will include welcome and introductions, a syllabus review, project summaries from students, breaks, a presentation on APA style and thesis document preparation from the writing center, library resources overview, and discussion of thesis resources and dismissal. The document also lists various thesis course, poster, article, and conference resources that will be made available to students.
This document discusses program evaluation, outlining key concepts and approaches. It describes the purposes of program evaluation as determining if objectives are met and improving decision making. Formative and summative evaluations are explained, with formative used for ongoing improvement and summative to determine effects. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are appropriate, including experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs. Stakeholder involvement, utilization of results, and addressing ethical considerations are important aspects of program evaluation.
The document outlines topics from Chapter 6 of a course, including similarities and differences between intervention planning for individuals and community programs, best practices for developing mission statements and effective teams, and issues related to program sustainability. It also provides examples and activities for developing SMART goals, vision and mission statements, and sustainability plans for a fall prevention program. Resources and considerations are presented for each step of the program development process.
Compliance, motivation, and health behaviors stanbridge
This document provides information about compliance, motivation, and health behaviors as they relate to learners. It introduces several occupational therapy students and their backgrounds. The objectives cover defining key terms and discussing theories of compliance, motivation concepts, and strategies to facilitate motivation. The document then matches vocabulary terms to their definitions and discusses several theories of behavior change, including the health belief model, self-efficacy theory, protection motivation theory, stages of change model, and theory of reasoned action. Motivational strategies and the educator's role in health promotion are also outlined.
Ch 5 developmental stages of the learnerstanbridge
This document provides an overview of developmental stages of the learner from infancy through older adulthood. It begins with introductions of the presenters and learning objectives. Key terms are defined. Development is discussed in terms of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial characteristics at each stage: infancy/toddlerhood, early childhood, middle/late childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle-aged adulthood, and older adulthood. Teaching strategies are outlined for each developmental stage. The role of family in patient education is also addressed.
This document summarizes the content covered in Week 2 of a course on community-based occupational therapy practice. Chapter 3 discusses using theories from related disciplines in community practice and identifying strategies for organizing communities to meet health needs. Chapter 4 covers understanding relevant federal legislation, including laws supporting reimbursement and those focused on education, medical rehabilitation, consumer rights, and environmental issues. The document also lists vocabulary terms and guest speakers for the week.
This document outlines the topics and activities to be covered in Week 3 of a course on community health and health promotion program development. It will describe processes of environmental scanning, trend analysis, and the key steps of community health program development. Students will learn about needs assessments, theories in health promotion planning, goals and objectives, and the ecological approach. They will develop implementation strategies at different levels of intervention and learn the purposes of program evaluation. Readings, discussions, and activities are planned, including a scenario analyzing a sheltered workshop using SWOT analysis. Key terms and concepts are defined.
This document outlines the topics that will be covered in the first two chapters of a course on community-based occupational therapy practice. Chapter 1 will discuss the history and roles of OT in community-based practice as well as characteristics of effective community-based OTs. It will also cover paradigm shifts in OT. Chapter 2 will address concepts in community and public health, determinants of health, and strategies for prevention. It will discuss OT's contributions to Healthy People 2020 and its role in health promotion. The schedule includes lectures, small group work, and a guest speaker.
This document discusses how to critically appraise quantitative studies for clinical decision making. It covers evaluating the validity, reliability, and applicability of studies. Key points include assessing for bias, determining if results are statistically and clinically significant, and considering how well study findings can be applied to patients. Study designs like randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, and cohort studies are examined. The importance of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in evidence-based practice is also covered.
This document discusses the importance of clinical judgment in evidence-based nursing practice. It states that research evidence must be considered alongside patient concerns and preferences. Good clinical judgment requires carefully examining the validity of evidence and how it is applied to specific patients. The fit between evidence and each patient's unique situation is rarely perfect. Nurses must understand patients narratively and use judgment over time to determine the most appropriate care based on evidence and the patient's needs. Experiential learning and developing expertise in caring for particular patient populations enhances a nurse's clinical grasp and judgment.
This document discusses qualitative research and its application to clinical decision making. It describes how qualitative evidence can inform understanding of patient experiences and perspectives, which are important components of evidence-based practice. The document outlines different qualitative research traditions like ethnography, grounded theory, and phenomenology. It also discusses techniques for appraising qualitative studies based on their credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The key point is that qualitative evidence provides insights into human experiences, values, and meanings that can help inform clinical decisions.
This document discusses critically appraising knowledge for clinical decision making. It explains that practice should be based on unbiased, reliable evidence rather than tradition. The three main sources of knowledge for evidence-based practice are valid research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient choices. Clinical practice guidelines are the primary source to guide decisions as they synthesize research evidence. Internal evidence from quality improvement projects applies specifically to the setting where it was collected, unlike external evidence which is more generalizable. Both internal and external evidence should be combined using the PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act) cycle for continuous improvement.
This document discusses implementing evidence-based practice (EBP) in clinical settings. It emphasizes that engaging all stakeholders, including clinical staff, administrators, and other disciplines, is key. It also stresses that assessing and addressing barriers like knowledge, attitudes, and resources is important. Finally, it highlights that evaluating outcomes through quantifiable measures can help determine the impact of EBP changes on patient care.
This document discusses clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), including how they are developed based on evidence, how they can standardize care while allowing flexibility, and how to evaluate and implement them. It notes that CPGs systematically develop statements to guide regional diagnosis and treatment based on the best available evidence. While CPGs provide time-effective guidance, the commitment of caregivers is most important for successful implementation.
This document discusses key aspects of writing a successful grant proposal. It explains that grant proposals request funding for research or evidence-based projects by outlining specific aims, background, significance, methodology, budget, and personnel. Successful grant writers are passionate, meticulous planners who can persuade reviewers of a project's importance and address potential barriers. The most important initial question is whether a project meets the funding organization's application criteria. Proposals need compelling abstracts that explain why a project deserves funding and clearly written background and methodology sections. Common weaknesses that can lead to rejection are a lack of significance or novel ideas and inadequate description of study design.
The document discusses ethical considerations for evidence implementation and generation in healthcare. It outlines key ethical principles like beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy and justice. These principles form the foundation for core dimensions of healthcare quality according to the Institute of Medicine. The document also differentiates between clinical research, quality improvement initiatives, and evidence-based practice. It notes some controversies around applying different ethical standards to research versus quality improvement. Overall, the document provides an overview of how ethical principles guide evidence-based healthcare practices and quality improvement efforts.
3. Plan the Research
Locating, Evaluating and Integrating Research Sources
• Understand the Paper’s Boundaries
– Identify the complete nature of the assignment
– Clarify the paper’s requirements
– Understand the paper’s overall purpose and audience
4. Plan the Research
Locating, Evaluating and Integrating Research Sources
• Understand Primary vs Secondary Research
– Students conduct “secondary research”
– Present a summary or opinion of facts that have already
been documented
– Research scientists conduct “primary research”
– Present findings that are the result of clinical
experimentation or that which is discovered by original
investigation
5. Plan the Research
Locating, Evaluating and Integrating Research Sources
• Choose a General Subject
– Remembering the restrictions of the assignment,
identify the topic (or list of possible topics) for your
research
– Always take into consideration that selecting a topic is making
a commitment to a topic for many hours and selecting a topic
that does not completely interest you or one for which there is
insufficient data, is a ticket to disaster.
7. BroadTopic
Refined
Topic
Fi
na
l
To
pi
c
Plan the Research
Locating, Evaluating and Integrating Research Sources
• Narrowing your topic is
a crucial step:
• “Physical Therapy”
• “Pediatric Physical Therapy”
• “Modalities within Pediatric Physical
Therapy”
• “Aquatic Pediatric Physical Therapy”
• “Use of Aquatic Pediatric Physical
Therapy in Treating Children with
Integumentary (skin) Diseases”
8. Plan the Research
Locating, Evaluating and Integrating Research Sources
• Conduct Preliminary Research
– Initial research to determine if the topic is:
– Too broad – too much information
– Too narrow – in sufficient information
– On point with the direction that you envision
9. Plan the Research
Locating, Evaluating and Integrating Research Sources
• Identifying a Working Thesis
– May offer your personal interpretation of
research already conducted
– May refine or extend other people’s theories or
interpretations
– May offer a viewpoint contrary to those expressed
in most of your sources.
10. Plan the Research
Locating, Evaluating and Integrating Research Sources
May offer your personal interpretation of
research already conducted
“The purpose of this paper is to identify
how effective aquatic therapy is when
applied to infants with skin damaged by
fire.”
May refine or extend other people’s
theories or interpretations
“The purpose of this paper is to explore
Dr. James Smith’s research in the use of
aquatic therapy as a treatment for infants
with skin damaged by fire.”
May offer a viewpoint contrary to those
expressed in most of your sources.
“The purpose of this paper is to question
the effectiveness of the use of aquatic
therapy as a treatment for infants with
skin damaged by fire.”
Identifying a Working Thesis
11. Plan the Research
Locating, Evaluating and Integrating Research Sources
• Committing to the Project
– Before you begin the research project, make & commit to a
schedule
– Locate relevant resources
– Gather data
– Develop an outline
– Write the first draft – get a “second opinion”
– Revise the draft
– Edit, print & proofread the paper
– Submit your work
13. Beginning Your Research
• The first step in researching a topic for a
research paper is simple – Go to a store and buy
a large pack of index cards!
14. Beginning Your Research
• The second step in your research is to begin to
gather your information using both sides of your
index cards …
Side one is where you will put
the information – remember if
you are copying exact words to
use quotation marks to note this.
Side two is where you will put the
source of the information – we will
detail how to document these in
our next slide.
15. Documenting Your Research
When collecting information, it is essential that you document
where you found the material – this will be crucial when
compiling your works cited page.
Material from a periodical
Barbour, Steven. “History Always
Repeats Itself, and so do I.” Long
Winded Quarterly. 8 Oct. 2007: 167-901.
Material from a book
Edkins, Brian. I Love Being Principal.
Fayetteville: South View Publishing,
2008.
Material from a video
Sweeny Todd. Dir. Tim Burton. DVD. Fox
Home Video. 2007.
Material from the web
Meece, Dawn. “I Married Johnny Depp.”
Johnny Depp Lunatic. 25 Aug. 2004. 10
Oct. 2008
<http://johnnydepplunatic.com/2004/cr
azygirl/html.>
16. Working Bibliography
• A complete list of every source that you make reference to in your
research
• Citations should contain the following basic information:
– Author’s name
– Title of work
– Publication information
• Sources should be listed in alphabetical order
• Use proper APA format for the final “Works Cited Page”
18. Sources for Helping You Gather Resources
• Student Textbook
– Pages 473 thru 506 provide a step-by-step resources for
researching information for your topic from a variety of
sources including books, periodicals and internet source
• Stanbridge Learning Resource Center
– Contact Scott Johnson for instructions on how to utilize
Stanbridge’s variety of available physical and online
resources
20. Summarizing
• A Summary is a condensation of a larger work
– You extract the essence of someone’s ideas and
restate them in your own words.
– Since a summary is in fact a “condensed version”
of a longer work, the summary will be much
shorter than the actual piece.
– You must provide the source(s) for information
you are summarizing.
21. Paraphrasing
• A paraphrase is where you read someone’s
words and capture the complete thought, but
in your own words
– Since in paraphrasing you express the complete
thought, paraphrases should be roughly the same
length as the original quote or idea.
– You must provide the source(s) for information
you are paraphrasing.
22. Direct Quotes
• A direct quote is where you insert into your
research someone’s exact words.
– When stating something as a direct quote you
may not alter the statement by any means.
– You must provide the source(s) for information
you are quoting directly.
23. Plagiarism
• Plagiarism occurs when a write borrows someone else’s ideas, facts
or language but does not properly credit the source.
• Not providing correct & detailed sources when summarizing or
paraphrasing is plagiarism as is not providing sources for a direct
quote
• Not only is plagiarism unethical and possibly a violation of copyright
laws, it also violates Stanbridge College’s policy on academic
honesty.
25. Initial Steps
• Confirm your “Thesis”
– Make sure that your thesis:
– Answers the requirements of the assignment
– Has been (is being) validated by your preliminary research
– Can be supported by sufficient research
26. Organizing your Information
• “Shuffle-up and Deal”
• Simply this means organizing
the cards containing your
preliminary research by
topic and noting where
there are gaps that needed
to be reinforced with
additional information
27. Create a Preliminary (Rough) Outline
I. Thesis Statement
II. Main Topic
a. Supporting information
b. Supporting information
V. Main Topic
a. Supporting information
b. Supporting information
VII. Main Topic
a. Supporting information
b. Supporting information
V. Conclusion
An outline is a blueprint of the
direction you want to take with
your research assignment
Note: you will probably have more
instances of “main topics” & much more
“supporting information” than is shown
in this example
28. Write the First Draft
• It is better to “over-write” the draft and then
revise by elimination of redundant material
• Remember to base your paper on the research
you have found – the only place for original
thought is is the conclusion.
30. A Statement of Style
• For papers generated in all academic courses offered
in degree programs, Stanbridge College has adopted
the MLA Style as the guideline for all submissions.
• The following information provides an introduction
into this style
• Additional resources may be found in pages 517-544
of the Longman Writer
31. Integrating Sources into Your Paper
• As indicated previously, your paper will not
contain an abundance of “original thoughts” –
only during the introductions, transitions and
conclusions will there be time for “original
thoughts” – the rest of the paper will be from
your research and therefore, must be
accompanied by a reference to the source
from which it was obtained.
32. What is MLA?
MLA (Modern Language Association) style formatting is often used in various
humanities disciplines.
33. What does MLA regulate?
MLA regulates:
• Document Format
• In-text citations
• Works Cited
(a list of all sources used in the paper)
34. Format: General Guidelines
• Type on white 8.5“ x 11“ paper
• Double-space everything
• Use 12 pt. Arial or Calibri font
• Leave only one space after punctuation
• Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides
• Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch
• Header with page numbers in the upper right corner
• Use italics for titles
• Endnotes go on a separate page before your Works Cited
page
35. Formatting the 1st Page
• No title page
• Double space everything
• In the upper left corner of the 1st page, list your
• Name, your instructor's name, the course, and date
• Center the paper title (use standard caps but no
underlining, italics, quote, or bold)
• Create a header in the upper right corner at half inch from
the top and one inch from the right of the page (include
your last name and page number)
37. Formatting Section Headings
• Headings are generally optional
• Headings in essays should be numbered
• Headings should be consistent in grammar and formatting
but are otherwise up to you
38. In-Text Citations: the Basics
• MLA uses parenthetical citations
• Parenthetical citations depend on the medium (e.g. Print,
Web, DVD)
• Parenthetical citations also depend on the source’s entry on
the Works Cited page
• Signal word in the text is the first thing in the corresponding
entry on the Works Cited page
39. Author-Page Style
In-text Example:
Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth extensively
explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford
UP, 1967. Print.
40. Print Source with Author
In-text Example:
Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using
animals” (3).
Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays
on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of
California P, 1966. Print.
41. With Unknown Author
In-text Example:
We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this
region has “more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive
programs to monitor and study environmental change . . .” (“Impact of Global
Warming” 6).
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
“The Impact of Global Warming in North America.”
Global Warming: Early Signs. 1999. Web. 23 Mar.
2009.
42. Other In-Text Citations
Classic & Literary Works with Multiple Editions - In-text Example:
Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles
(79; ch. 1).
Authors with Same Last Names - In-text Example:
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer
children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical
research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
43. Other In-Text Citations
Work by Multiple Authors In-text Examples:
Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that tougher gun control is not
needed in the United States (76).
The authors state “Tighter gun control in the United States
erodes Second Amendment rights“ (Smith, Yang, and Moore 76).
44. Other In-Text Citations
Miscellaneous Non-Print Sources In-text Example:
Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo stars Herzog's long-time film partner,
Klaus Kinski. During the shooting of Fitzcarraldo, Herzog and Kinski
were often at odds, but their explosive relationship fostered a
memorable and influential film.
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
Herzog, Werner, dir. Fitzcarraldo. Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der
Autoren, 1982. Film.
45. Other In-Text Citations
Sources from the Internet In-text Example:
One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo is “...a beautiful and
terrifying critique of obsession and colonialism” (Garcia, “Herzog: a
Life”).
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
Garcia, Elizabeth. “Herzog: a Life.“ Online Film Critics Corner. The
Film School of New Hampshire, 2 May 2002. Web. 8 Jan. 2009.
46. Formatting Short Quotations
In-text Examples:
According to some, dreams express “profound aspects of personality” (Foulkes 184),
though others disagree.
According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express “profound aspects of personality”
(184).
Is it possible that dreams may express “profound aspects of personality” (Foulkes 184)?
Cullen concludes, “Of all the things that happened there / That's all I remember” (11-
12).
47. Formatting Long Quotations
In-text Example:
Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout
her narration:
They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their
room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the
stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else
attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and
there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how
it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my
cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)
49. Works Cited Page: Books
Basic Format:
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.
Examples:
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York:
Penguin, 1987. Print.
Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to
Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn, 2000. Print.
Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism. New York: St.
Martin's, 1997. Print.
---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History. Carbondale:
Southern Illinois UP, 1993. Print.
50. Works Cited Page: Periodicals
Article in Scholarly Journal Format
Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal Volume. Issue
(Year):
pages. Medium of publication.
Example:
Duvall, John N. “The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television
as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's White Noise.” Arizona
Quarterly 50.3 (1994): 127- 53. Print.
51. Works Cited Page: Periodicals
Article in a Magazine Format
Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical Day Month Year:
pages. Medium of publication.
Example:
Buchman, Dana. “A Special Education.” Good Housekeeping
Mar. 2006: 143-8. Print.
52. Works Cited Page: Web
Web Source Format:
Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). “Article Name.” Name of Site.
Version number. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher). Date of last update. Medium of publication. Date of
access.
Example:
“How to Make Vegetarian Chili.” eHow.com. eHow. n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2009.
53. Works Cited Page: Web
Additional Examples:
Bernstein, Mark. “10 Tips on Writing the Living Web.” A List Apart: For
People Who Make Websites. A List Apart Mag., 16 Aug. 2002. Web. 4
May 2009.
Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. Purdue U, 28 Nov.
2003. Web. 10 May 2006.
54. Works Cited Page: Other
Personal Interview Example:
Purdue, Pete. Personal interview. 1 Dec. 2000.
Speech Example:
Stein, Bob. Computers and Writing Conference. Purdue
University. Union Club Hotel, West Lafayette, IN. 23 May
2003. Keynote address.
55. Works Cited Page: Other
Film Example:
The Usual Suspects. Dir. Bryan Singer. Perf. Kevin
Spacey, Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Stephen
Baldwin, and Benecio del Toro. Polygram, 1995.
Film.
56. Final Comments
• Your textbook and the internet provide
examples of complete term papers written
in MLA style for your review
• Your instructor and Scott Johnson
(Stanbridge Librarian) are can be valuable
resources while doing this project.
• One final suggestion – most students who
have difficulty writing a research do so
because they procrastinated and fell behind
their timeline – watch out for this pitfall.
Editor's Notes
&lt;number&gt;
&lt;number&gt;
There are two main manuals for MLA formatting. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th ed. and MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 3rd ed. The Handbook is used mostly by undergraduate and graduate students when writing papers for class. The Style Manual is used by professionals who are formatting documents in preparation for publication (like journal articles, books, book chapters, etc.). Many formatting elements are the same between the two books. This presentation will mostly focus on MLA formatting and style concerns that affect writing research papers.
MLA style is often used in the following disciplines: humanities, languages, literature, linguistics, philosophy, communication, religion, and others.
MLA format provides writers with a uniform format for document layout and documenting sources. Proper MLA style shows that writers are conscientious of the standards of writing in their respective disciplines. Properly documenting sources also ensures that an author is not plagiarizing.
&lt;number&gt;
This slide presents three basic areas regulated by MLA students need to be aware of—document format, in-text citations, and Works Cited. The following slides provide detailed explanations regarding each area.
&lt;number&gt;
・Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper
・Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font (e.g. Times New Roman). Whatever font you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable one from another. The font size should be 12 pt
・Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).
・Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
・Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin. MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times.
&lt;number&gt;
・Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
・In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor&apos;s name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.
・Double space again and center the title.
Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.
・Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play; Human Weariness in “After Apple Picking“
・Double space between the title and the first line of the text.
・Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page. Always follow instructor guidelines.)
・Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
・In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor&apos;s name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.
・Double space again and center the title.
Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.
・Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play; Human Weariness in “After Apple Picking“
・Double space between the title and the first line of the text.
・Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page. Always follow instructor guidelines.)
Section Headings
Writers sometimes use Section Headings to improve a document’s readability. These sections may include individual chapters or other named parts of a book or essay.
Essays
MLA recommends that when you divide an essay into sections that you number those sections with an Arabic number and a period followed by a space and the section name.
Books
MLA does not have a prescribed system of headings for books. If you are only using one level of headings, meaning that all of the sections are distinct and parallel and have no additional sections that fit within them, MLA recommends that these sections resemble one another grammatically. For instance, if your headings are typically short phrases, make all of the headings short phrases (and not, for example, full sentences). Otherwise, the formatting is up to you. It should, however, be consistent throughout the document.
If you employ multiple levels of headings (some of your sections have sections within sections), you may want to provide a key of your chosen level headings and their formatting to your instructor or editor.
Basic In-Text Citation Rules
In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as parenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase.
General Guidelines
・The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the sourceユs entry on the Works Cited (bibliography) page.
・Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited list.
In-Text Citations: Author-Page Style
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author&apos;s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author&apos;s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
The both citations in the in-text examples on this slide, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the information in the corresponding Works Cited entry also shown on this slide. Reduce font size on slide to allow breathing room and space. Also, use a different font for the sample text so instructions look different from the excerpt.
In-text Citations for Print Sources with Known Author
For Print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation. These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry in the Works Cited (as noted in the corresponding Works Cited entry on this slide). See comments from previous slide.
In-text Citations for Print Sources with No Known Author
When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it&apos;s a short work (e.g. articles) or italicize it if it&apos;s a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire websites) and provide a page number.
In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title of the article appears in the parenthetical citation which corresponds to the full name of the article which appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. See comments from previous slide.
Author-Page Citation for Classic and Literary Works with Multiple Editions
Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work like Marx and Engels&apos;s The Communist Manifesto (as illustrated in the first example on this slide). In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.).
Citing Authors with Same Last Names
Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors&apos; first initials (or even the authors&apos; full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. This is illustrated in the second example on this slide.
Citing a Work by Multiple Authors
For a source with three or fewer authors, list the authors&apos; last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation. For a source with more than three authors, use the work&apos;s bibliographic information as a guide for your citation. Provide the first author&apos;s last name followed by et al. or list all the last names.
Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for non-print sources (such as films or presentations) because of the absence of page numbers, but often, these sorts of entries do not require any sort of parenthetical citation at all. Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name, etc.). In the example on this slide “Herzog“ from the in-text example lead readers to the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.
Sources from the Internet
With more and more scholarly work being posted on the Internet, you may have to cite research you have completed in virtual environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work (reference the OWL&apos;s Evaluating Sources of Information resource located here: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/553/01/), some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source in your Works Cited.
Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers, but often, these sorts of entries do not require any sort of parenthetical citation at all. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:
・Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name).
・You do not need to give paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web browserユs print preview function.
・Unless you must list the website name in the signal phrase in order to get the reader to the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as when the name of the site includes, for example, a domain name, like CNN.com or Forbes.com as opposed to writing out http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com.
Short Quotations
To indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed lines of prose or three lines of verse) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author and specific page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference on the Works Cited page. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text. This is all illustrated in the first three examples on this slide.
Mark breaks in short quotations of verse with a slash, /, at the end of each line of verse (a space should precede and follow the slash). This is illustrated in the last example on this slide.
Long Quotations
For quotations that are four or more lines of verse or prose: place quotations in a free-standing block of text and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented one inch from the left margin; maintain double-spacing. Only indent the first line of the quotation by a half inch if you are citing multiple paragraphs. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.)
Basic Rules
・Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of your paper.
・Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page.
・Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries.
・Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations five spaces so that you create a hanging indent.
・List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article that appeared on pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page as 225-50.
Additional Basic Rules New to MLA 2009
・For every entry, you must determine the Medium of Publication. Most entries will likely be listed as Print or Web sources, but other possibilities may include Film, CD-ROM, or DVD.
・Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries. However, if your instructor or publisher insists on them, include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period. For long URLs, break lines only at slashes.
・If you&apos;re citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database, you should type the online database name in italics. You do not need to provide subscription information in addition to the database name.Capitalization and Punctuation
・Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc, but do not capitalize articles, short prepositions, or conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle
・New to MLA 2009: Use italics (instead of underlining) for titles of larger works (books, magazines) and quotation marks for titles of shorter works (poems, articles)
Listing Author Names
Entries are listed by author name (or, for entire edited collections, editor names). Author names are written last name first; middle names or middle initials follow the first name.
Do not list titles (Dr., Sir, Saint, etc.) or degrees (PhD, MA, DDS, etc.) with names. A book listing an author named “John Bigbrain, PhD“ appears simply as “Bigbrain, John“; do, however, include suffixes like “Jr.“ or “II.“ Putting it all together, a work by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. would be cited as “King, Martin Luther, Jr.,“ with the suffix following the first or middle name and a comma.
More than One Work by an Author
If you have cited more than one work by a particular author, order the entries alphabetically by title, and use three hyphens in place of the author&apos;s name for every entry after the first.
Work with No Known Author
Alphabetize works with no known author by their title; use a shortened version of the title in the parenthetical citations in your paper.
Works Cited Page: Books
When you are gathering book sources, be sure to make note of the following bibliographic items: author name(s), book title, publication date, publisher, place of publication. The medium of publication for all “hard copy“ books is Print.
Book with More Than One Author
The first given name appears in last name, first name format; subsequent author names appear in first name last name format. If there are more than three authors, you may choose to list only the first author followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for “and others“) in place of the subsequent authors&apos; names, or you may list all the authors in the order in which their names appear on the title page. (Note that there is a period after “al“ in “et al.“ Also note that there is never a period after the “et“ in “et al.“).
Two or More Books by the Same Author
List works alphabetically by title. (Remember to ignore articles like A, An, and The.) Provide the authorユs name in last name, first name format for the first entry only. For each subsequent entry by the same author, use three hyphens and a period.
There are many other possible factors that may arise when citing books. For a more complete list of rules and examples see the OWL’s “MLA 2009 Works Cited Page: Books“ at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/06/.
Article in a Magazine
Cite by listing the article&apos;s author, putting the title of the article in quotations marks, and italicizing the periodical title. Follow with the date of publication. Remember to abbreviate the month. Please note the first example on this slide.
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
In previous years, MLA required that researchers determine whether or not a scholarly journal employed continuous pagination (page numbers began at page one in the first issue of the years and page numbers took up where they left off in subsequent ones) or non-continuous pagination (page numbers begin at page one in every subsequent issue) in order to determine whether or not to include issue numbers in bibliographic entries. The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers 7th edition (2009) eliminates this step. Always provide issue numbers, when available. Please note the second example on this slide.
There are many other types of periodical publication. For a more thorough list of examples, please see the OWL’s “MLA 2009 Works Cited: Periodicals“ at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/07/
Article in a Magazine
Cite by listing the article&apos;s author, putting the title of the article in quotations marks, and italicizing the periodical title. Follow with the date of publication. Remember to abbreviate the month. Please note the first example on this slide.
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
In previous years, MLA required that researchers determine whether or not a scholarly journal employed continuous pagination (page numbers began at page one in the first issue of the years and page numbers took up where they left off in subsequent ones) or non-continuous pagination (page numbers begin at page one in every subsequent issue) in order to determine whether or not to include issue numbers in bibliographic entries. The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers 7th edition (2009) eliminates this step. Always provide issue numbers, when available. Please note the second example on this slide.
There are many other types of periodical publication. For a more thorough list of examples, please see the OWL’s “MLA 2009 Works Cited: Periodicals“ at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/07/
Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications)
MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications. Thus, when including the medium of publication for electronic sources, list the medium as Web.
Citing an Entire Web Site
It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated, and information available on one date may no longer be available later. Be sure to include the complete address for the site. Remember to use n.p. if no publisher name is available and n.d. if not publishing date is given.
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information, when possible. It is good practice to print or save Web pages or, better, using a program like Adobe Acrobat, to keep your own copies for future reference. Most Web browsers will include URL/electronic address information when you print, which makes later reference easy. Also, you might use the Bookmark function in your Web browser in order to return to documents more easily.
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA
MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations. Because Web addresses are not static (i.e. they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (e.g. on multiple databases), MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines.
For instructors or editors that still wish to require the use of URLs, MLA suggests that the URL appear in angle brackets after the date of access. Break URLs only after slashes. See previous slide comment.
There are many other possible kinds of sources that can be cited from the Internet. For a more thorough list of examples, see the OWL’s “MLA 2009 Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications)“ at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/08/
And here are some examples.
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Works Cited Page: Other Common Sources
An Interview
Personal interviews refer to those interviews that you conduct yourself. List the interview by the name of the interviewee. Include the descriptor Personal interview and the date of the interview.
Speeches, Lectures, or Other Oral Presentations (including Conference Presentations)
Provide the speaker’s name. Then, give the title of the speech (if any) in quotation marks. Follow with the name of the meeting and organization, the location of the occasion, and the date. Use the descriptor that appropriately expresses the type of presentation (e.g. Address, Lecture, Reading, Keynote speech, Guest Lecture). Remember to use the abbreviation n.p. if the publisher is not known; use n.d. if the date is not known.
Films or Movies
List films (in theaters or not yet on DVD or video) by their title. Include the name of the director (after the abbreviation “Dir.“), the film studio or distributor, and the release year. If relevant, list performer names after the director’s name. Use the abbreviation perf. to head the list. List film as the medium of publication.
There are other common types of sources which include broadcast television or radio programs, recorded films or movies, recorded television episodes, sound recordings, spoken word albums, digital files (PDFs, MP3s, JPEGs), paintings, sculptures, photographs, published conference processdings, and others. For a more thorough list of different kinds of commonly referenced sources, see the OWL’s “MLA 2009 Works Cited: Other Common Sources“ at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/09/ Insert “For more information“ slide after this one. You can download that slide from posted OWL PPTs.