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How to write a good reserach paper: Guidelines and Tips
This document provides tips and guidelines for writing a good research paper for publication. It discusses the importance of sharing knowledge through publications. The structure of a research paper is explained, with the IMRAD model (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) being the most common. Key sections of a research paper like the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, tables and figures, conclusion and references are discussed in detail. Effective organization, relevance, clarity and following journal guidelines are some important factors to consider while writing each section. The last part emphasizes avoiding plagiarism and copyright violations which can damage one's academic reputation.
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How to write a good reserach paper: Guidelines and Tips
- 1. How do youwrite a good research paper for a publication? Tips and Guidelines الدكتور االستاذ/حسنين عطيفى ابوالعال المصرية البحثية العلمية المدرسة ورئيس مؤسس المعلومات وتكنولوجيا االتصاالت مجلس مقرر–العلمى البحث أكاديمية-والذكاء الحاسبات بكلية واألستاذ اإلصطناعى–القاهرة جامعة-العلمى للبحث العالمية سكوبس جائزة على الحاصل2019الدول منظمة وجائزة والثقافة للعلوم االسالمية(اإليسيسكو)–عبد وجائزةوالفن العلوم ووسام العرب للباحثين شومان الحميدالطبقة من ون و االولى...
- 2. Agenda • Science andPublications Aims • Part (1) The Structure of a Research Paper • Part (2) Paper Sections tips – Title – Keywords – Introduction – Methods – Results – Conclusion – References • Last words
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- 4. ALL should behappy Peerreviewandpublicationare time-consuming,frequently involvingmorethanayearbetween submissionandpublication.The processisalsohighlycompetitive. Forexample,thehighly-regarded journalScienceacceptslessthan8% ofthearticlesitreceives
- 5. Knowledge: Share & publish •Sharetheknowledgeyouhavegained aboutaspecificareaof studywithotherresearchers • Showhowyourstudyfitsintocurrentscience. • Informthepublicaboutimportantscientific activity. • ExplainclearlyandBrieflythecontextofyourstudy,including relevantliterature(Introduction),themethodsusedfor researchandanalysis(Methods),thefindingsofyourstudy (Results),andtheimplicationsfortheseresultsandfurther researchthatmightbeneeded (DiscussionandConclusion). Knowledge should be shared. How to share? Publish
- 6. Publish Greatest ideas areworthless if you keep them to yourself. Spread your idea and get feedback, do research and publish. Fallacy about Research… You need a fantastic idea to write a research paper. Level 1 Publications •Research papers •Magazine articles •Research book (Editing) Level 2 Publications •Thought paper •Blogs/Wikis Level 3 Publications •Text books •Case studies Magazine articles:-Articles in magazines are typically written for the general reading public and don't reflect in-depth research, for example “IEEE Multimedia Magazine” Research Book:- book that includes chapters or sections written by multiple researchers might include literature surveys for each of the separate parts of the book. topic in a less formal way than a journal article or conference paper. RESEARCH is not complete until it is published
- 7. Gather information and Studyof research material Think of possible solutions; Choose the best solution Implement solution; Gather experimental data Evaluate results and make necessary changes Repeat necessary step Method for Problem SolvingResearch Problem Solution Start End Research Path
- 8. Thefinalstageofa scientificproject • Publicationof a research represents thefinalstageofascientificproject.It is the culmination of many months and sometimes years of meticulous planning, execution, and analyses of hundredsofexperiments
- 9. Journey – Idea toResearch Paper
- 10. THE STRUCTURE OFA RESEARCH PAPER Part (I)
- 11. The Structure ofa Research Paper
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- 13. When do youwrite it? • Introduction Section – Write it last—after the conclusion and before the title and abstract • Methods Section – First section you write—after preparing your figures and tables • Results Section – After the Methods and before the Discussion/Conclusion • Discussion/Conclusion Section – After the Results Section and before the Introduction
- 14. • I =Introduction, – what problem was studied • M = Methods, – how was the problem studied • R = Results, – what are the findings • A = and • D = Discussion, – what do these findings mean Organization of a Research Paper: The IMRAD Model The most common is the IMRAD: If a number of methods were used to achieve directly related results: M + R = Experimental section The results are so complex that they need to be immediately discussed: R + D = Results and Discussion Section It indicates a pattern or format rather than a complete list of headings or components of research papers; the missing parts of a paper from IMRAD format are: Title, Authors, Keywords, Abstract, Conclusions, and References. Additionally, some papers include Acknowledgments and Appendices.
- 15. (1) Coherence • Allofthepartsofyourpapershouldfittogetherin anorderthatmakessense. •Includeallnecessaryinformationineachsection neededtounderstandtheothersections. • Donotrepeatinformationunlessitisnecessary. • Ensurethatyoursentencesaregrammaticallyand logicallycoherent. (2) Organization Most scientific papers follow the IMRD structure—be sure to put the right parts in the right section (e.g., don’t include the literature review in the Methods section). Important factors Important factors to consider when writing a research paper?
- 16. (3) Relevance • Asyou do research you will notice that there are a great many pieces of information and data you COULD include in your paper. However, you need to conform to length guidelines and keep your paper focused. Therefore, you should be sure that you are choosing a proper number of items to focus on for each section. – For example, if your study has 10 results but your paper can only be 4,000 words, you might want to narrow down these results to only those that support your hypothesis, perhaps the 3-5 most important results. • The same applies to the Introduction, where you must choose what background, context, and relevant literature to include. Be sure to only include information that gives readers a focused and relevant understanding of your area of study.
- 17. (4) Clarity Readable • Itmeans ensuring that each paragraph and sentence in your paper is natural and easy to read and understand: proper grammar, phrasing, and style are key to writing a paper that is readable and comprehensible to both experts and possibly non-experts, depending on your target audience. GUIDE FOR AUTHORS • Perhaps the most important rule is to conform to the formatting guidelines and other style conventions of the journal to which you are submitting. Check the “GUIDE FOR AUTHORS” section of the journal or conference, or if the paper is for a class, ensure that you are using the proper formatting requirements.
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- 19. READ ARTICLES FROMTARGET JOURNAL General tips
- 20. A good researchpaper title • Condensesthepaper’scontent inafewwords • Capturesthereaders’attention • Differentiatesthepaperfrom otherpapersofthesamesubject area Paper title
- 21. Paper title Keep itsimple, brief and attractive It convey exactly what your paper is about If you’ve conducted a specific type of experiment or analysis does your title reflect it? It should include keywords from your paper You should NOT used abbreviations or jargon in the title • Think, rethink of the title before submitting the paper • Be very careful of the grammatical errors due to faulty word order • Avoid the use of the word “using
- 22. Abstract • Ashort,self-contained,powerfulsummary ofanarticle,paperorthesis; • Length:between150and250words; •Layout:usuallyonesingleparagraph;font sizeisdifferentfromthemaintext; • Position:usuallyatthebeginning ofthe paper • Anabstractisashortsummaryofa longer.Theabstractconciselyreports theaimsandoutcomesofyour researchsothatreadersknowexactly whatthepaperisabout. • Writetheabstractattheveryend, whenyou’vecompletedtherestofthe text. GUIDLINES
- 23. Abstract and Tips Mainparts • Yourresearchproblem andobjectives • Yourmethods • Yourkeyresultsorarguments • Yourconclusion What not to include • Informationnotcontainedintheoriginalwork; • Referencestootherwork; • Quotationsfromtheoriginalwork/otherworks; • Lengthyexplanationsofwordsandconcepts; • Unexplainedacronymsorabbreviations • Tables,Figures andmapsandEquations Tips: Key words and draft highlights Tips: Read other abstracts Tips: Avoid discussion of others’ work, Tips: Always stick to the word limit.
- 24. Creating keywords Keywordsarewordsthatcapturetheessenceofyourpaper. Keywordsmakeyourpapersearchableandensurethatyouget morecitations.Therefore,itisimportanttoincludethemost relevantkeywordsthatwillhelpotherauthorsfindyourpaper. 4-5 keywords Tips:Think from the point of view of the reader. What keywords would the reader search for that would help retrieve your article? Tips: The full forms of shortened words or acronyms and abbreviations should be included as well. Tips: Do not use words or phrases from the title as keywords.
- 25. Introduction • Backgroundinformation • Motivations •Keyprimaryliterature • Researchprobleminvestigated • Approaches What is the problem to be solved? (background and problem) What do we know about this problem? (literature) Are there any existing solutions? (literature) What are the limitations or gaps in knowledge of existing solutions? What do you hope to achieve with this study? (statement of purpose) Blockchain in agriculture CS viewagriculture view
- 26. • Keepyourfirstsentenceshort. • Don’trepeatthetitle. •Keeptheintroductionbrief. • Startbroadlyandthennarrowdown • Show sentencestoexplainwhatthearticlecovers. • showwhythetopicisimportant. • Refertoaconcernorproblemyourreadersmighthave. • But...becarefultellingstories. • Avoidgivingtoomanycitationsforonepoint • Donotincludefigures,Equations,Tables • Donotdivideditintosubsections Introduction :. Tips
- 27. Methods • ListtheMethodsinthesameorderasthey willappearintheResultssection. • Materialshouldbeorganizedbytopicfrom mosttoleastimportant. •Headingscanbeusedtoseparateddifferent results;paragraphsareoftenusedinstead. Structure the section so that it tells the story of your research Tips: Visual presentation: To help the readers follow the study design or methodology better, visual elements like the schematic diagram,
- 28. The Results sectionshould include: ( Organization of Results) • FindingspresentedinthesameorderasintheMethods section • Datapresentedintables,charts,graphs,andotherfigures (placedamongresearchtextoronaseparatepage) • Reportsondatacollection,recruitment,and/or participants • Datathatcorrespondstothecentralresearch question(s)Secondaryfindings(secondaryoutcomes, subgroupanalyses,etc.) Write the Results in the same order as you wrote your Methods. One trusted method of writing the results is addressing specific research questions presented in the figures. Within each research question, present the type of data that addresses that research question. Results section
- 29. Results • Statedtheimportant resultsfirst •Statedallotherresultsinachronologicalorder • Organizedthetextintosmallerunitsusingsubheadings • Include eventhenegativeresults? • Usethecorrectunits? • Placeandnumber thetablesandfiguresasindicated inthejournal’s Instructions • Numbertablesseparatelyfromfigures • Providedapreciselegendforeachtableandfigure • Youhavenotpresentedthesamedatabothinatableandinafigure • Divideverylargetablesintomultipletables • Dothenumbersinyourtablesandfiguresaddupcorrectlyand correspondtothetext
- 30. Tips on effectiveuse of tables and figures in research papers • Figuresandtables,ordisplayitems, arepowerfulcommunicationtools— theygiveyourmanuscripta professionalfeel,attractandsustain theinterestofreaders,andefficiently presentlargeamountsofcomplex information. From “How do you write a good research paper for a publication” Lecture on Tuesday 7 May 2020?
- 31. Tips on effectiveuse of tables and figures in research papers • Ensurethatthetablesandfiguresinyourresearch manuscriptareself-explanatoryandcanbeunderstood independentoftext. • Donotrepeatthecontentsofyourtablesandfigures withinthetext.Instead,usethetexttofocusonthe significanceorkeypointsofyourtablesandfigures. • Writeclear,informativetitlesforyourtablesandfigures, andlabelcolumnheads,axislabels,figurelabels • Followyourtargetjournal’sinstructionsforpreparing tablesandfigures,particularlywithregardtoaspectssuch asthenumberoftablesandfiguresyoucaninclude, numberingstyle,titles,imageresolution,fileformats,etc. If you are including a table or figure that has already been published, ensure that you seek permission from the copyright holder (usually the publisher) and acknowledge the source
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- 33. Conclusion • Don’tbeTOObroadabouttheimpactof thisresearch—setsomelimitations. • Don’tincludenewtermsorideasinthis section—theyshouldbepresentedinthe Introduction. •Usespecificexpressions:insteadof“higher temperature”write“41ºC”;insteadof“ata lowerrate”write“0.7%less”;insteadof “highlysignificant”write“p<0.001.”
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- 35. Things to Avoid CopyrightViolation Plagiarism Copyrightistheexclusiveright grantedtotheauthororcreator ofanoriginalwork,includingthe righttocopy,distributeand adaptthework. Originalworksofauthorship includesliterary,dramatic, musical,artistic,andcertain otherintellectualworks. Usingsomeoneelse'sideasor phrasingandrepresentingthose ideasorphrasingasourown, either,isaseriousoffenseknown asplagiarism. writtenorspokenmaterialfrom wholepapersandparagraphsto sentencesphrases—butitalso includesstatistics,labresults,art work,etc. Destroyed Academic Reputation Legal Repercussions
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- 37. researcher mind… THE PROBLEM THESOLUTION VALIDATE RESULTS PUBLISH Final Words
- 38. Q: Can wepresent the same results both in a figure and a table within the manuscript? Homework
- 39. HOW TO CHOOSEKEYWORDS FOR MY MANUSCRIPT? Should the keywords of the manuscript not overlap with the words used in the title? Homework
- 40. علمية جائزة أهم عالميةبحثية جهة من
- 41. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The essential missionof SRGE toward the research and education in Egypt is to foster learning and promoting research integrity in the current and next generation of researchers in Egypt. SRGE is rededicating itself to this fundamental purpose. **Slides are adapted from several presentations, papers, and notes on the internet as well as Elsevier and Springer ethic, COPE,.. In addition, experiences ** Time: May 7, 2020 22:00 Egypt (10 pm) Join Zoom Meeting https://iauvle.zoom.us/j/97880536603 Meeting ID: 978 8053 6603
- 42. Top tips for researcherson how to avoid grant proposal rejection Next Lecture
Editor's Notes
- #16 Important factors to consider when writing a research paper?
- #26 What is the problem to be solved? (background and problem)What do we know about this problem? (literature)Are there any existing solutions? (literature)What are the limitations or gaps in knowledge of existing solutions?What do you hope to achieve with this study? (hypothesis/statement of purpose)
- #40 How to choose keywords for my manuscript?