The document discusses the main components of a web browser, including the user interface, browser engine, rendering engine, networking, JavaScript interpreter, UI backend, and data storage. It provides details on how different browsers use different rendering engines, such as Gecko, WebKit, Blink, and Trident. The rendering engine is responsible for parsing HTML and CSS to construct the DOM and render tree before layout, painting and displaying the web page.

1. Web-Browser Architecture
2015.05
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2. The browser's main components
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3. The browser's main components
• The User Interface: provides the methods
with which a user inter-acts with the Browser
Engine. This includes the address bar,
back/forward button, bookmarking menu, etc.
Every part of the browser display except the
window where you see the requested page.
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4. The browser's main components
• The Browser Engine: marshals actions
between the UI and the rendering engine. This
provides a high-level interface to the
Rendering Engine. The Browser Engine
provides methods to initiate the loading of a
URL and other high-level browsing actions
(reload, back, forward). The Browser Engine
also provides the User interface with various
messages relating to error messages and
loading progress.
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5. The browser's main components
• The Rendering Engine: produces the visual
representation of a given URL. The Rendering
Engine interprets the HTML, XML, and
JavaScript that comprises a given URL and
generates the layout that is displayed in the
User Interface. A key component of the
Rendering Engine is the HTML parser, this
HTML parser is quite complex because it
allows the Rendering Engine to display poorly
formed HTML pages
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6. The browser's main components
• The Rendering Engine: Different browsers use
different rendering engines: Internet Explorer
uses Trident, Firefox uses Gecko, Safari uses
WebKit. Chrome and Opera uses WebKit
(before is Blink).
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7. The browser's main components
• The Networking: provides functionality to
handle retrieve URLs using the common
Internet protocols of HTTP and FTP. The
Networking components handles all aspects of
Internet communication and security,
character set translations and MIME type
resolution. The Network component may
implement a cache of retrieved documents to
minimize network traffic.
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8. The browser's main components
• The JavaScript Interpreter: component
executes the JavaScript code that is embedded
in a website. Results of the execution a passed
to the Rendering Engine for display. The
Rendering Engine may disable various actions
based on user defined properties.
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9. The browser's main components
• The UI Backend:
– Used for drawing basic widgets like combo boxes
and windows
– Underneath it uses operating system user
interface methods.
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10. The browser's main components
• The Data Storage: manages user data such as
bookmarks, cookies and preferences. The new
HTML specification (HTML5) defines 'web
database' which is a complete (although light)
database in the browser.
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11. The browser's main components
It is important to note that browsers such as
Chrome run multiple instances of the rendering
engine: one for each tab. Each tab runs in a
separate process.
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12. Architecture of Firefox
Rendering Engine: Gecko
XML Parser: Expat
JavaScript Interpreter:
Spider-Monkey, implement
in C
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13. Architecture of Chrome
Rendering Engine:
Used the WebKit until
v27, from v28 user
WebKit fork Blink
XML Parser:
libXML to parse XML
libXSLT to handle XSLT
JavaScript Interpreter: V8
JavaScript Engine, writen
in C++
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14. Architecture of IE
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15. Architecture of IE
• IExplore
• Browsui
• Shdocvw
• Mshtml
• Urlmon
• WinInet
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16. Rendering Engine
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17. Rendering Engine – Basic flow
• Step 1: Parsing the HTML document and
convert elements to DOM nodes in a tree
called the “content tree” – HTML Parser
• Step 2: Parse the style data, both in external
CSS files and in style element together with
visual instructions in HTML will be used to
create another tree, call “render tree” – CSS
Parser
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18. Rendering Engine – Basic flow
• Step 3: After the construction of the render
tree it goes through a “layout" process. This
means giving each node the exact coordinates
where it should appear on the screen
• Step 4: The next stage is painting–the render
tree will be traversed and each node will be
painted using the UI backend layer - Painting.
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19. Rendering Engine
WebKit main flow
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20. Rendering Engine
Gecko main flow
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21. Rendering Engine Keys
• HTML Parser: The job of the HTML parser is to
parse the HTML markup into a parse tree.
• DOM: The output tree (the "parse tree") is a
tree of DOM element and attribute nodes.
• CSS Parsing: CSS is a context free grammar
and can be parsed using the types of parsers
described in the introduction. In fact the CSS
specification defines CSS lexical and syntax
grammar.
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22. Primary Rendering Engine
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23. WebKit Rendering Engine
Is an open source project to layout web pages, taken from Apple.
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24. WebKit Rendering Engine
• WebKit embedding API: interface between
rendering engine and Browser UI
• WebCore: is application logic: loading, parsing,
layout, style resolution, painting, event handling,
editing, javascript bindings
• JSCore (JavaScript Engine): V8 or JavaScriptCore,
parses and executes page logic allows DOM
manipulation
• Platform API: Network stack, Graphics library, Font
engine, Native widgets …
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25. Five ports of WebKit
Chrome
(OS X)
Safari
(OS X)
QtWebKit
Android
Browser
Chrome for
iOS
Rendering Skia CoreGraphics QtGui Android stack/Skia CoreGraphics
Networking
Chromium
network stack
CFNetwork QtNetwork
Fork of Chromium’s
network stack
Chromium stack
Fonts
CoreText via
Skia
CoreText Qt internals Android stack CoreText
JavaScript V8 JavaScriptCore
JSC (V8 is used
elsewhere in Qt)
V8
JavaScriptCore
(without JITting) *
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26. Gecko Rendering Engine
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27. Gecko Components
• Document Parser (HTML & XML Parser)
• Style System: contains the CSS Parser and is
responsible for getting the CSS data from
Necko and parsing it before sending it to the
frame constructor
• Platform-Specific Rendering and Widgets
• Image Library: Interacts with Necko in order
to retrieve image data before sending it to the
Frame Constructor
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28. Gecko Components
• Content Model: Interacts with the various
components of Gecko, DOM Storage to gather
all the data needed before sending it to the
frame constructor
• Frame Constructor: Carries out the task of
piece together all the information and actually
from the rendered web page before sending it
back to the UI through the Platform-Specific
Rendering subsystem
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29. Fork (software development)
In software engineering, a project fork happens when
developers take a copy of source code from one
software package and start independent development
on it, creating a distinct and separate piece of software.
The term often implies not merely a development
branch, but a split in the developer community, a form
of schism
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30. Blink (layout engine)
• Blink is a web browser engine developed as part of
the Chromium project by Google with contributions
from Opera Software ASA, Intel, Samsung and others
• It was first announced in April 2013
• It is a fork of the WebCore component of WebKit
and is used in Chrome starting at version 28, Opera
(15+), Amazon Silk and other Chromium based
browsers as well as Android's (4.4+) WebView and
Qt's WebEngine
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31. Comparison
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(HTML)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browser_engines
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32. Resource
• https://blogs.library.duke.edu/digital-collections/2009/02/13/on-the-trident-project-part-1-
architecture/
• http://rakshasingh.weebly.com/working-of-browser-engine.html
• http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/internals/howbrowserswork/
• http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2015/01/26/inside-microsofts-new-rendering-engine-
project-spartan/
• http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/03/google-forks-webkit-and-launches-blink-its-own-
rendering-engine-that-will-soon-power-chrome-and-chromeos/
• http://www.sitepoint.com/microsoft-drop-trident-from-internet-explorer/
• https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=D-
5eDyiUQDQC&pg=PA269&lpg=PA269&dq=internet+explorer+8+%26+9+development+pdf&s
ource=bl&ots=Is1gnQScSW&sig=qpf25cDzPyOtDofnY47o_VS1pXI&hl=vi&sa=X&ei=XqJdVeX_
DcmA8gX6ioDYAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=internet%20explorer%208%20%26%209%20
development%20pdf&f=false
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