This document discusses key concepts about weather including the four elements of weather, common weather tools, wind, temperature, air pressure, humidity, the water cycle, types of precipitation and clouds. It provides definitions and descriptions of terms like evaporation, condensation, collection and fronts. Violent storms like thunderstorms and tornadoes are also summarized. Weather forecasting is described as involving observations from humans and machines along with past experience to predict future conditions.
Water is hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth. This includes all of the rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers and moisture in the air (like rain and snow). The hydrosphere is found on the surface of Earth, but also extends down several miles below, as well as several miles up into the atmosphere. So, there is a need for study of water as a scarce resource.
WHAT IS HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
SYSTEM APPROACH IN HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGIC INPUT & OUTPUT
VARIATION IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
COMPONENTS
EVAPORATION
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
PRECIPITATION
INTERCEPTION
INFILTRATION
GROUND WATER
RUN-OFF
HUMAN IMPACT
EARTH SURFACE
CLIMATE CHANGE
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
WATER WITHDRAWAL
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
AS Level Physical Geography - Atmosphere and WeatherArm Punyathorn
Weather influences every part of our daily life. Climate shapes our culture, our history and our civilization. The changes in wind, temperature, humidity can not be underestimated.
The hydrological cycle is the system which describes the distribution and movement of water between the earth and its atmosphere. The model involves the continual circulation of water between the oceans, the atmosphere, vegetation and land.
Climate Extreme (extreme weather or climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters.
Water is hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth. This includes all of the rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers and moisture in the air (like rain and snow). The hydrosphere is found on the surface of Earth, but also extends down several miles below, as well as several miles up into the atmosphere. So, there is a need for study of water as a scarce resource.
WHAT IS HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
SYSTEM APPROACH IN HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGIC INPUT & OUTPUT
VARIATION IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
COMPONENTS
EVAPORATION
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
PRECIPITATION
INTERCEPTION
INFILTRATION
GROUND WATER
RUN-OFF
HUMAN IMPACT
EARTH SURFACE
CLIMATE CHANGE
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
WATER WITHDRAWAL
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
AS Level Physical Geography - Atmosphere and WeatherArm Punyathorn
Weather influences every part of our daily life. Climate shapes our culture, our history and our civilization. The changes in wind, temperature, humidity can not be underestimated.
The hydrological cycle is the system which describes the distribution and movement of water between the earth and its atmosphere. The model involves the continual circulation of water between the oceans, the atmosphere, vegetation and land.
Climate Extreme (extreme weather or climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
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Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. Four Elements of Weather
This ELEMENT measures
heat in the air
This ELEMENT measures
water vapor in the air
This ELEMENT measures
the speed of air moving
This ELEMENT measures
the force of air pressing down
3. Weather Tools
Anemometer
Barometer
Thermometer
Rain Gauge
A thermometer measures the
amount of heat in the air in
degrees
A barometer
measures the weight of the air
An anemometer measures the
velocity or speed of air
movement in miles or
kilometers
A rain gauge measures the
levels or amount of
precipitation in inches or cm.
4. • Wind is caused by the
uneven heating of the air.
• Air moves from places of
high pressure to one of
low pressure.
• Wind is measured by an
anemometer. It is
measured in miles per
hour.
• Wind direction is
determined using weather
vane.
5. • Temperature is a measure of
the amount of heat in the air.
• Determined by how fast the
molecules in the air are
moving. The faster the
molecules move, the warmer
the temperature is.
• Temperature is measured
using a thermometer. It is
measured in degrees.
6. Air Pressure
• Refers to the weight of
the air pushing down on
the surface below.
• LOW PRESSURE signals
stormy weather.
• HIIGH PRESSURE
signals clear conditions.
7. Humidity is the measure
of water vapor in the air.
Water vapor is water
that has evaporated
after being heated
Chances of precipitation
Increase as the humidity does. Why do
you think this happens?
Warmer climates have
higher
humidity.
Why do you think this
happens?
Hygrometer
8. Water Cycle
• The only way that Earth can be
continually supplied with fresh
water. The heat from the sun
is the most important part of
the water cycle.
• This heat soaks up water from
the oceans, lakes, rivers, trees
and plants in a process called
evaporation.
• As the water mixes with the air
it forms water vapor. As the
air cools, the water vapor
forms clouds. This is called
condensation.
• Most of the water is
immediately returned to the
seas by rain. The rest of the
water vapor is carried inside
clouds by wind over land
where it rains or snows.
• Rain and melted snow is
brought back to the oceans by
rivers, streams, and run-off
from glaciers and water
underground. This is the
process of collection.
• NOW IT STARTS AGAIN
9. • Evaporation: Evaporation is when the sun heats up
water in rivers or lakes or the ocean and turns it into
vapor or steam. The water vapor or steam leaves the
river, lake or ocean and goes into the air.
• Do plants sweat?
• Well, sort of.... people perspire (sweat) and plants
transpire. Transpiration is the process by which plants
lose water out of their leaves. Transpiration gives
evaporation a bit of a hand in getting the water vapor
back up into the air.
10. •Precipitation: Precipitation occurs when so much water has
condensed that the air cannot hold it anymore. The clouds get
heavy and water falls back to the earth in the form of rain, hail,
sleet or snow.
•Condensation: Water vapor in the air
•gets cold and changes back into liquid.
•This is called condensation.
11. • Collection: When water falls back to earth as
precipitation, it may fall back in the oceans,
lakes or rivers or it may end up on land. When it
ends up on land, it will either soak into the earth
and become part of the “ground water” that
plants and animals use to drink or it may run
over the soil and collect in the oceans, lakes or
rivers where the cycle starts
all over again.
12. Precipitation Forms
When snow falls it is below freezing in
the upper and lower levels of the
atmosphere as well as on the
ground
When sleet falls it is warm in the upper
atmosphere, but dips below
freezing near the ground forming
icy pellets
When rain falls warms up as the icy
crystals fall from the clouds
(melting them), and stays warm all
the way to the ground
When hail falls, it is warm at the upper
levels and then turns colder.
Updrafts cause water droplets to
be lifted and cooled, forming
chunks of ice. This can happen in
a thunderstorm.
or sleet
15. Cloud Chart
Cloud Group Cloud Height Cloud Types
High Clouds = Cirrus Above 18,000 feet
Cirrus
Cirrostratus
Cirrocumulus
Middle Clouds = Alto
6,500 feet to 18,000
feet
Altostratus
Altocumulus
Low Clouds = Stratus Up to 6,500 feet
Stratus
Stratocumulus
Nimbostratus
Clouds with Vertical Growth
Cumulus
Cumulonimbus
Special Clouds
Mammatus
Lenticular
Fog
Contrails
16. •Most common high cloud.
•Thin, feathery clouds
•Associated with fair weather
•Indicate rain or snow in the
hours ahead
17. •Uniform, smooth grayish low clouds
•Cover entire sky, blocking direct sunlight
•resemble fog that doesn't reach the ground
Thick blankets of cloud which produce light rainfall.
18. •Fluffy and white
•Flat bottom
•Form from warm, moist air rising rapidly
through a cooler layer
•Usually predict FAIR WEATHER until…..
they get larger and darker in the bottom
19. Nimbocumulus Clouds
•THUNDERCLOUDS
•Largest of all clouds
•Dark, threatening clouds
•Often produce thunder and lightning
Could hold as much as
110,000 tons of water!
Can reach heights of
11 miles!
21. FRONTS and changing weather
Boundary between two air
masses of different
temperature and humidity.
22. •storm with lightning and thunder.
•produced by a cumulonimbus cloud,
•usually gusty winds,
•heavy rain and
•sometimes hail.
Needs moisture,
unstable air and lift.
moisture to form clouds
and rain,
unstable warm air
that can rise rapidly.
Finally… lift.
from fronts,
sea breezes
or mountains.
23.
24. Violently rotating column of air that descends from a thunderstorm.
No other weather phenomenon can match the fury and destructive power of tornadoes.
They can destroy large buildings and lift 20-ton railroad cars from their tracks.
25.
26. •Weather forecasting involves the
observers and meteorologists and
the work of machines.
•Computers make forecasts more
accurate, and weather satellites
orbiting the earth take photographs
of clouds from space.
•Forecasters use these observations
from ground and space, along with
formulas and rules based on
experience of what has happened in
the past, and then make their
forecast.
