The document discusses the waterfall model, which is a sequential software development process where progress flows steadily from one phase to the next - conception, initiation, analysis, design, construction, testing, production/implementation, and maintenance. The key phases and deliverables are completed one at a time before moving to the next phase. The waterfall model is simple and easy to understand, manage, and works well for smaller projects with well-defined requirements. However, it is inflexible and carries high risks since changes are difficult once a later phase has begun and no working software is produced until late in the lifecycle. The model is not suitable for complex, long-term, or ambiguous projects where requirements may change.

1. WATERFALL MODEL
Waterfall model is introduced by Royce in year 1970. Waterfall model follows the SDLC
approach and states that “the phases are organized in a linear order and the output of one
phase becomes the input for the next phase.”
The waterfall model is a sequential (non-iterative) design process, used in software
development processes, in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a
waterfall) through the phases of conception, initiation, analysis, design, construction, testing,
production/implementation and maintenance.

2. Advantages of waterfall model:
 This model is simple and easy to understand and use.
 It is easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model – each phase has specific
deliverables and a review process.
 In this model phases are processed and completed one at a time. Phases do not
overlap.
 Waterfall model works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well
understood.
Disadvantages of waterfall model:
 Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go back and change
something that was not well-thought out in the concept stage.
 No working software is produced until late during the life cycle.
 High amounts of risk and uncertainty.
 Not a good model for complex and object-oriented projects.
 Poor model for long and ongoing projects.
 Not suitable for the projects where requirements are at a moderate to high risk of
changing.
When to use the waterfall model:
 This model is used only when the requirements are very well known, clear and fixed.
 Product definition is stable.
 Technology is understood.
 There are no ambiguous requirements
 Ample resources with required expertise are available freely
 The project is short.

3. Limitations of the waterfall model:
 The model implies that you should attempt to complete a given stage before moving
on to the next stage
 Does not account for the fact that requirements constantly change.
 It also means that customers cannot use anything until the entire system is
complete.
 The model makes no allowances for prototyping.
 It implies that you can get the requirements right by simply writing them down and
reviewing them.
 The model implies that once the product is finished, everything else is maintenance.

4. ASSIGNMENT OF M.I.S.
on
“SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE”
&
“WATERFALL MODEL”
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
2015-2017
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Dr. Vageesh Paliwal Sandeep Kumar,
(Asst. Professor) Prashant Saini
(MBA III sem.)
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
GURUKUL KANGRI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
HARIDWAR-249404