Water softening Process
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Hardness in water is caused by calcium and magnesium ions. There are several methods for water softening including chemical precipitation using lime, soda, and ash; caustic soda; and ion exchange. The lime soda ash method converts all forms of carbonate and non-carbonate hardness into precipitating species using lime and soda. Ion exchange can remove 100% of hardness from water but some hardness is desirable, so ion exchange is used to maintain an appropriate level of hardness.
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This document discusses various methods for water softening including:
1. Removal of temporary hardness can be done by boiling or adding lime to precipitate calcium carbonate.
2. Permanent hardness can be removed through chemical precipitation using lime soda ash or ion exchange which replaces calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions.
3. Demineralization passes water through cation then anion exchange resins to remove all minerals including hardness.
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Hardness in water is caused by multivalent metal ions like calcium and magnesium. The document discusses the different types of hardness and methods for measuring and removing hardness, including lime-soda softening. Key points include that lime is used to remove carbonate hardness by precipitating calcium carbonate while soda ash removes non-carbonate hardness, and recarbonation converts precipitates back to bicarbonates to inhibit scaling. Bar diagrams and saturation indices are also discussed for analyzing water hardness levels and stability.
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Water can be hard or soft depending on the amount of dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium. Hard water causes scale buildup and reduces cleaning product efficiency. There are several methods to remove hardness from water including lime-soda softening, cation exchange, distillation, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange. Lime-soda softening uses lime and soda ash to precipitate minerals out of solution. Cation exchange uses zeolites to replace calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions.
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The document discusses different types of water hardness and methods for water softening. It defines hard water as water containing calcium, magnesium, bicarbonates, carbonates, sulfates and chlorides. Hard water prevents soap from lathering efficiently. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by calcium and magnesium bicarbonates that can be removed by boiling or lime addition, and permanent hardness caused by calcium and magnesium sulfates and chlorides that require more complex removal methods like lime-soda process, zeolite process, or demineralization. The document then provides details on the processes and chemistry involved in removing different types of hardness.
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Water softening methods
This document discusses various methods for water softening, including zeolite (permutit) process, ion exchange, mixed bed ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. The zeolite process uses hydrated sodium aluminium silicate to exchange sodium ions for calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Ion exchange uses resins to exchange ions, with cation exchange resins exchanging hydrogen ions for calcium/magnesium ions and anion exchange resins exchanging hydroxide ions. Mixed bed deionizers contain both cation and anion resins. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving dissolved solids behind. Each method has advantages such as reducing hardness or
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The document discusses boiler feed water chemistry. It describes various impurities found in water sources and different pre-treatment methods to remove them, such as clarification, filtration, ion exchange and degasification. It also covers internal boiler water treatment using chemicals like soda ash and phosphates to precipitate dissolved salts and prevent scaling. Maintaining proper water chemistry parameters and controlling corrosion is important for boiler reliability and efficiency.
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This document discusses various methods for water softening including:
1. Removal of temporary hardness can be done by boiling or adding lime to precipitate calcium carbonate.
2. Permanent hardness can be removed through chemical precipitation using lime soda ash or ion exchange which replaces calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions.
3. Demineralization passes water through cation then anion exchange resins to remove all minerals including hardness.
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Hardness in water is caused by multivalent metal ions like calcium and magnesium. The document discusses the different types of hardness and methods for measuring and removing hardness, including lime-soda softening. Key points include that lime is used to remove carbonate hardness by precipitating calcium carbonate while soda ash removes non-carbonate hardness, and recarbonation converts precipitates back to bicarbonates to inhibit scaling. Bar diagrams and saturation indices are also discussed for analyzing water hardness levels and stability.
Softening demineralization
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This document summarizes different advanced water treatment methods including water softening, desalination, and membrane systems. It discusses the processes of temporary and permanent water softening including boiling, lime addition, and lime-soda processes. Methods of desalination are also summarized, including distillation, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, solar distillation, and freezing. Advantages and disadvantages are provided for various water treatment methods such as lime-soda process, zeolite exchange process, demineralization, and distillation.
Water treatment by demineralisation
Reverse osmosis uses semi-permeable membranes to purify water by separating dissolved solids. It has various applications in water treatment and is used along with demineralization plants. A reverse osmosis system consists of pre-treatment, high-pressure pumps, membrane systems, and post-treatment. It produces permeate water while concentrating impurities in reject water. Demineralization uses ion exchange resins to remove mineral ions, producing very high purity water. Together, reverse osmosis and demineralization can purify water for various industrial and medical uses.
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The document discusses boiler feed water chemistry. It describes various impurities found in water sources and different pre-treatment methods to remove them, such as clarification, filtration, ion exchange and degasification. It also covers internal boiler water treatment using chemicals like soda ash and phosphates to precipitate dissolved salts and prevent scaling. Maintaining proper water chemistry parameters and controlling corrosion is important for boiler reliability and efficiency.
Water softening and hardness removal
This document discusses various methods for removing hardness from water. It describes temporary hardness as caused by magnesium bicarbonate and magnesium carbonate, which can be removed by boiling water or adding lime. Permanent hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium salts and can be removed using the lime soda process, ion exchange process, or demineralization process. The lime soda process involves adding lime and soda ash to precipitate calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide. Demineralization uses cation exchange resins to exchange hydrogen for sodium ions, fully removing minerals from water.
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The document discusses iron and manganese in drinking water. It states that iron and manganese occur naturally in groundwater and can cause aesthetic issues like staining but do not pose health risks at typical concentrations. It discusses common treatment methods for iron and manganese like oxidation and filtration. Testing is needed to determine appropriate treatment methods based on the concentrations and forms of iron and manganese present.
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Raw water should be treated to make it potable/fit for drinking. So a line of treatments should be followed to treat the water. After Coagulation and sedimentation the process of filtration and disinfection are followed.
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This document provides information about reverse osmosis (RO) technology. It defines RO as a water purification process that uses semi-permeable membranes to remove molecules and ions from water by applying pressure. RO can be used to purify drinking water, treat wastewater, and produce deionized water. It is effective at removing pesticides, salt, microorganisms, suspended solids, and other contaminants. RO has advantages such as low energy requirements, compact size, easy maintenance and modular design allowing for expansion. However, it does not remove hardness, gases or some beneficial minerals and the waste concentrate requires disposal.
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Course material by PROF S S JAHAGIRDAR, NKOCET, SOLAPUR.
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- Filtration passes water through filter media like sand to remove remaining particles and microorganisms. Slow sand filters have a biological layer that assists with removal, while rapid sand filters use physical filtration at higher flow rates.
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Removal of iron &; Manganese
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- Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to destabilize particles in water and allow them to agglomerate. Flocculation then forms these particles into larger flocs to facilitate their removal.
- Filtration passes water through filter media like sand to remove remaining particles and microorganisms. Slow sand filters have a biological layer that assists with removal, while rapid sand filters use physical filtration at higher flow rates.
- Other key processes discussed include sedimentation to remove settled particles, aeration to improve odor and taste, and disinfection to kill
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This document discusses water treatment processes used in the food industry. It begins by explaining how water is essential for the food industry and discusses various uses of water. It then describes different types of water, including hard and soft water. The main processes covered for treating water include softening using lime or ion exchange methods, demineralization, filtration using various media, reverse osmosis, and chlorination. Key points covered are the chemical reactions involved in softening and issues caused by hard water like scale buildup.
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Water softening Process
- 1. WATER SOFTENING Kazi Ismile Hossain Lecturer, Department of CE, UCTC
- 2. Removal of hardness from water. Hardness is caused by the presence of Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions in water.
- 3. Methods of Water Softening Softening Methods Chemical Precipitation Lime Soda Ash Method Caustic Soda Method Ion Exchange
- 4. Lime Soda Ash Method All forms of Carbonate and Non Carbonate Hardness can be converted to the precipitating species by the addition of lime and soda.
- 5. Lime Soda Ash Method .
- 6. Caustic Soda (NaOH) Process All forms of hardness can be converted to the precipitating species by the addition of NaOH.
- 9. Ion Exchange Ion exchange process can remove 100% hardness from water. But, some hardness is desirable in drinking water. How to maintain?
- 10. Ion Exchange