Water jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of water to cut materials. It is a cold cutting process that produces no heat-affected zones. The water is accelerated to speeds over Mach 3 and cuts by eroding material when the jet's kinetic energy exceeds the material's strength. It can cut a variety of materials, including soft metals, paper, plastics and composites, with high precision and flexibility. The key components are a hydraulic pump to pressurize water, an intensifier to further boost the pressure, a nozzle to direct the jet, and a catcher to collect debris.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of water, traveling at supersonic speeds, to cut materials. Key components of the water jet machining system include a hydraulic pump to pressurize the water, an intensifier to further increase the pressure, a nozzle to direct the jet, and a catcher to collect waste. Water jet machining can cut a variety of materials without generating heat and produces minimal burrs or damaged areas. However, it is not suitable for mass production or cutting very thick materials.
This document discusses unconventional machining processes including water jet machining (WJM), abrasive water jet machining (AWJM), and abrasive jet machining (AJM). It describes the principles, systems, parameters, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of each process. WJM uses high pressure water to erode material, AWJM adds abrasives to the water for faster cutting, and AJM uses a focused stream of abrasives carried by gas to machine hard and brittle materials. Key advantages are minimal heat, burrs, and ability to cut intricate shapes without predrilling. Disadvantages include slow removal rates and low accuracy.
Water jet machining uses a high pressure jet of water, or water with an abrasive additive, to cut materials. It can cut a variety of materials, including metals, paper, plastics and ceramics. The machining system includes a hydraulic pump to pressurize the water, an intensifier to further pressurize it, a mixing chamber and abrasive feed system for abrasive jet machining, and a cutting nozzle. Key advantages are that it produces no heat, requires little fixturing, and leaves a finished surface with little burr or heat-affected zone.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of water to cut materials. The water is accelerated to speeds over Mach 3 through an intensifier pump. When it strikes the workpiece, the kinetic energy of the water jet erodes and cuts the material with no heat affected zone. Typical applications include cutting soft metals, plastics, and brittle materials. Key factors that influence the process include nozzle size, standoff distance from workpiece, water pressure and flow rate.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure jet of water to cut materials. Key components include an intensifier that increases water pressure to 3800 bar, an accumulator that maintains uniform pressure, and a sapphire nozzle that forms the jet. It can cut a variety of materials with few limitations and without heat or tool wear. Advantages are flexibility, accuracy, minimal kerf and burrs, and no heat affected zones.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure water jet to cut materials. The system includes a hydraulic pump, intensifier, accumulator, and cutting head. The intensifier converts low-pressure water to an ultrahigh-pressure water jet of around 3800 bar that is directed through a nozzle. This jet can precisely cut a variety of materials without heat and is used for cutting, drilling, deburring, surface treatment, and more. It has advantages over other methods like no heat affected zone and flexibility but higher hourly costs than mass production methods.
One of the widely used industrial cutting process described in brief for the beginners. Water jet cutting process is a industrial tool capable of cutting wide variety of materials using very high pressure of a mixture of water and abrasive material. They are often used during fabrication of machine parts.
This document provides information on various machining processes, both traditional and non-traditional. It begins by defining machining and categorizing different machining methods such as cutting, abrasive processes, and nontraditional processes using electrical, chemical or optical energy. Specific nontraditional processes discussed include abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), ultrasonic machining (USM), chemical machining (CM), and electrochemical machining (ECM). The document explains the basic working principles, construction details, advantages, and applications of these nontraditional machining processes.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of water, traveling at supersonic speeds, to cut materials. Key components of the water jet machining system include a hydraulic pump to pressurize the water, an intensifier to further increase the pressure, a nozzle to direct the jet, and a catcher to collect waste. Water jet machining can cut a variety of materials without generating heat and produces minimal burrs or damaged areas. However, it is not suitable for mass production or cutting very thick materials.
This document discusses unconventional machining processes including water jet machining (WJM), abrasive water jet machining (AWJM), and abrasive jet machining (AJM). It describes the principles, systems, parameters, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of each process. WJM uses high pressure water to erode material, AWJM adds abrasives to the water for faster cutting, and AJM uses a focused stream of abrasives carried by gas to machine hard and brittle materials. Key advantages are minimal heat, burrs, and ability to cut intricate shapes without predrilling. Disadvantages include slow removal rates and low accuracy.
Water jet machining uses a high pressure jet of water, or water with an abrasive additive, to cut materials. It can cut a variety of materials, including metals, paper, plastics and ceramics. The machining system includes a hydraulic pump to pressurize the water, an intensifier to further pressurize it, a mixing chamber and abrasive feed system for abrasive jet machining, and a cutting nozzle. Key advantages are that it produces no heat, requires little fixturing, and leaves a finished surface with little burr or heat-affected zone.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of water to cut materials. The water is accelerated to speeds over Mach 3 through an intensifier pump. When it strikes the workpiece, the kinetic energy of the water jet erodes and cuts the material with no heat affected zone. Typical applications include cutting soft metals, plastics, and brittle materials. Key factors that influence the process include nozzle size, standoff distance from workpiece, water pressure and flow rate.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure jet of water to cut materials. Key components include an intensifier that increases water pressure to 3800 bar, an accumulator that maintains uniform pressure, and a sapphire nozzle that forms the jet. It can cut a variety of materials with few limitations and without heat or tool wear. Advantages are flexibility, accuracy, minimal kerf and burrs, and no heat affected zones.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure water jet to cut materials. The system includes a hydraulic pump, intensifier, accumulator, and cutting head. The intensifier converts low-pressure water to an ultrahigh-pressure water jet of around 3800 bar that is directed through a nozzle. This jet can precisely cut a variety of materials without heat and is used for cutting, drilling, deburring, surface treatment, and more. It has advantages over other methods like no heat affected zone and flexibility but higher hourly costs than mass production methods.
One of the widely used industrial cutting process described in brief for the beginners. Water jet cutting process is a industrial tool capable of cutting wide variety of materials using very high pressure of a mixture of water and abrasive material. They are often used during fabrication of machine parts.
This document provides information on various machining processes, both traditional and non-traditional. It begins by defining machining and categorizing different machining methods such as cutting, abrasive processes, and nontraditional processes using electrical, chemical or optical energy. Specific nontraditional processes discussed include abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), ultrasonic machining (USM), chemical machining (CM), and electrochemical machining (ECM). The document explains the basic working principles, construction details, advantages, and applications of these nontraditional machining processes.
Water jet cutting uses a high-pressure jet of water, or water with an abrasive added, to cut materials. It is a non-thermal process that causes no heat damage and can cut almost any material. In abrasive water jet cutting, abrasive particles are mixed into the water jet, allowing it to cut harder materials. Water jet cutting produces no heat-affected zones, burrs, or other thermal effects, and it can cut very intricate shapes with precision. It is used in industries like aerospace, automotive, and stone cutting.
Water jet cutting uses a high-pressure jet of water, or water with an abrasive added, to cut materials. It is a non-thermal process that causes no heat damage. The document discusses the principles of water jet cutting, the types of water jets, how it works, its applications and advantages over other cutting methods like having no heat-affected zones and being able to cut almost any material.
This document provides an overview of mechanical energy-based machining processes including abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. It describes the basic working principles of each process including the equipment used and key process parameters. Abrasive jet machining involves a high velocity stream of abrasive particles carried by compressed gas that machines materials by mechanical abrasion. Water jet machining uses ultrahigh pressure water to cut materials, while abrasive water jet machining adds abrasive particles to the water jet to increase cutting ability and speed. Ultrasonic machining involves vibrating a tool at high frequency against a workpiece with an abrasive slurry to erode material
The document discusses water jet machining (WJM) and abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). WJM uses high-pressure water to cut softer materials, while AWJM adds abrasive particles to the water jet to cut harder materials. The key components of an AWJM system are water delivery pumps, abrasive hoppers, intensifiers to increase water pressure, mixing and cutting heads, and catchers to contain the abrasive water jet after cutting. AWJM can machine virtually any material and offers advantages like fast setup times and minimal heat generation during cutting.
It is a tool using a jet of water at high velocity and pressure.
True cold cutting process – no HAZ(Heat affected zones),mechanical stresses or operator and environmental hazards.
Water jet travels at velocities as high as 900m/s & high pressure of 60000psi.
The water, in this case, acts like a saw and cuts a narrow groove in the work piece material.
This document discusses water jet machining, which uses high-pressure water to cut materials. It begins with an introduction and outline. It then explains the working principle of water jet machining, which involves using the erosive effects of a high-velocity water jet. The main parts of a water jet machining system are described as the intensifier, accumulator, hydraulic pump, valve, nozzle and motion controller. The document discusses the process, cutting of various materials, advantages like no heat-affected zone, and applications such as food preparation and cutting asbestos. It compares water jets to lasers and provides examples of parts made using water jet machining.
Abrasive jet machining uses abrasive particles suspended in a gas or liquid to machine materials through erosion. Key points include:
- Abrasive particles like aluminum oxide or silicon carbide are accelerated to high velocities and directed at a workpiece to erode away material.
- Process parameters like abrasive size and flow rate influence the material removal rate, with larger abrasives providing higher removal.
- Applications include cutting, cleaning, etching, and polishing of brittle materials like ceramics, concrete, and composites that are difficult to machine with traditional methods.
- While allowing machining of hard materials, abrasive jet machining has low material removal rates and issues with stray cutting
Abrasive jet machining uses abrasive particles suspended in a gas or liquid to machine materials. It can cut harder materials like ceramics and composites faster than conventional machining. The abrasive particles impact the workpiece at high velocities of 150-300 m/s, removing material through brittle fracture. Larger abrasive grain sizes and higher flow rates increase the material removal rate. Common abrasives include aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and magnesium carbonate.
This document provides an overview of abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). It describes the process as using high-pressure water and abrasive particles to erode material for machining. The mechanism involves concentrating energy from the water jet to locally exceed the material's strength. Key process parameters include water pressure up to 4000 bar, abrasive materials like garnet, and standoff distances of 1-2 mm. The document lists applications like cutting various materials and advantages like flexibility and lack of heat/waste. Disadvantages include limited materials that can be cut economically and thickness restrictions to maintain accuracy.
This document provides an overview of water jet and abrasive water jet machining processes. It discusses how water jet machining works by using high pressure water to cut materials. It then explains how abrasive water jet machining incorporates abrasive materials into water jets to increase cutting speed and the range of cuttable materials. The document outlines several applications for each process and compares them to other machining methods like lasers and milling. It also discusses factors that influence the cost of operating water jet systems and predicts continued growth and advances in water jet technology in the future.
Abrasive jet machining uses a high-velocity stream of abrasive particles suspended in a gas or liquid to erode material from a workpiece. It involves an abrasive delivery system, control system, pump, nozzle, mixing tube, and motion system to direct the abrasive jet. The abrasive particles impact the workpiece surface at high velocities and remove material primarily through brittle fracture or microcutting. Key factors that influence the material removal rate include abrasive type and size, jet velocity and pressure, stand-off distance, and impingement angle. Abrasive jet machining can precisely machine many materials and offers advantages like fast setup times and no heat affected zones.
Water jet machining and Abrasive water jet machiningHassan Alrefaey
This document provides an overview of water jet machining (WJM) and abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). It discusses the working principles, history, types of systems and components. Key points covered include: WJM uses high-pressure water only while AWJM mixes abrasives with water to cut harder materials; applications include cutting various soft materials for WJM and metals, glass for AWJM; factors like pressure, abrasives, stand-off distance affect performance; and limitations include high costs and inability to cut very hard materials like diamonds.
This document discusses water jet cutting technology. It describes how water jets work by using high-pressure water or water with abrasive particles to cut materials. Water jets can cut with precision and versatility across many materials without generating heat. They have grown in popularity for applications in architecture, aerospace, manufacturing, automotive and electronics due to their safety, lack of mechanical stress on materials, and environmental friendliness. While generally effective, water jets are less suitable for cutting thick or hardened materials.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). It was developed in 1974 to clean metal prior to surface treatment. AWJM involves pumping water at high pressures of 200-400 MPa and passing it through a small orifice to create a high-velocity water jet. Abrasive particles are added to the water jet in the mixing chamber, becoming entrained and accelerating to cut materials 10 times faster than conventional machining of composites. Common abrasives used include silicon carbides and sand.
non conventional machining processes.pptxkprasad46
The document discusses non-traditional manufacturing processes. It begins by defining non-traditional manufacturing processes as those that remove material using techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy without using sharp cutting tools. Some examples of non-traditional processes discussed include ultrasonic machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, and abrasive water jet machining. The document then provides more details on these specific processes, describing how each one works and giving examples of materials they can machine and applications. Limitations of some of the processes are also mentioned.
The document discusses abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM). It begins by explaining that AWJM uses a high pressure water jet mixed with abrasive particles to cut materials. It then discusses the history and development of AWJM, the types of water jets (pure water jet and abrasive water jet), how AWJM works, its applications in cutting a wide variety of materials, advantages like lack of heat affected zones and ability to cut complex shapes, and comparisons to other machining methods. The document provides examples of materials cut with AWJM and concludes by discussing trends in using more environmentally friendly methods like cryogenic abrasive jet machining.
This document provides a review of abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). It discusses how AWJM works by using a high-pressure water jet to accelerate abrasive particles, allowing for non-traditional machining of materials. The document summarizes the materials used as abrasives in AWJM, including garnet, aluminum oxide, diamond, and silicon carbide. It also discusses experimental observations of AWJM, such as the geometry of kerf cuts and surface morphology resulting from different traverse speeds.
1) Heat conduction is the transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler one when they are in direct contact. It occurs via collisions between neighboring particles.
2) The rate of heat transfer by conduction depends on four main factors: the temperature gradient between the objects, their cross-sectional area and path length, and the thermal conductivity of the materials.
3) Materials that are good conductors like silver and copper transfer heat more readily than poor conductors called insulators like wood, air, and vacuum. The general heat conduction equation describes the temperature distribution over time for a given body undergoing heat transfer.
This document discusses various renewable and non-conventional energy sources including wind energy, solar energy, hydro power, and biogas. Wind energy can be used to generate electricity through wind turbines and large wind farms. Solar energy can be converted to electrical energy using solar cells or used for heating through solar water heaters and dryers. Hydro power captures the kinetic energy of moving water using dams to power hydroelectric plants. Biogas is a mixture of gases produced from anaerobic digestion of organic waste that can be used as a fuel.
Water jet cutting uses a high-pressure jet of water, or water with an abrasive added, to cut materials. It is a non-thermal process that causes no heat damage and can cut almost any material. In abrasive water jet cutting, abrasive particles are mixed into the water jet, allowing it to cut harder materials. Water jet cutting produces no heat-affected zones, burrs, or other thermal effects, and it can cut very intricate shapes with precision. It is used in industries like aerospace, automotive, and stone cutting.
Water jet cutting uses a high-pressure jet of water, or water with an abrasive added, to cut materials. It is a non-thermal process that causes no heat damage. The document discusses the principles of water jet cutting, the types of water jets, how it works, its applications and advantages over other cutting methods like having no heat-affected zones and being able to cut almost any material.
This document provides an overview of mechanical energy-based machining processes including abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. It describes the basic working principles of each process including the equipment used and key process parameters. Abrasive jet machining involves a high velocity stream of abrasive particles carried by compressed gas that machines materials by mechanical abrasion. Water jet machining uses ultrahigh pressure water to cut materials, while abrasive water jet machining adds abrasive particles to the water jet to increase cutting ability and speed. Ultrasonic machining involves vibrating a tool at high frequency against a workpiece with an abrasive slurry to erode material
The document discusses water jet machining (WJM) and abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). WJM uses high-pressure water to cut softer materials, while AWJM adds abrasive particles to the water jet to cut harder materials. The key components of an AWJM system are water delivery pumps, abrasive hoppers, intensifiers to increase water pressure, mixing and cutting heads, and catchers to contain the abrasive water jet after cutting. AWJM can machine virtually any material and offers advantages like fast setup times and minimal heat generation during cutting.
It is a tool using a jet of water at high velocity and pressure.
True cold cutting process – no HAZ(Heat affected zones),mechanical stresses or operator and environmental hazards.
Water jet travels at velocities as high as 900m/s & high pressure of 60000psi.
The water, in this case, acts like a saw and cuts a narrow groove in the work piece material.
This document discusses water jet machining, which uses high-pressure water to cut materials. It begins with an introduction and outline. It then explains the working principle of water jet machining, which involves using the erosive effects of a high-velocity water jet. The main parts of a water jet machining system are described as the intensifier, accumulator, hydraulic pump, valve, nozzle and motion controller. The document discusses the process, cutting of various materials, advantages like no heat-affected zone, and applications such as food preparation and cutting asbestos. It compares water jets to lasers and provides examples of parts made using water jet machining.
Abrasive jet machining uses abrasive particles suspended in a gas or liquid to machine materials through erosion. Key points include:
- Abrasive particles like aluminum oxide or silicon carbide are accelerated to high velocities and directed at a workpiece to erode away material.
- Process parameters like abrasive size and flow rate influence the material removal rate, with larger abrasives providing higher removal.
- Applications include cutting, cleaning, etching, and polishing of brittle materials like ceramics, concrete, and composites that are difficult to machine with traditional methods.
- While allowing machining of hard materials, abrasive jet machining has low material removal rates and issues with stray cutting
Abrasive jet machining uses abrasive particles suspended in a gas or liquid to machine materials. It can cut harder materials like ceramics and composites faster than conventional machining. The abrasive particles impact the workpiece at high velocities of 150-300 m/s, removing material through brittle fracture. Larger abrasive grain sizes and higher flow rates increase the material removal rate. Common abrasives include aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and magnesium carbonate.
This document provides an overview of abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). It describes the process as using high-pressure water and abrasive particles to erode material for machining. The mechanism involves concentrating energy from the water jet to locally exceed the material's strength. Key process parameters include water pressure up to 4000 bar, abrasive materials like garnet, and standoff distances of 1-2 mm. The document lists applications like cutting various materials and advantages like flexibility and lack of heat/waste. Disadvantages include limited materials that can be cut economically and thickness restrictions to maintain accuracy.
This document provides an overview of water jet and abrasive water jet machining processes. It discusses how water jet machining works by using high pressure water to cut materials. It then explains how abrasive water jet machining incorporates abrasive materials into water jets to increase cutting speed and the range of cuttable materials. The document outlines several applications for each process and compares them to other machining methods like lasers and milling. It also discusses factors that influence the cost of operating water jet systems and predicts continued growth and advances in water jet technology in the future.
Abrasive jet machining uses a high-velocity stream of abrasive particles suspended in a gas or liquid to erode material from a workpiece. It involves an abrasive delivery system, control system, pump, nozzle, mixing tube, and motion system to direct the abrasive jet. The abrasive particles impact the workpiece surface at high velocities and remove material primarily through brittle fracture or microcutting. Key factors that influence the material removal rate include abrasive type and size, jet velocity and pressure, stand-off distance, and impingement angle. Abrasive jet machining can precisely machine many materials and offers advantages like fast setup times and no heat affected zones.
Water jet machining and Abrasive water jet machiningHassan Alrefaey
This document provides an overview of water jet machining (WJM) and abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). It discusses the working principles, history, types of systems and components. Key points covered include: WJM uses high-pressure water only while AWJM mixes abrasives with water to cut harder materials; applications include cutting various soft materials for WJM and metals, glass for AWJM; factors like pressure, abrasives, stand-off distance affect performance; and limitations include high costs and inability to cut very hard materials like diamonds.
This document discusses water jet cutting technology. It describes how water jets work by using high-pressure water or water with abrasive particles to cut materials. Water jets can cut with precision and versatility across many materials without generating heat. They have grown in popularity for applications in architecture, aerospace, manufacturing, automotive and electronics due to their safety, lack of mechanical stress on materials, and environmental friendliness. While generally effective, water jets are less suitable for cutting thick or hardened materials.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). It was developed in 1974 to clean metal prior to surface treatment. AWJM involves pumping water at high pressures of 200-400 MPa and passing it through a small orifice to create a high-velocity water jet. Abrasive particles are added to the water jet in the mixing chamber, becoming entrained and accelerating to cut materials 10 times faster than conventional machining of composites. Common abrasives used include silicon carbides and sand.
non conventional machining processes.pptxkprasad46
The document discusses non-traditional manufacturing processes. It begins by defining non-traditional manufacturing processes as those that remove material using techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy without using sharp cutting tools. Some examples of non-traditional processes discussed include ultrasonic machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, and abrasive water jet machining. The document then provides more details on these specific processes, describing how each one works and giving examples of materials they can machine and applications. Limitations of some of the processes are also mentioned.
The document discusses abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM). It begins by explaining that AWJM uses a high pressure water jet mixed with abrasive particles to cut materials. It then discusses the history and development of AWJM, the types of water jets (pure water jet and abrasive water jet), how AWJM works, its applications in cutting a wide variety of materials, advantages like lack of heat affected zones and ability to cut complex shapes, and comparisons to other machining methods. The document provides examples of materials cut with AWJM and concludes by discussing trends in using more environmentally friendly methods like cryogenic abrasive jet machining.
This document provides a review of abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). It discusses how AWJM works by using a high-pressure water jet to accelerate abrasive particles, allowing for non-traditional machining of materials. The document summarizes the materials used as abrasives in AWJM, including garnet, aluminum oxide, diamond, and silicon carbide. It also discusses experimental observations of AWJM, such as the geometry of kerf cuts and surface morphology resulting from different traverse speeds.
1) Heat conduction is the transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler one when they are in direct contact. It occurs via collisions between neighboring particles.
2) The rate of heat transfer by conduction depends on four main factors: the temperature gradient between the objects, their cross-sectional area and path length, and the thermal conductivity of the materials.
3) Materials that are good conductors like silver and copper transfer heat more readily than poor conductors called insulators like wood, air, and vacuum. The general heat conduction equation describes the temperature distribution over time for a given body undergoing heat transfer.
This document discusses various renewable and non-conventional energy sources including wind energy, solar energy, hydro power, and biogas. Wind energy can be used to generate electricity through wind turbines and large wind farms. Solar energy can be converted to electrical energy using solar cells or used for heating through solar water heaters and dryers. Hydro power captures the kinetic energy of moving water using dams to power hydroelectric plants. Biogas is a mixture of gases produced from anaerobic digestion of organic waste that can be used as a fuel.
The document discusses automobile cooling systems. It describes how an engine can reach temperatures over 1600 degrees and explains the purpose of a cooling system is to maintain optimal engine temperatures. There are two main types of cooling systems - air cooling and liquid cooling. Air cooling uses fins to dissipate heat into the atmosphere while liquid cooling circulates coolant through the engine and radiator to maintain temperatures. Key components of liquid cooling systems include the water pump, radiator, thermostat, water jackets, and coolant/antifreeze which lowers the freezing point of the water.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of water to cut materials. It is a cold cutting process that produces no heat-affected zones. The document discusses how water jet machining works, including the key components of hydraulic pumps, intensifiers, accumulators, and nozzles that are used to accelerate water to supersonic speeds. It also outlines the process parameters, applications for cutting different materials like metals and plastics, and advantages like flexibility and lack of thermal damage compared to other cutting methods.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of water to cut materials. It is a cold cutting process that produces no heat-affected zones. The document discusses how water jet machining works, including the key components of hydraulic pumps, intensifiers, accumulators, and nozzles that are used to accelerate water to supersonic speeds. It also outlines the process parameters, suitable materials, applications like cutting and drilling, and advantages like flexibility and lack of thermal damage compared to other machining methods.
Engineering costs include direct costs like labor, materials, and utilities along with indirect costs like overhead. Cost estimating is necessary for economic analysis by approximating the costs of resources and activities. Costs can be classified as fixed, variable, direct, indirect, sunk, opportunity, recurring, and non-recurring. Life-cycle costs consider all costs over the lifetime of a product. Estimating techniques include per-unit models, work breakdown structure models, and using cost indices to adjust for inflation.
The Ipsos - AI - Monitor 2024 Report.pdfSocial Samosa
According to Ipsos AI Monitor's 2024 report, 65% Indians said that products and services using AI have profoundly changed their daily life in the past 3-5 years.
Codeless Generative AI Pipelines
(GenAI with Milvus)
https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
Discover the potential of real-time streaming in the context of GenAI as we delve into the intricacies of Apache NiFi and its capabilities. Learn how this tool can significantly simplify the data engineering workflow for GenAI applications, allowing you to focus on the creative aspects rather than the technical complexities. I will guide you through practical examples and use cases, showing the impact of automation on prompt building. From data ingestion to transformation and delivery, witness how Apache NiFi streamlines the entire pipeline, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free experience.
Timothy Spann
https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
https://www.datainmotion.dev/
milvus, unstructured data, vector database, zilliz, cloud, vectors, python, deep learning, generative ai, genai, nifi, kafka, flink, streaming, iot, edge
Predictably Improve Your B2B Tech Company's Performance by Leveraging DataKiwi Creative
Harness the power of AI-backed reports, benchmarking and data analysis to predict trends and detect anomalies in your marketing efforts.
Peter Caputa, CEO at Databox, reveals how you can discover the strategies and tools to increase your growth rate (and margins!).
From metrics to track to data habits to pick up, enhance your reporting for powerful insights to improve your B2B tech company's marketing.
- - -
This is the webinar recording from the June 2024 HubSpot User Group (HUG) for B2B Technology USA.
Watch the video recording at https://youtu.be/5vjwGfPN9lw
Sign up for future HUG events at https://events.hubspot.com/b2b-technology-usa/
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Round table discussion of vector databases, unstructured data, ai, big data, real-time, robots and Milvus.
A lively discussion with NJ Gen AI Meetup Lead, Prasad and Procure.FYI's Co-Found
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
2. INTRODUCTION
Key element in WJM is a jet of water.
Water jet travels at velocities as high as 900 m/s (approximately Mach
3).
When the water stream strikes a work piece surface, the erosive force
of water removes the material rapidly.
The water, in this case, acts like a saw and cuts a narrow groove in
the work piece material.
True cold cutting process – no HAZ (Heat Affected Zones), mechanical
stresses or operator and environmental hazards
3. PRINCIPLE
The water jet machining involves directing a high pressure (150-1000
MPa) high velocity (540-1400 m/s) water jet (faster than the speed of sound)
to the surface to be machined. The fluid flow rate is typically from 0.5 to 2.5
l/min
The kinetic energy of water jet after striking the work surface is reduced to
zero.
The bulk of kinetic energy of jet is converted into pressure energy.
If the local pressure caused by the water jet exceeds the strength of the
surface being machined, the material from the surface gets eroded and a
cavity is thus formed.
Water is the most common fluid used, but additives such as alcohols, oil
products and glycerol are added when they can be dissolved in water to
improve the fluid characteristics.
5. EQUIPMENT
Typical work materials involve soft metals, paper, cloth, wood, leather,
rubber, plastics, and frozen food. If the work material is brittle it will
fracture, if it is ductile, it will cut well .
Water jet Machining consists of:
Hydraulic Pump
Intensifier
Accumulator
High Pressure Tubing
Jet Cutting Nozzle
Catcher
8. HYDRAULIC PUMP
Powered from a 30 kilowatt (kW) electric motor
Supplies oil at pressures as high as 117 bars.
Compressed oil drives a reciprocating plunger pump termed an
intensifier.
The hydraulic pump offers complete flexibility for water jet cutting
and cleaning applications.
It also supports single or multiple cutting stations for increased
machining productivity.
9. ITENSIFIER
Accepts the water at low pressure(typically 4 bar) and expels it, through an accumulator,
at higher pressures of 3800 bar.
The intensifier converts the energy from the low-pressure hydraulic fluid into
ultrahigh- pressure water.
The hydraulic system provides fluid power to a reciprocating piston in the intensifier
center section.
A limit switch, located at each end of the piston travel, signals the electronic controls to
shift the directional control valve and reverses the piston direction.
The intensifier assembly, with a plunger on each side of the piston, generates pressure in
both directions.
As one side of the intensifier is in the inlet stroke, the opposite side is generating
ultrahigh-pressure output.
During the plunger inlet stroke, filtered water enters the high-pressure cylinder
through the check value assembly.
After the plunger reverses direction, the water is compressed and exits at ultrahigh
pressure.
10. ACCUMULATOR
Maintains the continuous flow of the high-pressure water and eliminates
pressure fluctuations.
It relies on the compressibility of water (12 percent at 3800 bar) in order to
maintain a uniform discharge pressure and water jet velocity, when the
intensifier piston changes its direction.
11. HIGH PRESSURE TUBING
Transports pressurized water to the cutting head.
Typical tube diameters are 6 to 14 mm.
The equipment allows for flexible movement of the cutting head.
The cutting action is controlled either manually or through a remote-
control valve specially designed for this purpose.
12. JET CUTTING NOZZLE
Nozzle provides a coherent water jet stream for optimum cutting of low-
density, soft material that is considered unmachinable by conventional
methods.
Nozzles are normally made from synthetic sapphire.
About 200 h of operation are expected from a nozzle, which becomes
damaged by particles of dirt and the accumulation of mineral deposits on
the orifice due to erosive water hardness.
A longer nozzle life can be obtained through multistage filtration, which
removes undesired solids of size greater than 0.45 μm.
The compact design of the water jet cutting head promotes integration with
motion control systems ranging from two-axis (XY) tables to sophisticated
multiaxis robotic installations.
13. CATCHER
Acts as a reservoir for collecting the machining debris entrained in the water
jet.
Moreover, it reduces the noise levels [105 decibels (dB)] associated with the
reduction in the velocity of the water jet from Mach 3 to subsonic levels.
15. PROCESS PARAMETERS
JET NOZZLE
Standoff distance - Gap between the jet
nozzle (0.1–0.3 mm diameter) and the
workpiece (2.5 – 6 mm).
However for materials used in printed
circuit boards, it may be increased to 13 to
19 mm.
But larger the standoff distance, smaller
would be the depth of cut.
When cutting fiber-reinforced plastics,
reports showed that the increase in
machining rate and use of the small
nozzle diameter increased the width of the
16. JET FLUID
Typical pressures used are 150 to 1000 MPa to provide 8 to 80 kW of
power.
For a given nozzle diameter, increase in pressure allows more power to be
used in the machining process, which in turn increases the depth of the cut.
Jet velocities range between 540 to 1400 m/s.
The quality of cutting improves at higher pressures by widening the
diameter of the jet and by lowering the traverse speed.
Under such conditions, materials of greater thicknesses and densities can
be cut.
Moreover, the larger the pump pressure, the greater will be the depth of the
cut.
The fluid used must possess low viscosity to minimize the energy losses
and be noncorrosive, nontoxic, common, and inexpensive.
17. WORKPIECE
Brittle materials will
fracture, while ductile
ones will cut well.
Material thicknesses
range from 0.8 to 25 mm
or more.
Table below shows the
cutting rates for different
material thicknesses
18. APPLICATIONS
WJM is used on metals, paper, cloth, leather, rubber, plastics, food, and ceramics.
It is a versatile and cost-effective cutting process that can be used as an alternative to
traditional machining methods.
It completely eliminates heat-affected zones, toxic fumes, recast layers, work hardening
and thermal stresses.
It is the most flexible and effective cleaning solution available for a variety of industrial
needs.
In general the cut surface has a sandblast appearance.
Moreover, harder materials exhibit a better edge finish.
Typical surface finishes ranges from 1.6 μm root mean square (RMS) to very coarse
depending on the application.
Tolerances are in the range of 25 µm on thin material.
Both the produced surface roughness and tolerance depend on the machining speed.
19. CUTTING
WJM is limited to fibreglass and corrugated wood.
Figure shows typical example of water jet cutting of water jet cutting
marble and application in the food industry.
DRILLING
The process drills precision-angled and -shaped holes in a variety of
materials for which other processes such as EDM or EBM are too
expensive or too slow.
20. MACHINING OF FIBER-REINFORCED
PLASTICS
In this case the thermal material damage is negligible.
The tool, being effectively pointed, accurately cuts any contours.
The main drawback is the deflection of the water jet by the fiber
embedded in the matrix, which protrudes after machining.
The feed rate attainable depends on the surface quality required.
Table below gives the limiting feed rates for water jet cutting of
fiber-reinforced plastics.
21. CUTTING OF
ROCKS
Water jet cutting of a 51 mm deep slot in granite using two oscillating
jets at 275 MPa during 14 passes at a 25.4 mm/s feed rate has been
reported by McGeough (1988).
Moreover an oscillating nozzle system operating at the same feed rate
and pressure of 172 MPa, with the standoff distance adjusted every pass
was used to cut a 178 mm deep slot in sandstone.
DEBURRING
The method uses large pressures to remove large burrs (3 mm height) in
12 mm diameter drilled holes in a hollow molybdenum-chromium steel
shaft at 15 s using 700 bar pressure and a flow rate of 27 L/min.
In this method burrs are broken off by the impact of water.
A higher pressure (4000 bar) and a lower flow rate (2.5 L/min) are used
to remove burrs from nonmetallic materials.
22. CUTTING OF
PCBS
Using a small-diameter water jet, a printed circuit board (PCB) can be cut at a speed that
exceeds 8 m/min, to the accuracy of 0.13 mm.
Boards of various shapes for use in portable radios and cassette players can be cut using
computer numerical control (CNC) technology.
SURFACE TREATMENT
Removing deposits and residues without toxic chemicals, which eliminates costly cleanup
and disposal problems.
Surface cleaning of pipes and castings, decorative finishing, nuclear decontamination,
food utensil cleaning, degreasing, polishing, preparation for precise inspection, and
surface texturing.
Economical surface preparation and coating removal.
23. WIRE
STRIPPING
Can remove the wire insulating material without damaging the metal or removing the
tinning on the copper wire.
Processing time can be decreased to about 20 % of the manual stripping method.
24. ADVANTAGES
It has multidirectional cutting capacity.
No heat is produced.
Cuts can be started at any location without the need for predrilled holes.
Wetting of the workpiece material is minimal.
There is no deflection to the rest of the workpiece.
The burr produced is minimal.
The tool does not wear and, therefore, does not need sharpening.
The process is environmentally safe.
Hazardous airborne dust contamination and waste disposal problems that are
common when using other cleaning methods are eliminated.
There is multiple head processing.
Simple fixturing eliminates costly and complicated tooling, which reduces
turnaround time and lowers the cost.
Grinding and polishing are eliminated, reducing secondary operation costs.
25. LIMITAT
The narrow kerf allows tight nesting when multiple parts are cut from a
single blank.
It is ideal for roughing out material for near net shape.
It is ideal for laser reflective materials such as copper and aluminum.
It allows for more accurate cutting of soft material.
It cuts through very thick material such as 383 mm in titanium and 307
mm in Inconel.
IV
O
eryN
thiS
ck parts can not be cut with water
jet cutting and still hold dimensional
accuracy. If the part is too thick, the jet may
dissipate some, and cause it to cut on a
diagonal, or to have a wider cut at the
bottom of the part than the top. It can also
cause a rough wave pattern on the cut
surface.
It is not suitable for mass production
because of high maintenance requirements.
WATER JET LAG