water erosion
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Water erosion occurs through various types and involves three basic phases. The types of water erosion include splash erosion, sheet or interrill erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, streambank erosion, and coastal/shoreline erosion. The basic phases are detachment of individual soil grains, transportation of detached grains across the land surface, and deposition of grains in new sites. Gully erosion occurs on steeper slopes as water flow from rills becomes concentrated, forming deep channels. Vegetative cover acts as a buffer against erosion, while increasing rainfall intensity and runoff increases the kinetic energy of falling raindrops and flowing water, making them more erosive.
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1) The document discusses landslides in the Himalayan region of India, specifically in Kullu district. It notes that landslides frequently occur after heavy rains and have increased with more development projects destabilizing slopes.
2) The project is divided into three stages: macrozonation to map landslide risk zones, microzonation to validate the map with field studies of individual sites, and developing mitigation measures.
3) Literature on landslide types is reviewed, including definitions, common causes like heavy rain, and previous studies using remote sensing and GIS for landslide analysis and risk prediction.
Hillslope poster_PAEP_finaldraft2
This document summarizes a study that measured soil moisture content at two sites in Pittsburgh over three months to understand soil water dynamics and implications for green infrastructure. Sensors measured soil moisture in different layers. Soils at one site drained slower and remained wetter than the other site. Unexpected patterns like bottom-up wetting at one site suggest complex hydrologic influences like leaky infrastructure or bedrock fractures. These findings have implications for proper placement and design of green infrastructure like infiltration trenches to ensure optimal performance.
Irrigation Principles & Practices-21.ppt
This document provides an overview of the history and development of irrigation. It discusses:
1) Pre-19th century irrigation systems which were small, individualized, and localized in Near East, Asia, Africa, and parts of Europe. Problems included waterlogging and salt accumulation.
2) 19th century irrigation expanded in scale, diverting more water across larger areas. Problems included siltation, waterlogging, and increased malaria.
3) 20th century irrigation featured large multi-purpose projects for water storage, pumping, and uses like flood control and recreation.
It also defines irrigation, outlines the scope of irrigation science across watersheds and farms, and discusses key concepts like soil water
Hydrology (Runoff and factors affecting Run off)
The document discusses hydrology and the runoff process. It defines runoff and describes its key components: surface runoff, groundwater flow, and direct precipitation over rivers. It explains the runoff process when rainfall occurs and factors that affect runoff like precipitation characteristics, catchment shape and size, topography, geology, and storage. The runoff cycle and its four conditions - end of dry period, start of rainfall, end of heavy rainfall, and after rainfall - are outlined. Finally, the document summarizes the rainfall-runoff process and definitions of related terms.
Causes of gEOLOGIC hAZARDS.docx
The document discusses the causes of landslides and sinkholes. It identifies several natural causes of landslides including climate, earthquakes, weathering, erosion, volcanic eruptions, and forest fires. It also discusses human causes such as mining and clear cutting. For sinkholes, natural causes include dissolution of sedimentary rocks, while human causes involve underground water pumping. The document provides examples of different types of landslides and sinkholes.
Erosion Theory Module Rev1 Compressed
The document provides an overview of erosion theory, processes, prediction, and control. It defines different types of erosion including raindrop, sheet, rill, gully, channel, and wind erosion. Factors that influence erosion rates are described. Methods for predicting erosion potential include the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and revised USLE (RUSLE), which consider rainfall/runoff, soil characteristics, topography, ground cover and management practices. The importance of controlling accelerated erosion from construction sites is emphasized.
Unit ii disaster management
This document discusses different types of natural disasters including floods, earthquakes, cyclones, and provides information on disaster management. It defines a disaster as a sudden event that disrupts a community's normal functioning. Disaster management aims to prevent disasters, minimize effects, and help recovery. The disaster cycle has risk reduction and recovery phases. Floods occur when water levels in streams exceed bank heights due to heavy rain. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Cyclones have spiraling winds that can cause heavy rain and flooding. Disaster management strategies seek to minimize risks through preparedness, mitigate impacts during events, and aid rehabilitation after.
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Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
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Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
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The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
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Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
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All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
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water erosion
- 1. Water erosion and their types S.Samuel raj 2018048095
- 2. It is the detachment and removal of soil material by water. The rate of erosion may be very slow to very rapid, depending on the soil, the land scape , and weather conditions. Basic Phase 1. Detachment: individual grains separated from soil mass/matrix 2. Transportation: detached grains transported over land surface land surface 3. Deposition: soil grains deposited in new sites
- 3. 1. splash: loosening & splattering of small soil particles caused by raindrops impacting a wet soil surface
- 4. 2. sheet or interrill: removal of thin layer of soil over an entire soil surface caused by water flowing across soil surface
- 5. 3. rill: occurs during/after rain or when snow melts, & involves concentration of flowing water into small channels (<0.3 m) that are more turbulent & have greater scouring action than sheet flow turbulent & have greater scouring action than sheet flow.
- 6. 4. gully: In areas steeper slopes, flow of water from rills concentrated, forming deep channels
- 7. Stages in the development of a gully on a hillside (Morgan 2005, Leapold et al. 1964)
- 10. 5. streambank: removal of soil from banks of running streams
- 11. 6. coastal/shoreline: erosion of ocean, lake, reservoir shores by action of waves resulting from wind, tides, currents, storm events, & boat traffic
- 12. 1 Falling Raindrops 1. Falling Raindrops a. Energy of falling raindrops i. kinetic energy of a falling body calculated as: E = ½ mv2 m = mass of falling body g v = velocity of fall cm/s E = kinetic energy (ergs) (g cm2/s2)
- 13. Effect of raindrops i. Breaks peds & clods into smaller aggregates & individual particles. ii. Moves particles into new locations iii. Compacts & puddles surface soil layer, ↓ infiltration & infiltration & ↑ runoff
- 14. Rainstorm intensity & energy i. avg. drop size↑ as storm intensity↑ ii. threshold intensity at which rainfall becomes erosive = 25 mm hr-1 iii. Relationship between KE& rainfall intensity (I): KE = total energy, ft-ton/ac-inch for each inch of rainfall I = rainfall intensity in inches/hr up to 3 in/hr
- 15. Vegetative cover Vegetation acts as buffer
- 16. Running Water a.Runoff is important cause of erosion b.Runoff classification: sheet/prechannel (3-5 mm depth) or channelized flow (5 mm - >3 m) c.KE of rain vs runoff (KE = ½ m v2) Rain Runoff Mass AssumemassoffallingrainisR Assume25%runoff,massofRO=R/4 Velocity Assume term. vel. of 8 m s‐1 Assumespeed of surfflow=1 ms‐1
- 17. Watershed Management by Madan Mohan Das & Mimi Das Saikia, PHI Learning Private Limited & JVS Murty, New Age Publications pgno 52-56