Novel Approach To High Water Cut Measurement In A Mature Oil Field Abu Dhabi SPE 2008
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Presentation on the optimization of water cut measurements for crude oil reserves in mature fields that have very high water cut values. Traditional volumetric methodologies cannot accurately measure water cut measurements when the water cut is greater than 90%. This methodology demonstrates that gravimetric techniques can be used to measure water cuts as they approach 100% to provide valid data for assessing production.
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Use of GCxGC-TOFMS in litigious mixed condensate plumes: Environmental forens...
Use of GCxGC-TOFMS in litigious mixed condensate plumes: Environmental forens...Chemistry Matters Inc.
Authors: Court D. Sandau and Lisa N. Kates
Chemistry Matters Inc.
Abstract; Condensate is a complex mixture of light petroleum hydrocarbons that is primarily used to dilute heavy crude oil for transport through pipelines. Many heavy oils, especially bitumen from the oil sands in northern Alberta, use condensate to dilute the bitumen to allow the product to flow to refineries where the oil can be upgraded. This is where the term ‘Dilbit’ was derived. Condensate is valuable; it can be recycled and reused and is frequently transported through the North American pipeline network. Pipelines gather at pipeline terminals where there can be multiple sources and multiple suppliers of different types of condensates. When leaks occur at these terminals, it can be difficult to determine the exact source of the leak, especially if pipeline integrity seems intact. GCxGC-TOFMS is the ideal technique to examine mixed condensate plumes as it allows the comprehensive fingerprint of the condensate to be determined and simultaneously provides substantial data to evaluate weathering and plume movement. In addition, the amount of chemicals measured using GCxGC-TOFMS can allow source apportionment of multiple sources so that allocation of the cleanup responsibility can be made. This presentation will discuss the use of GCxGC-TOFMS in legal case studies involving mixed condensate plumes. Real scenarios of condensate plumes will be presented showing how GCxGC-TOFMS data clarified the results compared to conventional analysis. This presentation will also cover the hurdles of using a novel and unconventional technique for litigation proceedings.Fixing False Negatives, Using 2DGC-TOFMS to Correctly Identify Ignitable Liqu...
Fixing False Negatives, Using 2DGC-TOFMS to Correctly Identify Ignitable Liqu...Chemistry Matters Inc.
Wildfires continue to grow in frequency and intensity. Over 80% of wildfires are human caused, with over 20% being attributed to acts of arson. The ability to detect ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) in wildfire debris samples can be very problematic compared to structural fire debris samples.
Forensic methods used in the analysis of wildfire debris are complicated by the presence of natural interferences. Wildfires provide exceptionally difficult matrices compared to structural fires due to the facts that: ILRs are present at lower concentrations; ILRs are more dispersed; natural compounds are present at very high concentrations; structural similarity of natural compounds to ILR compounds; and matrix combustion forms other interfering compounds.
The resolving power of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC, 2DGC) combined with the sensitivity of a TOF-MS permits superior separation and detection of ILRs compared to conventional gas chromatography (1DGC). The high abundance of natural interferences dwarfs the ILR compounds in size and will mask their detection using conventional 1DGC. As arsonous wildfires can ignite with very low volumes of accelerants, better detection limits are required in order to find and identify ILRs in wildfire debris samples.
Case samples analyzed on both 1DGC and 2DGC showed re-analysis by 2DGC changed 7% of negative samples to positive for ILR, and 22% went from tentative to positive for ILR. Inspection of the Stauffer compounds shows some groups are more useful for ILR identification than others. The Three Musketeers Group was ubiquitous, while the Twin Towers and Five Fingers Groups were non-detects by 1DGC but present in up to 90% of positive samples by 2DGC. In addition, the use of 2DGC allows expansion of the targeted list of compounds to expand to all compounds present in gasoline which increase to over 2000 compounds, potentially allowing for gasoline fingerprinting.Unscrambling Contaminant Mixtures to Determine their Chemical Fingerprints
Many contaminated sites have mixed plumes or contaminants of concern from multiple potential sources. Examples of mixed plumes could include mixed free phase petroleum plumes (e.g. condensate) or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from crude oil spills mixing with upstream or local anthropogenic sources (storm water runoff) of PAHs in sediments.
There are several advanced statistical techniques that can be used to determine the number and different sources of contaminant present on the site. In addition, these statistical tools can also apportion the amount of contaminants in each sample, thereby allowing liability to be distributed according the chemistry of the contaminants and those responsible for the release. Apportionment is important for litigious cases as it allows the calculation of who should pay for what portion of the cleanup.
Tools using positive matrix factorization (PMF) have been developed by US EPA but are no longer being supported are still publicly available to use. These techniques can be applied to many different chemical mixtures such as condensates or mixed petroleum hydrocarbon plumes. We have successfully applied the technique to PAHs from sediment data to allocate the source of the PAHs in the sediments to sources identified by the models. Unfortunately, these models are not definitive and provide multiple conclusions depending on their starting point which can make interpretation difficult and sometimes questionable, especially for litigation proceedings.
This presentation provides a summary of statistical tools used for chemical fingerprinting as well as the use of PMF and Bayesian modelling in order to provide some guidance on model usage for contaminant apportionment. The models need to be applied conservatively and require chemistry interpretation to elucidate what end members have been identified by the model and if those end members make sense. The models will be applied to a real case study scenarios to demonstrate their application.
Lawyers, regulators and environmental professionals involved in spill monitoring and liability determination will find this presentation educational in how these statistical models are able to determine sources and amounts of those sources of contaminants on site.
Whose PAH is this? - Envirotech 2018
River sediment contains natural organic material, largely derived from allochthonous sources, meaning a source from outside the river. This is particularly important when regarding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can have sources hundreds of kilometers from a sampling point within the river catchment. In fact, every river can contain PAHs from a source other than that which is the focus of a remedial investigation, and consideration of this is very important.
Presentation of the detection of PAHs in relation to guidelines is a requirement for regulatory purposes. However, if those PAHs are natural, or at least originate from a source that is unrelated to the investigation, why take responsibility for them?
In order to determine the source of PAHs it is important to collect the right kind of samples (fine grained, highly organic sediment), analyse for the right kind of chemical package (include alkylated PAHs), and interpret the results using the right kind of techniques.
This presentation will describe the correct, and incorrect use of environmental forensics techniques using example datasets from our work in Canadian oil spill response and US CERCLA investigations. It will focus on how to construct and interpret PAH fingerprints and ratios, and the use of statistics such as PCA. Environmental professionals involved in spill remediation or site monitoring will find this presentation applicable.
Hidden Figures - AGAT 2018 TechTalks
This document provides an outline for a presentation on using statistical analysis of soil data from site investigations to better understand environmental conditions at a site. It discusses a case study of a 50+ year old facility where extensive soil data had been collected over many years but significant remediation was still planned. The presentation aims to show how applying some basic statistics to compare the soil data to guidelines can reveal useful insights hidden in the data and potentially avoid unnecessary remediation costs. Key points that will be covered include reviewing site management practices, examining the soil data in detail, applying statistical analysis techniques, and reviewing the outcomes of a case study that incorporated these elements.
Multiple Lines of Evidence of PAH Fingerprinting and Source Apportionment of ...
Multiple Lines of Evidence of PAH Fingerprinting and Source Apportionment of ...Chemistry Matters Inc.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment. They are produced naturally through forest fires with some congeners having biogenic origins. They are also produced anthropogenically through all burning or combustion processes.Profiling ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) and potential interfering compound...
Profiling ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) and potential interfering compound...Chemistry Matters Inc.
During the 8th Multidimensional Chromatography Workshop 2017 in Toronto, Ontario, Dr. Court Sandau presented on profiling ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) and potential interfering compounds during arson and arsonous wildfire investigations.245TCP - Perspectives on PCDD/Fs from a Review of Industrial Processes and Hi...
245TCP - Perspectives on PCDD/Fs from a Review of Industrial Processes and Hi...Chemistry Matters Inc.
This document discusses the production of 245-TCP and the formation of PCDD/Fs during this process. It summarizes that the production process and any impurities in the starting materials can result in different PCDD/F fingerprints. Historical production methods, process diagrams, and experimental data are reviewed to understand how different fingerprints may form depending on the specific industrial process used. Determining these fingerprints can help identify sources of dioxin contamination at historical industrial sites.Demystifying the Chain of Custody & Forensic Arson Analysis - IAAI 2017
The results for ignitable liquid residue (ILR) analysis depend on early decisions. Sometimes, results depend on decisions made before the investigator even leaves for the arson investigation site.
How to Maintain Legal Chain of Custody
Legal chain of custody is not only about documentation. You do need to document samples and sampling procedures, but as the custodian of samples, you should also be implementing processes and procedures that prevent cross contamination.
During this course, the legal sampling and legal chain of custody process will be discussed along with implications of the sampling process on the analytical results. This will include a discussion on appropriate sampling containers and how it can impact your results.
With this course, you will learn how sampling can impact the chemistry of your results and what you can do about it as well as developing a complete understanding of chain of custody for your courtroom defense.
ILR Analysis Methods
The sampling at the investigation site provides the best opportunity to optimize the detection of ILRs. Several points will be discussed on how to accomplish the best results possible.
Once samples are submitted to the laboratory, they are processed to determine if ILRs are present and what type of ILRs are on the samples. There are different methods for analysis of ILRs and these methods will be discussed.
ILR chemical analysis requires the determination of compounds present in samples collected from the investigation. These compounds need to be present at certain concentrations (above the laboratory detection limits), in certain ratios (patterns match known ILR patterns), and have enough of the marker compounds to determine the type of ILR used on the investigation.
Not all methods and results are equal. Learning the basics of ILR analysis will allow you to ask the hard and appropriate questions about your sample results. It may also help explain apparent false positives from canine detection units.
The Importance of Reference Samples
The topic of reference samples, sometimes incorrectly referred to as 'control samples' will be discussed.
All matrices collected at fire investigations can contain marker compounds used for ILR identification but are not present on those materials because of arson. Reference samples are key samples to any arson investigation and must be collected with purpose for every investigation.
The interferences present in reference samples can help ILR analysis determine the compounds that are present in background locations. This provides further insight for the investigation.
The use of reference samples is especially important in arsonous wildfire investigations. Since ILR marker compounds can be formed in the combustion process, ILR detection in arsonous wildfire samples can be inconclusive if not considered properly.
Using Fingerprinting Techniques and Multivariate Statistics to Identify Natur...
Using Fingerprinting Techniques and Multivariate Statistics to Identify Natur...Chemistry Matters Inc.
This document presents the findings of a study using fingerprinting techniques and multivariate statistics to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic salinity in soil samples. Radar plots and statistical analysis of parameters like chloride, calcium, sodium, and sulfate concentrations were used to group 54 site samples. Three distinct fingerprint patterns were identified, with two samples having natural salinity fingerprints similar to background samples, 48 samples having anthropogenic fingerprints different than background, and 3 samples having another separate fingerprint. Spatial analysis found the sample groupings correlated with wellsite features. The techniques were able to distinguish anthropogenic impacts despite low overall salinity levels.Arson: The Science of Fire and Chemical Fingerprints Left Behind - MRU 2017
Wildfire frequency, severity and damages are increasing as climate change causes earlier snow melts and overall drier conditions. Forest fire can be caused by natural through lightning strikes, but the majority of wildfires are caused by humans. Of the 1200 wildfires reported in Alberta each year, over half are human caused. It is the job of a fire investigator to gather evidence at wildfires to determine the origin and causes of the wildfire. Roles of the investigator may include fire scene examination through to delivering court room evidence.
Fire investigations require the highest quality in sampling, legal chain of custody & sample handling, and testing & interpretation of ignitable liquid residues (ILRs). This role can be ideally filled by a chemist/scientist who has an in depth understanding of how all facets of a field program and how the analysis of samples can impact the interpretation and results. Ultimately, prosecution will depend on reliable ILR results and relaying these results to the fire investigators.
Dr. Sandau, and his team at Chemistry Matters, are one of Canada’s leading resources for wildfire arson investigation and have led investigations for some of the largest wildfires in North America. This presentation will explore the chemistry behind wildfire investigations. The chemistry starts from the field work and sampling with the use of canine detection units. It is then carried forward to the instrumentation used for laboratory analysis which is used for the interpretation and ending in testifying in a courtroom setting. This presentation will examine the evolution of our detection systems that allow us to measure molecules at the lowest levels and use their patterns to chemically fingerprint the ignitable liquid residues and other products used which provides valuable cutting edge evidence for potential convictions.
Where Does Toluene Come From? - Petrogenic families and biogenic loners, AGAT...
Where Does Toluene Come From? - Petrogenic families and biogenic loners, AGAT...Chemistry Matters Inc.
Specific ecological niches support the accumulation of biologically formed toluene, and the concentrations can easily be found in excess of remedial guidelines. The presence of biogenic toluene in environmental samples can confound remedial investigations of petroleum impacts. However,the determination of the origin of toluene that is acceptable by regulatory bodies requires a scientifically creditable demonstration using a forensic analytical approach, and forensic data interpretation.
This presentation demonstrates the application of established arson analysis methodology and forensic data interpretation methods that can distinguish the origin of toluene as either biogenic or petrogenic. Arson analysis methods are conducted for crime scene investigators to provide legal proof for the presence of petroleum distillates,if present, in relation to arson investigations. This same method can be applied in the environmental field for the defensible determination of the origin of toluene.
Chemistry Matters Inc.and the AGAT Forensic Laboratory provide analysis for arson investigations for the Government of Alberta and have applied this methodology successfully for the demonstration of biogenic toluene at a number of wetland investigation sites. Example data from wetland environments and a range of petrogenic types are presented to explain the operation of the method. Environmental professionals involved in spill remediation or site monitoring should find this presentation applicable.Where Does Toluene Come From? - Petrogenic Families and Biogenic Loners, Wate...
Where Does Toluene Come From? - Petrogenic Families and Biogenic Loners, Wate...Chemistry Matters Inc.
The seasonal accumulation of toluene by microbiological processes within specific wetland environments is a locally-recognized, but little understood, process. It has not been documented within the peer-reviewed literature. Currently, there is no legally defensible method of distinguishing the origin of toluene in environmental samples.
The presence of biogenic toluene can confound environmental investigations relating to petroleum releases within wetland environments, which comprise a large area of northern Alberta as well as other provinces.
This presentation discusses the results from the application of an established ASTM method, which is already accepted for arson analysis, for the investigation of the origin of toluene in wetland peat samples. The analytical method and environmental forensic data interpretation are capable of readily distinguishing biogenic and petrogenic origins of toluene in a legally-defensible manner. This is conducted by using plant biomarker chemistry to identify natural toluene sources, monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fingerprints and diagnostic ratios, which are possible due to substantially improved detection limits compared with conventional BTEX analysis.
Environmental professionals involved in spill remediation or site monitoring will find this presentation applicable.Chemistry Matters Dioxin2016 Analytical Summary
Final day of the Dioxin 2016 conference in Florence, Italy, Dr. Court Sandau presented a summary of the analytical talks and posters presented at the Dioxin conference this year. Discussed the biggest highlights on PFAs, PBDEs, the history of Dioxin analysis and his impressions of where biomonitoring is going.
Future of environmental_forensics_inef2016
Closing plenary talk given at the International Network of Environmental Forensics (INEF) 2016 conference held in Orebro, Sweden. Presentation covered the history of PCBs and dioxins and their roles in the birth of environmental forensics. The talk discussed a new definition of the term “Environmental Forensics” and provided five main points regarding environmental forensics investigations.
GeoConvention2016_Identifying Surface Casing Vent Flows (SCVF) Using Geoforen...
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Presentation at 2016 GeoConvention in Calgary, Alberta. Presentation covered best practices for the collection of samples then using advanced geochemistry and geoforensics to identify source zones of SCVFs.Enviromental Forensics Petroleum Releases 2016
Presentation provides overview of different case studies that used environmental forensics to investigate sources of petroleum releases. Case studies include biomarker analysis to aid in identifying phytogenic and petrogenic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds for emission source apportionment and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments.
FIAA Training - Forensic Arson Analysis and Process
Training seminar for Fire Investigators Association of Alberta on arson laboratory analysis and process. Presentation goes through the process of collection and analyzing arson samples for the presence of ignitable liquid residues.
Bullet proof data sets for environmental litigation
Presentation was presenting in part on January 21, 2011 for Exova's Environmental Seminar held in Calgary, Alberta. The presentation covers some important points and considerations for those conducting environmental sampling where the data could be used for litigious or litigation matters. Legal sampling is much more intense for procedures and documentation than regular sampling and those doing the work, need to be knowledgeable about those differences. The presentations illustrates the differences using case studies the author has been involved in.
SPE-CSGM_Workshop_Mundle_May2015
This document discusses characterizing the source zones of surface casing vent leaks using geochemistry. It provides examples of case studies where they used fluid and gas samples from surface casing vents and production casings to fingerprint the source zones through isotopic analysis. In complex cases, they combined fluid and gas characterization along with mudgas logs to identify the source zone within a 200-300m range. In simpler high gas flow cases, advanced isotopic models were needed to identify the source as a similar zone, since bulk gas compositions could implicate different zones. High quality samples, accurate isotope analysis, and accounting for microbial effects are needed to conclusively determine leak sources.
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Unscrambling Contaminant Mixtures to Determine their Chemical Fingerprints
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
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We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
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- 14. Method Precision Measured Water - Cut (%) Measured Water - Cut (%) c) Haru 18 (1,518 bbls/day) 89.5 89.7 87.0 89.0 91.0 93.0 95.0 0.14% d) Heijah 39 (14,406 bbls/day) 98.4 98.4 95.0 97.5 100.0 0.002% 0.15% Gravimetric Water Cut (%) – Density Corrected Relative Percent Difference (RPD) LEGEND
- 16. Precision Comparison Measured Water - Cut (%) Measured Water - Cut (%) 0.15% Gravimetric Water Cut (%) – Density Corrected Volume Water Cut (%) Relative Percent Difference (RPD) LEGEND b) Haru 16 (5,534 bbls/day) 87.2 83.9 86.9 87.2 82.0 84.0 86.0 88.0 90.0 0.08% 3.51% a) Camaal 75 (975 bbls/day) 78.5 78.2 80.0 77.6 77.0 78.0 79.0 80.0 81.0 0.41% 3.05%
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