This document is the curriculum vitae of Court D. Sandau, which provides information about his education, career experience, areas of expertise, and selected project experiences. It outlines that Dr. Sandau has a PhD in Chemistry and is the principal and senior chemist at Chemistry Matters, with over 20 years of experience in environmental forensics, expert witness work, and scientific investigations. It also provides details on 3 litigation support projects involving chemical fingerprinting to determine the source of environmental contamination.
Is Marcellus Shale Frack Wastewater More Radioactive Than Previously Thought?Marcellus Drilling News
A study by the University of Iowa researchers, titled "Understanding the Radioactive Ingrowth and Decay of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in the Environment: An Analysis of Produced Fluids from the Marcellus Shale" and published in the peer reviewed journal Environmental Health Perspectives in April 2015. The research reportedly shows a new method for testing the total potential radioactivity of shale wastewater not previously considered. The chief shortcoming of the research is that it is based on a single sample from a single Marcellus Shale well.
Letter Sent by 25 Anti-Fracking Organizations to Gov. Tom Corbett on DEP Wate...Marcellus Drilling News
A letter sent by 25 known anti-drilling groups to PA Gov. Tom Corbett rehasing unsubstantiated allegations that the state Dept. of Environmental Protection withholds testing for certain chemicals that may be tied to shale gas drilling.
This document discusses the selenium drinking water quality guideline (DWQG) in Canada and argues that the current guideline of 10 μg/L is overly protective and not scientifically justified. Most jurisdictions worldwide use 10 μg/L as the guideline, except for the United States and South Africa which use 50 μg/L. The Canadian guideline is based on outdated assumptions from 1992 that selenium is carcinogenic, but recent evidence shows it is not and may have anticarcinogenic properties. The document argues Canada and other countries should re-evaluate and revise their generic DWQGs in light of new scientific data, and consider developing site-specific, risk-based objectives in the interim.
John F. Schneider is the Group Leader of the Chemical Analysis and Research Group at Argonne National Laboratory. He has over 30 years of experience in analytical chemistry, developing methods for the analysis of chemicals including chemical warfare agents, explosives, and toxins. He currently manages several projects involving chemical detection and analysis to support national security and medical research.
Presentation by Lyman Welch for the 2011 Great Lakes Restoration Conference Session titled "Emerging Contaminant Threats and the Great Lakes."
Chemical contaminants form a vast chemical soup in the Great Lakes, and from available data, we know exposure may be cause for concern. This workshop will discuss the threat of “emerging contaminants” in the Lakes, as well as give an overview of research, policy implications and recommendations for moving forward.
Emerging contaminants and precautionary principleOdgToscana
This document discusses emerging contaminants and the precautionary principle in relation to water quality standards. It provides background on the Water Framework Directive and its goals of protecting and improving water resources in the EU. Priority substances are identified, and environmental quality standards (EQS) are established with very low limits to regulate the concentration of pollutants in water. The document also examines the watch list established to monitor emerging contaminants and the challenges of detecting contaminants that may pose risks to the environment and human health at trace levels.
Dr. Karen Howard is a senior managing scientist at Exponent specializing in biocides regulation. She has 28 years of experience in environmental chemistry, including roles at the UK Pesticide Safety Directorate and Plymouth Marine Laboratory. Her expertise includes EU biocides regulations, dossier preparation, risk assessment, exposure assessment, and analytical chemistry methods. Prior to Exponent, she evaluated data, conducted risk assessments, and provided technical advice for various UK authorities.
Youliang Wang received his Ph.D. in chemistry from Arizona State University, where he studied the characterization of organic matter in fog and cloud under Dr. Pierre Herckes. His research focused on applying analytical techniques like PARAFAC and DOSY-NMR to atmospheric samples. He has over 5 years of experience conducting field campaigns and collaborating with agencies like NASA and the Norwegian Institute for Air Research. Wang is skilled in various instrumental techniques and has published several papers on fog and aerosol chemistry. He is now seeking postdoctoral opportunities to further his research in atmospheric organic matter.
Is Marcellus Shale Frack Wastewater More Radioactive Than Previously Thought?Marcellus Drilling News
A study by the University of Iowa researchers, titled "Understanding the Radioactive Ingrowth and Decay of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in the Environment: An Analysis of Produced Fluids from the Marcellus Shale" and published in the peer reviewed journal Environmental Health Perspectives in April 2015. The research reportedly shows a new method for testing the total potential radioactivity of shale wastewater not previously considered. The chief shortcoming of the research is that it is based on a single sample from a single Marcellus Shale well.
Letter Sent by 25 Anti-Fracking Organizations to Gov. Tom Corbett on DEP Wate...Marcellus Drilling News
A letter sent by 25 known anti-drilling groups to PA Gov. Tom Corbett rehasing unsubstantiated allegations that the state Dept. of Environmental Protection withholds testing for certain chemicals that may be tied to shale gas drilling.
This document discusses the selenium drinking water quality guideline (DWQG) in Canada and argues that the current guideline of 10 μg/L is overly protective and not scientifically justified. Most jurisdictions worldwide use 10 μg/L as the guideline, except for the United States and South Africa which use 50 μg/L. The Canadian guideline is based on outdated assumptions from 1992 that selenium is carcinogenic, but recent evidence shows it is not and may have anticarcinogenic properties. The document argues Canada and other countries should re-evaluate and revise their generic DWQGs in light of new scientific data, and consider developing site-specific, risk-based objectives in the interim.
John F. Schneider is the Group Leader of the Chemical Analysis and Research Group at Argonne National Laboratory. He has over 30 years of experience in analytical chemistry, developing methods for the analysis of chemicals including chemical warfare agents, explosives, and toxins. He currently manages several projects involving chemical detection and analysis to support national security and medical research.
Presentation by Lyman Welch for the 2011 Great Lakes Restoration Conference Session titled "Emerging Contaminant Threats and the Great Lakes."
Chemical contaminants form a vast chemical soup in the Great Lakes, and from available data, we know exposure may be cause for concern. This workshop will discuss the threat of “emerging contaminants” in the Lakes, as well as give an overview of research, policy implications and recommendations for moving forward.
Emerging contaminants and precautionary principleOdgToscana
This document discusses emerging contaminants and the precautionary principle in relation to water quality standards. It provides background on the Water Framework Directive and its goals of protecting and improving water resources in the EU. Priority substances are identified, and environmental quality standards (EQS) are established with very low limits to regulate the concentration of pollutants in water. The document also examines the watch list established to monitor emerging contaminants and the challenges of detecting contaminants that may pose risks to the environment and human health at trace levels.
Dr. Karen Howard is a senior managing scientist at Exponent specializing in biocides regulation. She has 28 years of experience in environmental chemistry, including roles at the UK Pesticide Safety Directorate and Plymouth Marine Laboratory. Her expertise includes EU biocides regulations, dossier preparation, risk assessment, exposure assessment, and analytical chemistry methods. Prior to Exponent, she evaluated data, conducted risk assessments, and provided technical advice for various UK authorities.
Youliang Wang received his Ph.D. in chemistry from Arizona State University, where he studied the characterization of organic matter in fog and cloud under Dr. Pierre Herckes. His research focused on applying analytical techniques like PARAFAC and DOSY-NMR to atmospheric samples. He has over 5 years of experience conducting field campaigns and collaborating with agencies like NASA and the Norwegian Institute for Air Research. Wang is skilled in various instrumental techniques and has published several papers on fog and aerosol chemistry. He is now seeking postdoctoral opportunities to further his research in atmospheric organic matter.
The document provides course descriptions for courses in the Master of Environmental Engineering program. The courses cover topics like water resources engineering, physical and chemical processes in water and wastewater treatment, air quality and pollution control, biological processes in water and wastewater treatment, solid and hazardous waste management, fate and transport of environmental contaminants, environmental impact and risk assessment, and thesis research. Elective courses cover additional topics such as environmental chemistry, policy analysis, sampling and monitoring, pollution transport, sea pollution control, GIS for environmental engineering, remediation and restoration, industrial water and wastewater, pollution prevention, and financing environmental projects.
Quality Assurance System_Ecotoxicity Studies_Breton et al 2009Guy Gilron
The document describes the development of a quality assurance system called eco-QESST for evaluating ecotoxicity studies submitted to Environment Canada under new substance regulations. Eco-QESST uses a scoring system to assess study quality and usability. It was developed based on OECD test guidelines for fish, Daphnia, and algae toxicity tests. Over 600 studies have been evaluated using eco-QESST. The system provides benefits like consistent evaluations, transparency in decision making, and a detailed electronic record of studies. A validation exercise found the system produces consistent scores among different reviewers.
This document presents the results of a study that used mobile mass spectrometry to measure ambient concentrations of benzene, toluene, and xylene compounds (BTEX) near unconventional oil and gas extraction sites in the Eagle Ford Shale region of Texas. The study found highly variable BTEX contamination events originating from specific sources on well pad sites, including natural gas flaring units, condensate tanks, compressor units, and hydrogen sulfide scavengers. Individual wellheads did not contribute significantly to BTEX levels. The detection of point sources indicates that mechanical inefficiencies, rather than the extraction process as a whole, are responsible for releasing these compounds into the air.
Australian mercury reporting databases published in aaajHafijUllah2
The document evaluates the quality of corporate and government mercury reporting through Australia's National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) database, which underpins Australia's reporting obligations under the Minamata Convention on mercury pollution. Through interviews and submissions to a 2018 government inquiry into the NPI, the study finds limitations in the comparability, accuracy, timeliness, and completeness of mercury information reported to the NPI. These limitations are primarily due to insufficient government funding rather than issues with industry reporting. Improving funding could significantly enhance mercury and other pollutant reporting through the NPI.
The TCE Revolution and Its Permanent Impact on Environmental Due DiligenceEDR
EDR INSIGHT WEBINAR: THE TCE REVOLUTION AND ITS PERMANENT IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENTAL DUE DILIGENCE
June 24, 2015
Presented by:
-David Gillay, Partner and Chair of Brownfields & Environmental Transactional Diligence Practice Areas, Barnes & Thornburg LLP
-Dr. Michael Dourson, Ph.D., Alliance for Risk Assessment
Following decades of studies, scrutiny and debate, the U.S. EPA updated its TCE’s toxicity profile in the IRIS database, dramatically lowering the toxicity value. For transactional due diligence, this more stringent limit has important implications, including markedly more extensive and expensive cleanup processes. Given the focus on vapor migration in the new ASTM Phase I ESA standard, environmental professionals need to be increasingly cautious when making REC determinations and recommendations to clients.
Adding to the confusion is the significant variability in how regulators are using the updated TCE toxicity profile when making closure decisions at contaminated properties. For instance, U.S. EPA Regions 9, 10 and states like Minnesota, Indiana and Massachusetts (among others) have implemented profoundly different approaches to address TCE risk at contaminated sites. Thus, it is critical for environmental professionals to stay abreast of the how TCE guidance is being interpreted and applied across the country. In the latest development, the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry is proposing a dramatic change to its TCE toxicity profile for the first time in 18 years. The comment period ended on March 16, 2015, and if the update is finalized in its current form, there will be more intense scrutiny on exposure risks which will further complicate transactional due diligence.
This timely webinar will bring together an attorney and a national subject matter expert to address the various impacts of TCE’s toxicity update on transactional due diligence. This panel will help EPs answer the following questions:
-Does TCE in groundwater constitute a VEC and/or a REC?
-How should an EP manage variability in TCE standards in multi-state transactions?
-How can an EP take steps to minimize exposure to potential liability?
-How can an EP make sense of the science and available guidance?
-How should an EP communicate potential risks associated with TCE to clients?
Shale & Hydrocarbon Resources: Opportunities and Challenges for the Chemical ...Rob Hart
The shale gas boom transformed the competitive position of U.S. chemical manufacturers. By 2030, the world will need 45% more energy, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This presentation shares the perspective from the American Chemistry Council Working Group on Catalysis on the opportunities and challenges the chemical industry faces, given these facts.
This presentation describes the current status of vapor intrusion regulation in Texas under existng rules and guidance documents, and points out the ambiguity and case-by-case nature of vapor intrustion regualtion in the State at this time.
New "research" by anti-drilling researchers at Johns Hopkins University that purports to show a connection between fracked shale wells in PA and an increase in radon in PA homes. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health researchers rather simplistically say that levels of radon in PA homes have been going up since 2004--when the first Marcellus Shale well was drilled in the state. They also say prior to 2004 levels of radon in PA homes was pretty much steady-state--that it did not increase. Since the "big thing" that's happened over the past decade is a lot of Marcellus drilling, voila, must be those nasty frackers are the source.
Jamie Wilson has 3 years of experience in environmental consulting and permitting. She has experience with field assessments including threatened and endangered species surveys, wetland delineations, and offshore monitoring. Her regulatory experience includes permitting support for the USACE, FERC, NEPA, and NPDES. She is trained in wetland delineations and hazardous waste operations. She has a Master's degree in environmental policy and has contributed to projects in various industries including oil and gas, telecommunications, power, chemicals, and renewable energy.
Health Effects- Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Production (“FRACK...Tiffany Blackden
Ann Bristow shared this science based presentation on fracking in Maryland at the Garrett County Commissioner's Meeting on March 17, 2015. Fracking in Garrett County is restricted until October, 2017, when the moratorium is lifted, and the state will permit fracking. Now is the time to get involved and alert law makers to the fact that the risks are immense, and we are NOT willing to be collateral damage.
How to build a dredged material decision frameworkdrseapitz
1. Frameworks for assessing dredged material and making disposal decisions involve both scientific and policy considerations. While science can inform these frameworks, there are also policy choices that must be made.
2. The selection of which chemicals and biological assays to use in evaluating dredged material involves both scientific and policy factors. The lists and methods used may not fully capture all risks present.
3. Different options for developing action levels and decision frameworks involve different balances of chemical analysis and biological testing. Each option has advantages and limitations related to scientific understanding and policy priorities.
1) Studies from multiple organizations have found that natural gas sites in the Barnett Shale region, including in Fort Worth, are not emitting harmful levels of compounds like benzene and carbon disulfide in the air.
2) A one-mile setback for natural gas sites is not necessary according to these studies, as pollutant concentrations drop to background levels within 100 meters of sites.
3) School districts should not wait to lease mineral rights because once an energy company finalizes a drilling unit, they will no longer have the opportunity to participate in that unit.
Study: Elevated Levels of Arsenic in Water Wells Near Barnett Shale DrillingMarcellus Drilling News
A study of 100 private water wells in the Barnett Shale in Texas by University of Texas at Arlington researchers claims to have found that about 1/3 of the wells close to drilling activity have dangerously high levels of arsenic. Critics of the research point out the sample size is small and relies on "before" tests of 300 wells in the same general area, but not necessarily these 100 specific wells where arsenic has been found. The report is titled, "An evaluation of water quality in private drinking water wells near natural gas extraction sites in the Barnett Shale Formation" and is published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
1) Silver nanoparticles are intentionally produced engineered nanomaterials that are being used in many consumer products due to their antibacterial properties. However, there is concern about their potential impacts on human health and the environment.
2) The project aimed to develop methods to detect silver nanoparticles in water, determine their toxicological effects in aquatic environments, and develop risk assessment protocols.
3) Key findings included that activated charcoal can effectively capture silver nanoparticles from water, effects were observed on aquatic organisms in toxicity tests, and current models estimate low environmental concentrations pose low risks to human health through drinking water. However, more studies are needed to monitor silver nanoparticles in Ireland's environment and risks.
Presentation from the “Nonexistent Data” session of the “Our World, Our Data” conference held at at MIT Media Lab on April 30, 2017. Organized by Safecast with sponsorship from the Shuttleworth Fund. Many thanks to Joi Ito, Director of the MIT Media Lab, and Ethan Zuckerman and Lorrie LeJeune of The Center for Civic Media.
https://www.media.mit.edu/events/our-world-our-data/
Ambient air pollution_and_population_hea (1)cpinchel
The document summarizes research presented at a 2003 conference on air pollution and human health. It discusses studies on:
1) Exposure assessment that examined variations in particle concentrations and compositions across locations and time periods. Studies found higher ultrafine particle levels in winter and near traffic.
2) Toxicology research demonstrating adverse health effects from air pollution exposure, including increased biomarkers of lung and heart damage. Studies also found evidence of genotoxic and mutagenic effects.
3) Epidemiology research further supporting associations between air pollution exposure and negative health impacts like hospitalizations. Studies improved methods for estimating exposures near traffic sources.
ANALYSIS OF DROUGHT ASSOCIATED IMPACTS ON THE CITY OF SAN BERNARDAnthony Budicin
This document analyzes the impacts of drought on wastewater flow rates and constituent concentrations at the City of San Bernardino Municipal Water Department's wastewater treatment plant. It examines data from 2007 to 2015 on monthly flow rates and concentrations of ammonia, BOD, TSS, TIN, and TDS in wastewater influent and effluent. The study aims to determine if mandatory water use reductions related to California's 20x2020 Water Conservation Plan have affected the wastewater stream. Understanding these impacts is important as changes in flow rates or higher concentrations could impact plant operations and require upgrades. The findings will help inform water resource management during drought conditions.
This curriculum vitae summarizes the professional experience and qualifications of Geniece M. Lehmann. She received a Ph.D. in Toxicology from the University of Rochester in 2006 and is currently a toxicologist at the National Center for Environmental Assessment at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Her professional interests include human health risk assessment, especially in the areas of immunotoxicology and children's health. She has authored several peer-reviewed articles and serves in leadership roles assessing chemicals for the EPA.
The Community Engagement Core (CEC) works with Native American Tribes to evaluate chemical exposures and build scientific and cultural capacity. Dr. Anna Harding founded and led the CEC for many years but has announced her retirement. Dr. Molly Kile has taken over as the new director, bringing experience working with communities impacted by environmental contaminants. The CEC partners with Tribes to translate knowledge into effective risk reduction strategies to reduce exposure to environmental pollution and contribute to self-protection.
The document provides course descriptions for courses in the Master of Environmental Engineering program. The courses cover topics like water resources engineering, physical and chemical processes in water and wastewater treatment, air quality and pollution control, biological processes in water and wastewater treatment, solid and hazardous waste management, fate and transport of environmental contaminants, environmental impact and risk assessment, and thesis research. Elective courses cover additional topics such as environmental chemistry, policy analysis, sampling and monitoring, pollution transport, sea pollution control, GIS for environmental engineering, remediation and restoration, industrial water and wastewater, pollution prevention, and financing environmental projects.
Quality Assurance System_Ecotoxicity Studies_Breton et al 2009Guy Gilron
The document describes the development of a quality assurance system called eco-QESST for evaluating ecotoxicity studies submitted to Environment Canada under new substance regulations. Eco-QESST uses a scoring system to assess study quality and usability. It was developed based on OECD test guidelines for fish, Daphnia, and algae toxicity tests. Over 600 studies have been evaluated using eco-QESST. The system provides benefits like consistent evaluations, transparency in decision making, and a detailed electronic record of studies. A validation exercise found the system produces consistent scores among different reviewers.
This document presents the results of a study that used mobile mass spectrometry to measure ambient concentrations of benzene, toluene, and xylene compounds (BTEX) near unconventional oil and gas extraction sites in the Eagle Ford Shale region of Texas. The study found highly variable BTEX contamination events originating from specific sources on well pad sites, including natural gas flaring units, condensate tanks, compressor units, and hydrogen sulfide scavengers. Individual wellheads did not contribute significantly to BTEX levels. The detection of point sources indicates that mechanical inefficiencies, rather than the extraction process as a whole, are responsible for releasing these compounds into the air.
Australian mercury reporting databases published in aaajHafijUllah2
The document evaluates the quality of corporate and government mercury reporting through Australia's National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) database, which underpins Australia's reporting obligations under the Minamata Convention on mercury pollution. Through interviews and submissions to a 2018 government inquiry into the NPI, the study finds limitations in the comparability, accuracy, timeliness, and completeness of mercury information reported to the NPI. These limitations are primarily due to insufficient government funding rather than issues with industry reporting. Improving funding could significantly enhance mercury and other pollutant reporting through the NPI.
The TCE Revolution and Its Permanent Impact on Environmental Due DiligenceEDR
EDR INSIGHT WEBINAR: THE TCE REVOLUTION AND ITS PERMANENT IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENTAL DUE DILIGENCE
June 24, 2015
Presented by:
-David Gillay, Partner and Chair of Brownfields & Environmental Transactional Diligence Practice Areas, Barnes & Thornburg LLP
-Dr. Michael Dourson, Ph.D., Alliance for Risk Assessment
Following decades of studies, scrutiny and debate, the U.S. EPA updated its TCE’s toxicity profile in the IRIS database, dramatically lowering the toxicity value. For transactional due diligence, this more stringent limit has important implications, including markedly more extensive and expensive cleanup processes. Given the focus on vapor migration in the new ASTM Phase I ESA standard, environmental professionals need to be increasingly cautious when making REC determinations and recommendations to clients.
Adding to the confusion is the significant variability in how regulators are using the updated TCE toxicity profile when making closure decisions at contaminated properties. For instance, U.S. EPA Regions 9, 10 and states like Minnesota, Indiana and Massachusetts (among others) have implemented profoundly different approaches to address TCE risk at contaminated sites. Thus, it is critical for environmental professionals to stay abreast of the how TCE guidance is being interpreted and applied across the country. In the latest development, the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry is proposing a dramatic change to its TCE toxicity profile for the first time in 18 years. The comment period ended on March 16, 2015, and if the update is finalized in its current form, there will be more intense scrutiny on exposure risks which will further complicate transactional due diligence.
This timely webinar will bring together an attorney and a national subject matter expert to address the various impacts of TCE’s toxicity update on transactional due diligence. This panel will help EPs answer the following questions:
-Does TCE in groundwater constitute a VEC and/or a REC?
-How should an EP manage variability in TCE standards in multi-state transactions?
-How can an EP take steps to minimize exposure to potential liability?
-How can an EP make sense of the science and available guidance?
-How should an EP communicate potential risks associated with TCE to clients?
Shale & Hydrocarbon Resources: Opportunities and Challenges for the Chemical ...Rob Hart
The shale gas boom transformed the competitive position of U.S. chemical manufacturers. By 2030, the world will need 45% more energy, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This presentation shares the perspective from the American Chemistry Council Working Group on Catalysis on the opportunities and challenges the chemical industry faces, given these facts.
This presentation describes the current status of vapor intrusion regulation in Texas under existng rules and guidance documents, and points out the ambiguity and case-by-case nature of vapor intrustion regualtion in the State at this time.
New "research" by anti-drilling researchers at Johns Hopkins University that purports to show a connection between fracked shale wells in PA and an increase in radon in PA homes. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health researchers rather simplistically say that levels of radon in PA homes have been going up since 2004--when the first Marcellus Shale well was drilled in the state. They also say prior to 2004 levels of radon in PA homes was pretty much steady-state--that it did not increase. Since the "big thing" that's happened over the past decade is a lot of Marcellus drilling, voila, must be those nasty frackers are the source.
Jamie Wilson has 3 years of experience in environmental consulting and permitting. She has experience with field assessments including threatened and endangered species surveys, wetland delineations, and offshore monitoring. Her regulatory experience includes permitting support for the USACE, FERC, NEPA, and NPDES. She is trained in wetland delineations and hazardous waste operations. She has a Master's degree in environmental policy and has contributed to projects in various industries including oil and gas, telecommunications, power, chemicals, and renewable energy.
Health Effects- Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Production (“FRACK...Tiffany Blackden
Ann Bristow shared this science based presentation on fracking in Maryland at the Garrett County Commissioner's Meeting on March 17, 2015. Fracking in Garrett County is restricted until October, 2017, when the moratorium is lifted, and the state will permit fracking. Now is the time to get involved and alert law makers to the fact that the risks are immense, and we are NOT willing to be collateral damage.
How to build a dredged material decision frameworkdrseapitz
1. Frameworks for assessing dredged material and making disposal decisions involve both scientific and policy considerations. While science can inform these frameworks, there are also policy choices that must be made.
2. The selection of which chemicals and biological assays to use in evaluating dredged material involves both scientific and policy factors. The lists and methods used may not fully capture all risks present.
3. Different options for developing action levels and decision frameworks involve different balances of chemical analysis and biological testing. Each option has advantages and limitations related to scientific understanding and policy priorities.
1) Studies from multiple organizations have found that natural gas sites in the Barnett Shale region, including in Fort Worth, are not emitting harmful levels of compounds like benzene and carbon disulfide in the air.
2) A one-mile setback for natural gas sites is not necessary according to these studies, as pollutant concentrations drop to background levels within 100 meters of sites.
3) School districts should not wait to lease mineral rights because once an energy company finalizes a drilling unit, they will no longer have the opportunity to participate in that unit.
Study: Elevated Levels of Arsenic in Water Wells Near Barnett Shale DrillingMarcellus Drilling News
A study of 100 private water wells in the Barnett Shale in Texas by University of Texas at Arlington researchers claims to have found that about 1/3 of the wells close to drilling activity have dangerously high levels of arsenic. Critics of the research point out the sample size is small and relies on "before" tests of 300 wells in the same general area, but not necessarily these 100 specific wells where arsenic has been found. The report is titled, "An evaluation of water quality in private drinking water wells near natural gas extraction sites in the Barnett Shale Formation" and is published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
1) Silver nanoparticles are intentionally produced engineered nanomaterials that are being used in many consumer products due to their antibacterial properties. However, there is concern about their potential impacts on human health and the environment.
2) The project aimed to develop methods to detect silver nanoparticles in water, determine their toxicological effects in aquatic environments, and develop risk assessment protocols.
3) Key findings included that activated charcoal can effectively capture silver nanoparticles from water, effects were observed on aquatic organisms in toxicity tests, and current models estimate low environmental concentrations pose low risks to human health through drinking water. However, more studies are needed to monitor silver nanoparticles in Ireland's environment and risks.
Presentation from the “Nonexistent Data” session of the “Our World, Our Data” conference held at at MIT Media Lab on April 30, 2017. Organized by Safecast with sponsorship from the Shuttleworth Fund. Many thanks to Joi Ito, Director of the MIT Media Lab, and Ethan Zuckerman and Lorrie LeJeune of The Center for Civic Media.
https://www.media.mit.edu/events/our-world-our-data/
Ambient air pollution_and_population_hea (1)cpinchel
The document summarizes research presented at a 2003 conference on air pollution and human health. It discusses studies on:
1) Exposure assessment that examined variations in particle concentrations and compositions across locations and time periods. Studies found higher ultrafine particle levels in winter and near traffic.
2) Toxicology research demonstrating adverse health effects from air pollution exposure, including increased biomarkers of lung and heart damage. Studies also found evidence of genotoxic and mutagenic effects.
3) Epidemiology research further supporting associations between air pollution exposure and negative health impacts like hospitalizations. Studies improved methods for estimating exposures near traffic sources.
ANALYSIS OF DROUGHT ASSOCIATED IMPACTS ON THE CITY OF SAN BERNARDAnthony Budicin
This document analyzes the impacts of drought on wastewater flow rates and constituent concentrations at the City of San Bernardino Municipal Water Department's wastewater treatment plant. It examines data from 2007 to 2015 on monthly flow rates and concentrations of ammonia, BOD, TSS, TIN, and TDS in wastewater influent and effluent. The study aims to determine if mandatory water use reductions related to California's 20x2020 Water Conservation Plan have affected the wastewater stream. Understanding these impacts is important as changes in flow rates or higher concentrations could impact plant operations and require upgrades. The findings will help inform water resource management during drought conditions.
This curriculum vitae summarizes the professional experience and qualifications of Geniece M. Lehmann. She received a Ph.D. in Toxicology from the University of Rochester in 2006 and is currently a toxicologist at the National Center for Environmental Assessment at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Her professional interests include human health risk assessment, especially in the areas of immunotoxicology and children's health. She has authored several peer-reviewed articles and serves in leadership roles assessing chemicals for the EPA.
The Community Engagement Core (CEC) works with Native American Tribes to evaluate chemical exposures and build scientific and cultural capacity. Dr. Anna Harding founded and led the CEC for many years but has announced her retirement. Dr. Molly Kile has taken over as the new director, bringing experience working with communities impacted by environmental contaminants. The CEC partners with Tribes to translate knowledge into effective risk reduction strategies to reduce exposure to environmental pollution and contribute to self-protection.
The Dictionary of Substances and Their Effects (DOSE): Volume 01 A-Bkopiersperre
This document provides information about the second edition of "The Dictionary of Substances and Their Effects" (DOSE). Some key details include:
- DOSE is a reference work that collects and collates chemical and biological data on over 4,000 substances from peer-reviewed literature to help with risk assessment.
- The second edition has been expanded and updated from the first edition, which covered around 4,000 substances. It includes more recently studied chemicals and updated toxicological data.
- In addition to basic chemical properties and toxicological information, the second edition includes data on occupational exposure limits, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and carcinogenicity assessments from IARC and NTP.
Guidance Document for Acute Lethality Testing.PDFGuy Gilron
This document provides guidance on acute lethality testing of effluent from metal mines in Canada. It was created by the Toxicological Investigations of Mining Effluents Network, which includes representatives from governments, industry, environmental groups, consultants and academics. The document aims to maximize the reliability of acute lethality test data. It provides an overview of key issues, including common contaminants in mining effluent and their impacts. A literature review found that analyst proficiency and test organism health are major sources of variability. The document evaluates variability in acute lethality test methods and provides supplementary guidance to improve sample handling, testing procedures and data quality.
Eric Cherry is a principal scientist and consultant specializing in environmental evaluation. He has over 30 years of experience in areas such as human health risk assessment, environmental forensics, emergency response, and litigation support. Cherry's goal is to provide objective and cost-effective solutions to environmental issues through applying state-of-the-science methods and understanding the physical and chemical aspects of the environment. He received degrees from Ohio State University in geology and epidemiology.
Response options: Biological Response Indicator Devices for Gauging Environm...OSU_Superfund
Kim A. Anderson, PhD
Professor, Environmental & Molecular Toxicology
Director, Food Safety & Environmental Stewardship Program
Oregon State University
Response, Recovery, and Resilience to Oil Spills and Environmental Disasters: Engaging Experts and Communities A Symposium and Workshop for Community Stakeholders, Researchers and Policy Makers January 29, 2013Energy, Coast and Environment Building, Woods Auditorium, LSU Campus, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
More information on symposium: http://superfund.oregonstate.edu/LSUSymposium1.13#91
More info on research: http://superfund.oregonstate.edu/project4
Stephanie douma natural toxicants 2010 linked in 2011stephdouma
There are many natural toxic substances that occur in soils, water, and air in Canada due to geological processes. While some laws and policies aim to regulate and limit exposure to toxic substances, they often fail to adequately consider geological data and factors. An integrated approach between earth sciences and health sciences is needed to better understand and manage risks from natural toxicants.
Stephanie Douma Natural Toxicants 2010 Linked In 2011stdouma
There are many natural toxic substances that humans are exposed to through air, water, soil, and food. While some laws and policies aim to regulate and limit exposure, they are often inadequate and do not fully consider knowledge from earth sciences regarding the natural abundance and health effects of toxic substances derived from geological materials. An integrated approach between earth sciences and health sciences is needed to better understand and manage risks to population health from natural toxicants.
This study analyzed 20 public drinking water wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts for 92 organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) including pharmaceuticals, hormones, and consumer product chemicals. The goals were to evaluate the presence of OWCs in the wells and determine if surrogates of wastewater impact like nitrate, boron, and residential development could identify wells most impacted by OWCs. Fifteen of the 20 wells contained at least one OWC, with the two most frequently detected being the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole and the perfluorosurfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate. Maximum concentrations of two pharmaceuticals matched or exceeded levels reported in other U.S. public water sources, indicating
Composition and Toxicity of Biogas Produced from DifferentFe.docxmccormicknadine86
Composition and Toxicity of Biogas Produced from Different
Feedstocks in California
Yin Li,† Christopher P. Alaimo,† Minji Kim,† Norman Y. Kado,§ Joshua Peppers,‡ Jian Xue,†
Chao Wan,† Peter G. Green,† Ruihong Zhang,‡ Bryan M. Jenkins,‡ Christoph F. A. Vogel,§
Stefan Wuertz,∥ Thomas M. Young,† and Michael J. Kleeman*,†
†Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, and §Department of
Environmental Toxicology and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California − Davis, Davis, California 95616,
United States
∥Singapore Center for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore 637551
*S Supporting Information
ABSTRACT: Biogas is a renewable energy source composed
of methane, carbon dioxide, and other trace compounds
produced from anaerobic digestion of organic matter. A
variety of feedstocks can be combined with different digestion
techniques that each yields biogas with different trace
compositions. California is expanding biogas production
systems to help meet greenhouse gas reduction goals. Here,
we report the composition of six California biogas streams
from three different feedstocks (dairy manure, food waste, and
municipal solid waste). The chemical and biological
composition of raw biogas is reported, and the toxicity of
combusted biogas is tested under fresh and photochemically
aged conditions. Results show that municipal waste biogas
contained elevated levels of chemicals associated with volatile chemical products such as aromatic hydrocarbons, siloxanes, and
certain halogenated hydrocarbons. Food waste biogas contained elevated levels of sulfur-containing compounds including
hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and sulfur dioxide. Biogas produced from dairy manure generally had lower concentrations of
trace chemicals, but the combustion products had slightly higher toxicity response compared to the other feedstocks.
Atmospheric aging performed in a photochemical smog chamber did not strongly change the toxicity (oxidative capacity or
mutagenicity) of biogas combustion exhaust.
1. INTRODUCTION
Biogas is a renewable fuel produced from the anaerobic
digestion of organic feedstocks including municipal waste, farm
waste, food waste, and energy crops. Raw biogas typically
consists of methane (50−75%), carbon dioxide (25−50%),
and smaller amounts of nitrogen (2−8%). Trace levels of
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, hydrogen, and various volatile
organic compounds are also present in biogas depending on
the feedstock.1 Life cycle assessment studies have shown that
deploying biogas technologies can effectively reduce green-
house gas (GHG) emissions and, therefore, reduce the climate
impact of energy consumption.2−4 Biogas production and
utilization practices also help diversify energy systems while
simultaneously promoting sustainable waste management
practices.1,5 California is promoting biogas utilization by
mandating the low carbon fuels, ...
Abundance of diet derived polychlorinated dibenzo-p-and polychlorinated diben...CarlosLopes319
The document analyzes levels and patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) and its nests in South Korea. PCDD/Fs were detected in the hornets and nests, with the nests containing higher levels than the adults and larvae. The study then estimated potential human health risks from consuming traditional Korean liquor made from polluted hornets and nests. While daily intake of such liquor was found to be below safety levels, the detection of PCDD/Fs in the organisms suggests a possibility of health risks
Application of Forensic Chemistry to Environmental and Toxic Tort Litigationkurfirst
This document discusses the application of forensic chemistry to environmental and toxic tort litigation. It outlines the role of chemical forensics in identifying chemicals of concern, determining exposure levels, and identifying sources of contamination. Consistency in sampling, analysis, and standards used for comparison is important but challenges exist due to varying protocols and alternative contamination sources. Chemical fingerprinting can help identify the origin of chemicals, but forensic evidence faces scrutiny including conflicting expert reports and cross-examination in litigation.
Northern Territory Fracking Implementation Plan a policy review.docxpicklesvalery
Northern Territory Fracking Implementation Plan: a policy review
Contents
Introduction
Background of fracking
Evaluation of Plan
Problem Framing
Policy Framing
Policy Implementation
Monitoring and Evaluation
Policy Implementation for Stakeholder
References
Introduction
Coal seam gas (CSG) is the major contributor for future fuel demand. New emerging technology called fracking is way for exploring new era of petroleum resources.
Better and cheaper than conventional method
Methods are clear but chemicals are used are still not well documented.
Fracking not only related to petroleum industry but also related to Water resource, ecology including marine ecology, health sector, air quality, and agricultural sector
Requires a joint management approach for any decision making about fracking
3
Background of Fracking
Fracking also known as hydraulic fracturing is a method for extracting unconventional gas from deep shale bed using high pressure water to make crack into petroleum bearing formations. Known as shale gas
Labelled as “clean” alternative to coal (Moore, 2013)
Pros
Alternative source of fuel
Low cost
More job opportunity
Cons
Requires huge amount of water
Contamination of ground water
Lose of potential aquifer
Can trigger earthquake
Fracking process
https://www.sbs.com.au/news/what-is-fracking-and-why-is-it-dividing-australia
As of AU water per capital is still better and showing less scarcity but its long drought and on going increase in demand raising a new think about current water policy.
Fracking also known as hydraulic fracking is a method for extraction gas and oil from deep underground using high pressure water to make crack into petroleum bearing formations.
(After CON) Fracking policies vary widely across Australia’s states and territories, and so do community attitudes.
4
How Fracking Threatens Drinking Water (https://www.cleanwateraction.org/features/fracking-threatens-drinking-water)
Ritchie & Roser, 2017
Threat for local water resources: contaminate both SW and GW (Batley & Kookana, 2012)
Open pit waste water storage facilities are responsible for risking death of animals and human health
Open disposal of fracking fluid
Gas production will last nearly 50 years
Gas production is temporary but damage of water bearing formation is permanent
Global Perspective
First used in 1940’s but popularized in 1990’s (Mooney, 2011)
Popularly used in USA
Australian Perspective
Started operation in 1960’s in the Cooper Basin
Fully/ partially moratorium imposed since 2017
Queensland currently sole produce of shale gas
WA onshore operation create large amount of GHG
Northern Territory Perspective
Started independent inquiry and review in 2016
Lack of management and regulatory system helps to halt fracking operation to avoid radioactive contamination (Waste, N.D.)
Large portion of NT owned by Aboriginal people
Continuous protest going on against fracking
NT Govt. issue moratorium on fracking in 2016 (Pepper .
Northern Territory Fracking Implementation Plan a policy review.docxhoney725342
Northern Territory Fracking Implementation Plan: a policy review
Contents
Introduction
Background of fracking
Evaluation of Plan
Problem Framing
Policy Framing
Policy Implementation
Monitoring and Evaluation
Policy Implementation for Stakeholder
References
Introduction
Coal seam gas (CSG) is the major contributor for future fuel demand. New emerging technology called fracking is way for exploring new era of petroleum resources.
Better and cheaper than conventional method
Methods are clear but chemicals are used are still not well documented.
Fracking not only related to petroleum industry but also related to Water resource, ecology including marine ecology, health sector, air quality, and agricultural sector
Requires a joint management approach for any decision making about fracking
3
Background of Fracking
Fracking also known as hydraulic fracturing is a method for extracting unconventional gas from deep shale bed using high pressure water to make crack into petroleum bearing formations. Known as shale gas
Labelled as “clean” alternative to coal (Moore, 2013)
Pros
Alternative source of fuel
Low cost
More job opportunity
Cons
Requires huge amount of water
Contamination of ground water
Lose of potential aquifer
Can trigger earthquake
Fracking process
https://www.sbs.com.au/news/what-is-fracking-and-why-is-it-dividing-australia
As of AU water per capital is still better and showing less scarcity but its long drought and on going increase in demand raising a new think about current water policy.
Fracking also known as hydraulic fracking is a method for extraction gas and oil from deep underground using high pressure water to make crack into petroleum bearing formations.
(After CON) Fracking policies vary widely across Australia’s states and territories, and so do community attitudes.
4
How Fracking Threatens Drinking Water (https://www.cleanwateraction.org/features/fracking-threatens-drinking-water)
Ritchie & Roser, 2017
Threat for local water resources: contaminate both SW and GW (Batley & Kookana, 2012)
Open pit waste water storage facilities are responsible for risking death of animals and human health
Open disposal of fracking fluid
Gas production will last nearly 50 years
Gas production is temporary but damage of water bearing formation is permanent
Global Perspective
First used in 1940’s but popularized in 1990’s (Mooney, 2011)
Popularly used in USA
Australian Perspective
Started operation in 1960’s in the Cooper Basin
Fully/ partially moratorium imposed since 2017
Queensland currently sole produce of shale gas
WA onshore operation create large amount of GHG
Northern Territory Perspective
Started independent inquiry and review in 2016
Lack of management and regulatory system helps to halt fracking operation to avoid radioactive contamination (Waste, N.D.)
Large portion of NT owned by Aboriginal people
Continuous protest going on against fracking
NT Govt. issue moratorium on fracking in 2016 (Pepper .
Rosemary Bloise has over 15 years of experience in peatland ecology, boreal wetland reclamation, and oil spill remediation. She holds a PhD in Plant Biology from Southern Illinois University, with a focus on boreal peatland reclamation. Currently, she works as an Environmental Scientist at Golder Associates, providing oversight for oil and gas spill cleanups in Texas. Her past experience includes vegetation surveys for environmental assessments in Alberta, Canada, as well as serving as an expert witness on peatland issues for regulatory hearings.
Question 1 - 4 marks (750 words)Conceptual frameworks have ident.docxmakdul
Question 1 - 4 marks (750 words)
Conceptual frameworks have identified a number of qualitative criteria that financial information should possess if it is to be useful to decision making. The AASB framework Chapter 3 QC12-16 for example makes reference to ‘faithful representation’, with neutrality being one of the key components of ‘faithful representation’. Critically evaluate whether it is possible for financial information to ever be neutral and/or representationally faithful. In your discussion you should consider why standard setters might want to make reference to representational faithfulness within conceptual frameworks.
Question 3 - 4 marks (750 words)
The Conceptual Framework Chapter 1 OB2 states that "the objective of general purpose financial reporting is to provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity" Does the identification of these particular users have implications for the measurement basis chosen by the IASB? In your response you will need to consider whether fair values or historical costs will be more relevant to the users identified within the conceptual framework.
text book - Deegan, C. (2014). Financial accounting theory (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill: Sydney.
w a t e r r e s e a r c h 4 3 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 1 1 5 0 – 1 1 5 8
A v a i l a b l e a t w w w . s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / w a t r e s
Sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate
on activated carbons and resin: Kinetic and isotherm study
Qiang Yua,b,c, Ruiqi Zhanga, Shubo Denga,b,c,*, Jun Huanga,b,c, Gang Yua,b,c
aDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
bPOPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
cState Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 August 2008
Received in revised form
30 November 2008
Accepted 1 December 2008
Published online 13 December 2008
Keywords:
PFOS
PFOA
Activated carbon
Anion-exchange resin
Sorption kinetics
Sorption isotherm
* Corresponding author. Department of En
Tel.: þ86 10 6279 2165; fax: þ86 10 6279 4006
E-mail address: [email protected]
0043-1354/$ – see front matter ª 2008 Elsevi
doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.001
a b s t r a c t
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have increasingly attrac-
ted global concerns in recent years due to their global distribution, persistence, strong
bioaccumulation and potential toxicity. The feasibility of using powder activated carbon
(PAC), granular activated carbon (GAC) and anion-exchange resin (AI400) to remove PFOS
and PFOA from water was investigated with regard to their sorption kinetics and
isotherms ...
This document summarizes a health impact assessment of air quality and greenhouse gases/climate change for six Latino communities in San Jose, California. It finds that these communities experience higher levels of air pollution and associated health risks like cancer and respiratory illness due to proximity to stationary sources, highways, and vehicle traffic. Climate change is also expected to exacerbate air quality issues and increase heat-related illnesses in these vulnerable neighborhoods. The document recommends measures to reduce pollution exposure, greenhouse gas emissions, and environmental health inequities through the county general plan and environmental review process.
This document summarizes a study on physical contaminants in compost and digestate products. It investigated sampling methods, variability between laboratories, and evaluated a surface area-based testing method as an alternative to the standard weight-based method. Key findings include inconsistencies in industry sampling practices, variability between laboratories in identifying contaminants, and that an area-based method could be implemented at low cost as a supplement to existing weight-based testing. The document provides details on the materials and methods used in the study.
1. Three wastewater samples from unconventional drilling operations in West Texas were analyzed using various analytical techniques including GC-MS, ICP-OES, HPLC-HRMS, IC, and tests for TOC/TN, conductivity, and pH.
2. Several compounds known to be components of hydraulic fracturing fluid were detected in two of the wastewater samples, including 2-butoxyethanol, alkyl amines, and cocamide diethanolamines, toluene, and o-xylene.
3. Proper management of the large volumes of wastewater generated from unconventional drilling operations will be important due to both the quantity and variable quality of the wastew
Use of GCxGC-TOFMS in litigious mixed condensate plumes: Environmental forens...Chemistry Matters Inc.
Authors: Court D. Sandau and Lisa N. Kates
Chemistry Matters Inc.
Abstract; Condensate is a complex mixture of light petroleum hydrocarbons that is primarily used to dilute heavy crude oil for transport through pipelines. Many heavy oils, especially bitumen from the oil sands in northern Alberta, use condensate to dilute the bitumen to allow the product to flow to refineries where the oil can be upgraded. This is where the term ‘Dilbit’ was derived. Condensate is valuable; it can be recycled and reused and is frequently transported through the North American pipeline network. Pipelines gather at pipeline terminals where there can be multiple sources and multiple suppliers of different types of condensates. When leaks occur at these terminals, it can be difficult to determine the exact source of the leak, especially if pipeline integrity seems intact. GCxGC-TOFMS is the ideal technique to examine mixed condensate plumes as it allows the comprehensive fingerprint of the condensate to be determined and simultaneously provides substantial data to evaluate weathering and plume movement. In addition, the amount of chemicals measured using GCxGC-TOFMS can allow source apportionment of multiple sources so that allocation of the cleanup responsibility can be made. This presentation will discuss the use of GCxGC-TOFMS in legal case studies involving mixed condensate plumes. Real scenarios of condensate plumes will be presented showing how GCxGC-TOFMS data clarified the results compared to conventional analysis. This presentation will also cover the hurdles of using a novel and unconventional technique for litigation proceedings.
Fixing False Negatives, Using 2DGC-TOFMS to Correctly Identify Ignitable Liqu...Chemistry Matters Inc.
Wildfires continue to grow in frequency and intensity. Over 80% of wildfires are human caused, with over 20% being attributed to acts of arson. The ability to detect ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) in wildfire debris samples can be very problematic compared to structural fire debris samples.
Forensic methods used in the analysis of wildfire debris are complicated by the presence of natural interferences. Wildfires provide exceptionally difficult matrices compared to structural fires due to the facts that: ILRs are present at lower concentrations; ILRs are more dispersed; natural compounds are present at very high concentrations; structural similarity of natural compounds to ILR compounds; and matrix combustion forms other interfering compounds.
The resolving power of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC, 2DGC) combined with the sensitivity of a TOF-MS permits superior separation and detection of ILRs compared to conventional gas chromatography (1DGC). The high abundance of natural interferences dwarfs the ILR compounds in size and will mask their detection using conventional 1DGC. As arsonous wildfires can ignite with very low volumes of accelerants, better detection limits are required in order to find and identify ILRs in wildfire debris samples.
Case samples analyzed on both 1DGC and 2DGC showed re-analysis by 2DGC changed 7% of negative samples to positive for ILR, and 22% went from tentative to positive for ILR. Inspection of the Stauffer compounds shows some groups are more useful for ILR identification than others. The Three Musketeers Group was ubiquitous, while the Twin Towers and Five Fingers Groups were non-detects by 1DGC but present in up to 90% of positive samples by 2DGC. In addition, the use of 2DGC allows expansion of the targeted list of compounds to expand to all compounds present in gasoline which increase to over 2000 compounds, potentially allowing for gasoline fingerprinting.
Unscrambling Contaminant Mixtures to Determine their Chemical FingerprintsChemistry Matters Inc.
Many contaminated sites have mixed plumes or contaminants of concern from multiple potential sources. Examples of mixed plumes could include mixed free phase petroleum plumes (e.g. condensate) or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from crude oil spills mixing with upstream or local anthropogenic sources (storm water runoff) of PAHs in sediments.
There are several advanced statistical techniques that can be used to determine the number and different sources of contaminant present on the site. In addition, these statistical tools can also apportion the amount of contaminants in each sample, thereby allowing liability to be distributed according the chemistry of the contaminants and those responsible for the release. Apportionment is important for litigious cases as it allows the calculation of who should pay for what portion of the cleanup.
Tools using positive matrix factorization (PMF) have been developed by US EPA but are no longer being supported are still publicly available to use. These techniques can be applied to many different chemical mixtures such as condensates or mixed petroleum hydrocarbon plumes. We have successfully applied the technique to PAHs from sediment data to allocate the source of the PAHs in the sediments to sources identified by the models. Unfortunately, these models are not definitive and provide multiple conclusions depending on their starting point which can make interpretation difficult and sometimes questionable, especially for litigation proceedings.
This presentation provides a summary of statistical tools used for chemical fingerprinting as well as the use of PMF and Bayesian modelling in order to provide some guidance on model usage for contaminant apportionment. The models need to be applied conservatively and require chemistry interpretation to elucidate what end members have been identified by the model and if those end members make sense. The models will be applied to a real case study scenarios to demonstrate their application.
Lawyers, regulators and environmental professionals involved in spill monitoring and liability determination will find this presentation educational in how these statistical models are able to determine sources and amounts of those sources of contaminants on site.
River sediment contains natural organic material, largely derived from allochthonous sources, meaning a source from outside the river. This is particularly important when regarding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can have sources hundreds of kilometers from a sampling point within the river catchment. In fact, every river can contain PAHs from a source other than that which is the focus of a remedial investigation, and consideration of this is very important.
Presentation of the detection of PAHs in relation to guidelines is a requirement for regulatory purposes. However, if those PAHs are natural, or at least originate from a source that is unrelated to the investigation, why take responsibility for them?
In order to determine the source of PAHs it is important to collect the right kind of samples (fine grained, highly organic sediment), analyse for the right kind of chemical package (include alkylated PAHs), and interpret the results using the right kind of techniques.
This presentation will describe the correct, and incorrect use of environmental forensics techniques using example datasets from our work in Canadian oil spill response and US CERCLA investigations. It will focus on how to construct and interpret PAH fingerprints and ratios, and the use of statistics such as PCA. Environmental professionals involved in spill remediation or site monitoring will find this presentation applicable.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on using statistical analysis of soil data from site investigations to better understand environmental conditions at a site. It discusses a case study of a 50+ year old facility where extensive soil data had been collected over many years but significant remediation was still planned. The presentation aims to show how applying some basic statistics to compare the soil data to guidelines can reveal useful insights hidden in the data and potentially avoid unnecessary remediation costs. Key points that will be covered include reviewing site management practices, examining the soil data in detail, applying statistical analysis techniques, and reviewing the outcomes of a case study that incorporated these elements.
Multiple Lines of Evidence of PAH Fingerprinting and Source Apportionment of ...Chemistry Matters Inc.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment. They are produced naturally through forest fires with some congeners having biogenic origins. They are also produced anthropogenically through all burning or combustion processes.
Profiling ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) and potential interfering compound...Chemistry Matters Inc.
During the 8th Multidimensional Chromatography Workshop 2017 in Toronto, Ontario, Dr. Court Sandau presented on profiling ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) and potential interfering compounds during arson and arsonous wildfire investigations.
245TCP - Perspectives on PCDD/Fs from a Review of Industrial Processes and Hi...Chemistry Matters Inc.
This document discusses the production of 245-TCP and the formation of PCDD/Fs during this process. It summarizes that the production process and any impurities in the starting materials can result in different PCDD/F fingerprints. Historical production methods, process diagrams, and experimental data are reviewed to understand how different fingerprints may form depending on the specific industrial process used. Determining these fingerprints can help identify sources of dioxin contamination at historical industrial sites.
Demystifying the Chain of Custody & Forensic Arson Analysis - IAAI 2017Chemistry Matters Inc.
The results for ignitable liquid residue (ILR) analysis depend on early decisions. Sometimes, results depend on decisions made before the investigator even leaves for the arson investigation site.
How to Maintain Legal Chain of Custody
Legal chain of custody is not only about documentation. You do need to document samples and sampling procedures, but as the custodian of samples, you should also be implementing processes and procedures that prevent cross contamination.
During this course, the legal sampling and legal chain of custody process will be discussed along with implications of the sampling process on the analytical results. This will include a discussion on appropriate sampling containers and how it can impact your results.
With this course, you will learn how sampling can impact the chemistry of your results and what you can do about it as well as developing a complete understanding of chain of custody for your courtroom defense.
ILR Analysis Methods
The sampling at the investigation site provides the best opportunity to optimize the detection of ILRs. Several points will be discussed on how to accomplish the best results possible.
Once samples are submitted to the laboratory, they are processed to determine if ILRs are present and what type of ILRs are on the samples. There are different methods for analysis of ILRs and these methods will be discussed.
ILR chemical analysis requires the determination of compounds present in samples collected from the investigation. These compounds need to be present at certain concentrations (above the laboratory detection limits), in certain ratios (patterns match known ILR patterns), and have enough of the marker compounds to determine the type of ILR used on the investigation.
Not all methods and results are equal. Learning the basics of ILR analysis will allow you to ask the hard and appropriate questions about your sample results. It may also help explain apparent false positives from canine detection units.
The Importance of Reference Samples
The topic of reference samples, sometimes incorrectly referred to as 'control samples' will be discussed.
All matrices collected at fire investigations can contain marker compounds used for ILR identification but are not present on those materials because of arson. Reference samples are key samples to any arson investigation and must be collected with purpose for every investigation.
The interferences present in reference samples can help ILR analysis determine the compounds that are present in background locations. This provides further insight for the investigation.
The use of reference samples is especially important in arsonous wildfire investigations. Since ILR marker compounds can be formed in the combustion process, ILR detection in arsonous wildfire samples can be inconclusive if not considered properly.
Using Fingerprinting Techniques and Multivariate Statistics to Identify Natur...Chemistry Matters Inc.
This document presents the findings of a study using fingerprinting techniques and multivariate statistics to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic salinity in soil samples. Radar plots and statistical analysis of parameters like chloride, calcium, sodium, and sulfate concentrations were used to group 54 site samples. Three distinct fingerprint patterns were identified, with two samples having natural salinity fingerprints similar to background samples, 48 samples having anthropogenic fingerprints different than background, and 3 samples having another separate fingerprint. Spatial analysis found the sample groupings correlated with wellsite features. The techniques were able to distinguish anthropogenic impacts despite low overall salinity levels.
Arson: The Science of Fire and Chemical Fingerprints Left Behind - MRU 2017Chemistry Matters Inc.
Wildfire frequency, severity and damages are increasing as climate change causes earlier snow melts and overall drier conditions. Forest fire can be caused by natural through lightning strikes, but the majority of wildfires are caused by humans. Of the 1200 wildfires reported in Alberta each year, over half are human caused. It is the job of a fire investigator to gather evidence at wildfires to determine the origin and causes of the wildfire. Roles of the investigator may include fire scene examination through to delivering court room evidence.
Fire investigations require the highest quality in sampling, legal chain of custody & sample handling, and testing & interpretation of ignitable liquid residues (ILRs). This role can be ideally filled by a chemist/scientist who has an in depth understanding of how all facets of a field program and how the analysis of samples can impact the interpretation and results. Ultimately, prosecution will depend on reliable ILR results and relaying these results to the fire investigators.
Dr. Sandau, and his team at Chemistry Matters, are one of Canada’s leading resources for wildfire arson investigation and have led investigations for some of the largest wildfires in North America. This presentation will explore the chemistry behind wildfire investigations. The chemistry starts from the field work and sampling with the use of canine detection units. It is then carried forward to the instrumentation used for laboratory analysis which is used for the interpretation and ending in testifying in a courtroom setting. This presentation will examine the evolution of our detection systems that allow us to measure molecules at the lowest levels and use their patterns to chemically fingerprint the ignitable liquid residues and other products used which provides valuable cutting edge evidence for potential convictions.
Where Does Toluene Come From? - Petrogenic families and biogenic loners, AGAT...Chemistry Matters Inc.
Specific ecological niches support the accumulation of biologically formed toluene, and the concentrations can easily be found in excess of remedial guidelines. The presence of biogenic toluene in environmental samples can confound remedial investigations of petroleum impacts. However,the determination of the origin of toluene that is acceptable by regulatory bodies requires a scientifically creditable demonstration using a forensic analytical approach, and forensic data interpretation.
This presentation demonstrates the application of established arson analysis methodology and forensic data interpretation methods that can distinguish the origin of toluene as either biogenic or petrogenic. Arson analysis methods are conducted for crime scene investigators to provide legal proof for the presence of petroleum distillates,if present, in relation to arson investigations. This same method can be applied in the environmental field for the defensible determination of the origin of toluene.
Chemistry Matters Inc.and the AGAT Forensic Laboratory provide analysis for arson investigations for the Government of Alberta and have applied this methodology successfully for the demonstration of biogenic toluene at a number of wetland investigation sites. Example data from wetland environments and a range of petrogenic types are presented to explain the operation of the method. Environmental professionals involved in spill remediation or site monitoring should find this presentation applicable.
Where Does Toluene Come From? - Petrogenic Families and Biogenic Loners, Wate...Chemistry Matters Inc.
The seasonal accumulation of toluene by microbiological processes within specific wetland environments is a locally-recognized, but little understood, process. It has not been documented within the peer-reviewed literature. Currently, there is no legally defensible method of distinguishing the origin of toluene in environmental samples.
The presence of biogenic toluene can confound environmental investigations relating to petroleum releases within wetland environments, which comprise a large area of northern Alberta as well as other provinces.
This presentation discusses the results from the application of an established ASTM method, which is already accepted for arson analysis, for the investigation of the origin of toluene in wetland peat samples. The analytical method and environmental forensic data interpretation are capable of readily distinguishing biogenic and petrogenic origins of toluene in a legally-defensible manner. This is conducted by using plant biomarker chemistry to identify natural toluene sources, monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fingerprints and diagnostic ratios, which are possible due to substantially improved detection limits compared with conventional BTEX analysis.
Environmental professionals involved in spill remediation or site monitoring will find this presentation applicable.
Final day of the Dioxin 2016 conference in Florence, Italy, Dr. Court Sandau presented a summary of the analytical talks and posters presented at the Dioxin conference this year. Discussed the biggest highlights on PFAs, PBDEs, the history of Dioxin analysis and his impressions of where biomonitoring is going.
Closing plenary talk given at the International Network of Environmental Forensics (INEF) 2016 conference held in Orebro, Sweden. Presentation covered the history of PCBs and dioxins and their roles in the birth of environmental forensics. The talk discussed a new definition of the term “Environmental Forensics” and provided five main points regarding environmental forensics investigations.
GeoConvention2016_Identifying Surface Casing Vent Flows (SCVF) Using Geoforen...Chemistry Matters Inc.
Presentation at 2016 GeoConvention in Calgary, Alberta. Presentation covered best practices for the collection of samples then using advanced geochemistry and geoforensics to identify source zones of SCVFs.
Presentation provides overview of different case studies that used environmental forensics to investigate sources of petroleum releases. Case studies include biomarker analysis to aid in identifying phytogenic and petrogenic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds for emission source apportionment and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments.
Introduction to talk to be presented on Nov 17, 2015. The introduction shows the multiple compounds that are present in crude oil and refined products which can be used to determine sources of releases and identify products used in arson cases. Such compounds include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylated benzenes, and petroleum biomarkers.
Training seminar for Fire Investigators Association of Alberta on arson laboratory analysis and process. Presentation goes through the process of collection and analyzing arson samples for the presence of ignitable liquid residues.
Presentation was presenting in part on January 21, 2011 for Exova's Environmental Seminar held in Calgary, Alberta. The presentation covers some important points and considerations for those conducting environmental sampling where the data could be used for litigious or litigation matters. Legal sampling is much more intense for procedures and documentation than regular sampling and those doing the work, need to be knowledgeable about those differences. The presentations illustrates the differences using case studies the author has been involved in.
Bullet proof data sets for environmental litigation
CSandau_CV_Nov2015
1. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
Updated: November 2015
1
Making chemistry data meaningful
CURRICULUM
VITAE
Court
D.
Sandau,
PhD,
PChem
Profile
Dr. Sandau is the principal and senior chemist at Chemistry Matters. Previously, Dr. Sandau was president of TRIUM
Environmental Inc. and a senior lead and laboratory manager at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC).
Dr. Sandau specializes in expert witness & litigation support; environmental forensics investigations; geoforensics
investigations; scientific advisor; biomonitoring studies & data interpretation; data quality/data validation; and arson
investigations.
Dr. Sandau has written over 100 publications and has given numerous presentations internationally to his peers. Dr.
Sandau is respected globally for his expertise and has worked in multiple countries.
Education
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, 2001 – Doctorate of Philosophy in Chemistry
University of Western Ontario, London, ON, 1995 - Bachelor of Sciences in Chemistry and Environmental Science
Career
Summary
2011-present Chemistry Matters Inc., Calgary, AB - Principal and Senior Chemist
2011-present University of Calgary, Calgary, AB - Adjunct Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
2006-2011 Trium Environmental Inc., Calgary, AB - President and Senior Chemist
2004-2006 Jacques Whitford Limited, Calgary, AB - Senior Risk Assessor and Western Regional Practice Lead
2000-2004 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA – Senior Lead and Laboratory Manager
1995-2000 National Wildlife Research Center, Gatineau, PQ - Researcher
Memberships
and
Associations
• Association of the Chemical Profession of Alberta (ACPA), Board of Directors
• American Chemical Society (ACS), Member
• International Association of Arson Investigators (IAAI)
• Fire Investigation Association of Alberta (FIAA)
• Journal reviewer: Analytical Chemistry, Environmental Health Perspectives, Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, Environmental Science & Technology, International Journal of Exposure Analysis and
Environmental Epidemiology, Chemosphere, Environmental Forensics, Atmospheric Environment
2. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
Updated: November 2015
2
Making chemistry data meaningful
Selected
Project
Experiences
EXPERT
WITNESS
&
LITIGATION
SUPPORT
Source Determination and Fingerprinting of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Petroleum
Hydrocarbons in the Gowanus Canal
Hess Corporation, USA 2015-present
Review and data interpretation to guide environmental forensics investigation to establish likely source fingerprints and
allocate source of PAHs and PHCs in sediment and other environmental samples in the Gowanus canal.
Environmental Forensics Investigation into Historical Contamination of River Sediments
Three Rivers Management Inc, Pittsburgh, USA 2012-present
Reviewing historical reports and statistically analyzing environmental contaminant data from Portland Harbour
Superfund site to evaluate chemical fingerprints of contaminants on site and in river sediments. The case involves the
chemical fingerprinting of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs),
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHCs), petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) and other environmental contaminants
associated with manufactured gas plants and wood treatment facilities.
Environmental Forensics Investigation of Environmental Contaminants in Centredale Manor Restoration
Project Superfund Site
Stanley Black&Decker, Rhode Island, USA 2012-2015
Used historical sampling reports, data and records to determine fingerprints for potential sources of polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and other contaminants measured as part of previous
site investigations. Developed expert reports and testified on fundamentals of PCDD/Fs as well as the fingerprinting
PCDD/Fs resulting from the different manufacturing processes and waste streams involved with Agent Orange and
245-TCP manufacturing.
Petroleum Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting for Source Allocation of Soil and Groundwater Contamination
ATCO Electric and Imperial Oil, Alberta 2012-2015
Conducting review of historical environmental reports to assess data quality and data gaps for a potential source
allocation of a historical spill. Developed sampling strategy to fill in data gaps as well as interpreted specialty analysis
to assess allocation. Jointly retained by two potentially responsible parties to act as intermediary and develop an
opinion on potential source.
Government Inquiry and Investigation of Odours (VOCs) from Cold Heavy Oil Production (CHOPs)
Baytex Energy Corporation, Alberta 2013-2014
Retained for the development of sampling strategy and development of response to land owners claims of odour
issues near Baytex facilities. Established sampling procedures, selected contaminants of concern, conducted
intensive field program and reporting. Used fingerprinting techniques on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) to determine contaminant sources. Project involved public communication of
scientific data to regulatory agencies, government officials (ministers) and local residents at a public inquiry.
Sampling and Chemistry Expert Witness Support for Petroleum Refinery Case
BP, Texas 2012-2013
Providing expert witness support in reports and review of plaintiff documents on potential air contaminants allegedly
associated with the BP refinery operation. Examined PAH fingerprinting and diagnostic ratios as part of source
determination of contaminants.
3. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
Updated: November 2015
3
Making chemistry data meaningful
Patent Lawsuit Involving Removal of Contaminants from Pharmaceutical Grade Fish Oil
Pronova, California 2011
Provided expert opinion on persistent organic pollutant (POPs) measurements in a pharmaceutical grade fish oil
product. Patent involved the process of removal of POPs from the pharmaceutical product and potential patent
infringement of that process.
Class Action Lawsuit Involving Alleged Exposure to Dioxins at a Wood Treatment Facility
Koppers Inc, Mississippi 2009-2010
Investigated alleged exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from
a former wood treatment facility. Services were retained to analyze chemistry data and biomonitoring data from human
blood samples and comparing to the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) and other human
biomonitoring scientific literature.
Class Action Lawsuit Involving Alleged Exposure to PCBs at a Former Transformer Manufacturing Facility
Kuhlman Electric Corporation, Mississippi 2009-2010
Investigated alleged exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls from a former transformer manufacturing facility. Services
were retained to develop testing procedures and to analyze environmental chemistry data and human biomonitoring
data from blood samples and conducted statistical comparisons to the National Health and Nutritional Examination
Survey (NHANES) and other scientific literature.
Class Action Lawsuit Involving Alleged Exposure to Dioxins at a Wood Treatment Facility
Roy O Martin, Mississippi 2009-2010
Investigated alleged exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from a wood
treatment facility. Services were retained to analyze environmental chemistry data and biomonitoring data from human
blood samples and compared to the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) and other scientific
literature.
Class Action Lawsuit Involving Alleged Exposure to Dioxins, PAHs and Metals at a Wood Treatment Facility
Burlington Northern Sante Fe Railway Company, Texas 2007-2010
Investigated alleged exposure to chlorinated dioxins, PAHs and metals from a local railroad tie plant. Exposure
pathways include inhalation of ambient air and incidental ingestion of soil. Services were retained to analyze chemistry
data, and the corresponding risk assessment, and to render an expert opinion on residential exposures.
Toxicology Review and Chemical Composition of Coal Fly Ash and Comparisons to Soil from Local
Residential Properties
Confidential Client, Nova Scotia 2006-2009
Retained as a plaintiff expert and investigated the chemical composition of fly ash (coal) and compared to soil samples
collected from the surrounding community and plaintiff properties. The potential human health effects linked with
ambient exposures to fly ash and its associated elements were also studied as part of the investigation. Sixty-five
metals were analyzed, including a number of heavy metals and rare earth metals.
Risk Assessment and Toxicology Review for Perchlorate
City of Colton, California 2006-2007
Retained as a plaintiff expert. Investigated exposures to perchlorate in the environment and the potential human health
effects associated with those exposures. Additionally, reference doses and drinking water standards (e.g., maximum
contaminant level; MCL) that have been derived for perchlorate were critically reviewed. Other project-related
chemicals of concern include trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride.
4. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
Updated: November 2015
4
Making chemistry data meaningful
PCDD/F and PCB Fingerprints and Concentrations in Fish and Sediment
Lone Star Steel, Texas 2006
Lead expert in analytical chemistry for the measurement of polychlorinated biphneyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) patterns and levels in fish species and sediment. Provided critical
review of analytical and field-sampling methodology, interpretation of data and third party reports, and development of
field sampling programs to adequately assess risk. Lead expert witness for the measurement of PCBs and PCDD/Fs
fingerprints and levels in fish species and sediment to determine potential sources.
Class Action Lawsuit Involving Alleged Polychlorinated Biphenyl/Dioxin Exposure
Borg Warner Inc, Mississippi 2004-2005
Testifying expert for assessing alleged exposure of local residents to PCBs and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and
dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Provided an opinion on laboratory quality assurance-quality control, significance of blood
contaminant levels (biomonitoring) by comparing to the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey
(NHANES), PCB pattern assessment and the proper scientific process.
Expert Witness/Report on H2S and SO2 for Sour Gas Oil Well Application to the Alberta Energy and Utility
Board
Vaquero Energy Inc, Alberta 2004-2005
Provided an expert report on the potential impact to air quality from a proposed sour gas well application for Alberta
EUB approval. Examined the local air shed and air modeling reports for toxicological interpretation and provided
opinion on potential health implications from the proposed development. All information was supplied to support public
hearing for development.
ENVIRONMENTAL
FORENSICS
INVESTIGATIONS
Petroleum Hydrocarbon Environmental Data Interpretation
Gibsons Energy Inc, Alberta 2014-2015
Multiple projects interpreting petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) fingerprinting data to determine the contribution of different
sources of contaminant beneath a historical trucking, historical on-site operations, chemical storage yard, and partly
decommissioned oil terminal.
Petroleum Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting of Fresh Release on Multiple Source Spill Zone
Plains Midstream LLC, Alberta 2011-2013
Used petroleum hydrocarbon fractions, chromatogram fingerprinting and petroleum biomarkers (terpanes, steranes,
sesquiterpanes and isoprenoids) to provide multiple lines of evidence to distinguish between a recent release of sweet
crude from historical spills (dating back to the 1950s) in a pipeline area with multiple potential sources. The chemical
fingerprinting allowed the client to definitively delineate the recent spill to allow appropriate remediation of their spill
without excessive cost to remediate unrelated historical releases.
Petroleum Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting of Residential Fuel Oils
Stantec Consulting Ltd, Ontario 2011-2012
Conducted an environmental forensics data review on contaminated soil results beneath a residential area. The data
reviewed involved chromatogram review, biomarker pattern comparison (terpanes and steranes) and total sulfur
content to distinguish two aged sources of fuel oil beneath the property under investigation.
5. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
Updated: November 2015
5
Making chemistry data meaningful
Source Determination of Historical Sub-Surface Free Products From Multiple Fuel Sources
Shell Lube Oil Facility, Busan, Korea 2010
Conducted a sampling event of multiple free product sources including on-site source materials under legal chain of
custody standards requiring samples to be shipped to North American laboratory for analysis. The use of a tiered
environmental forensics investigation examining chromatograms, analyzing comprehensive PAH and alkylated PAH
patterns, and multiple petroleum biomarkers (terpanes, steranes, sesquiterpanes and isoprenoids) determined that
multiple sources of free product were present beneath the facility all of which were unrelated to current day activities.
Source and Fate of Nitrate and Nitrite with Domestic Groundwater Aquifer
Imperial Oil, Saskatchewan 2009-2011
Services were retained to design two separate forensic investigations to establish the source of nitrate and nitrite within
groundwater in two local communities. The work entailed a detailed review and interpretation of historical data to allow
the development of a sampling and analysis plan. The investigation included an extensive analytical program aimed
specifically at identifying parameters in groundwater associated with water quality and identification of source. A
number of advance analytical techniques (including stable isotopes and potential marker compounds) were applied to
determine the source and fate of nitrate within local groundwater.
Petrogenic and Phytogenic Hydrocarbon Investigation
Nexen Energy ULC, Alberta 2007-2008
Conducted an investigation to distinguish between natural and petrogenic sources of hydrocarbons. Project involved
examining historical site information, field sampling, interpretation of biomarker data, estimation of natural site levels of
phytogenic hydrocarbons, and establishing target clean up criteria for remediation.
Chemical Fingerprinting of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDDs and
PCDFs) for Source Identification
Assorted Clients, Various Locations 2007-2010
Retained on several expert witness cases and other projects related to potential PCDD/PCDF soil contamination.
These investigations have involved historical and current wood treatment facilities as well as historical incineration
facilities. Soil PCDD/PCDF patterns were used to evaluate sources and to compare to control sites near the facilities
in question. In addition to controls, a research project was conducted to determine background soil concentrations in
Alberta and distinguish patterns for background dioxins in Alberta. As a result of these projects and research
experience, PCDD/PCDF fingerprinting can be completed on environmental matrices to elucidate sources or allocate
responsibility when multiple sources are suspected. Results from these studies have been presented at international
scientific conferences in San Antonio and Belgium.
Environmental Forensic Investigation for Creosote Source Identification
Confidential, Alberta 2006
Retained to conduct an environmental forensic investigation at a property adjacent to a former wood treatment facility
to identify contamination as well as the source of the contamination. Case involved soil and free product sampling for
characterization of contaminants using chemical (extended PAH pattern assessment) and isotopic fingerprinting (stable
carbon isotopes of PAHs).
Geoforensic
Project
Experiences
Investigation of Gas Migration and Surface Casing Vent Fluids for Source Identification
Suncor Energy Inc., Calgary, Alberta 2015-present
Retained for multiple projects to develop sampling procedures for gases and liquids for SAGD operations as well as
develop field specific geochemical fingerprints from potential zones implicated in vent flows and gas migration.
Program involved non-routine field sampling near wellheads, surface casing vent fluid (gas and liquid) sampling
(including steam), production gas and fluids, sampling soil gas well and nearby shallow wells to identify all likely
potential sources.
6. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
Updated: November 2015
6
Making chemistry data meaningful
Gas Migration and Source Identification
TAQA North Ltd, Calgary, Alberta 2015
Retained to sample gas from potential gas migration site located in area where potential biodegradation of other
contaminants may be present. Program involved non-routine field sampling near historical wellhead, sampling from
soil gas well and nearby shallow gas wells to identify sources of gas emitted from historical wellhead. Additionally,
sampling from local production casings for production casing gas was completed to aid in source determination.
Biodegradation of contaminants was shown to be providing highest concentrations of gases in shallow soil gas well
near abandoned wellhead. Results presented to Alberta Energy Regulator.
Gas Migration and Source Identification
Cenovus Energy Inc, Alberta 2013-present
Multiple projects to sample gas from potential gas migration sites located at various sites around Alberta. Projects
generally includes sampling of surface casing vents using proprietary Chemistry Matters Inc. passive samplers and
conducting gas migration investigations using soil probes for soil gas sampling. In addition, local gas samples
acquired from production wells (production casing gas) and local gas wells to aid in source determination for the well
and for the region.
Monitoring and Verification Program Development and Implementation for Carbon Dioxide and Associated
Gases Used in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes
Cenovus Energy Inc, Saskatchewan 2012-2014
Retained to aid in the development of sampling and analysis plans for the collection and analytical interpretation of
samples collected as part of company’s long-term monitoring and verification program. Involvement included analysis
of historical data, development of new standard operating procedures for collection of samples, and standardization of
data interpretation and reporting. These include sampling strategies for soil gas, surface casing vents, high pressure
gas sampling, deep and shallow ground water aquifer sampling and include data interpretation techniques for water
chemistries and various gas and liquid isotopic analyses.
Review of Shell Quest Project Hydrosphere and Biosphere Monitoring Program
Shell Canada Ltd, Calgary, Alberta 2012
Reviewed and provided recommendations on the Shell Quest monitoring and verification program. Project involved
comprehensive review of planned activities, data gap assessment, documented comments and suggestions for
improvement areas and transfer of lessons learned as part of previous soil gas projects involving carbon dioxide
injection programs.
Site Investigation to Assess for Fluids and Gases Potentially Emanating from Enhanced Oil Recovery Program
on Landowners Property
Cenovus Energy Inc, Saskatchewan 2011-2012
Conducted a field investigation in response to a local resident’s concern regarding alleged leaking carbon dioxide and
hydrocarbons on their property from nearby production activities. The investigation involved the development of a
sampling and analysis plan, a statistical sampling plan, two field programs to conduct soil gas and groundwater
sampling, data interpretation and reporting. Using a tiered approach, injection gases were characterized using
chemical analysis and isotopic analysis (stable and radioactive isotopes) as well as noble gas measurements. The
injection gas fingerprint was compared to residential soil and dissolved gas compositions on the property and control
site. The results unequivocally determined that gases present in the subsurface on the property of concern were not
related to the production activities. Results were communicated through reports and in a press conference.
7. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
Updated: November 2015
7
Making chemistry data meaningful
Methane Forensic Geo-Gas Investigation
City of Calgary, Alberta 2007-2010
Fugitive methane emissions were detected at a number of properties controlled by the City of Calgary. Services were
retained to develop a methane reference library for use in the identification of possible sources of fugitive methane.
Results from this reference library work were published in a peer reviewed journal. Detailed forensic geo-gas
investigation and subsequent tiered forensic evaluation of generated data allowed the development of a methane
reference library for typical sources and the identification of potential sources at fugitive methane sites, including a
former nuisance ground and a community playground.
Scientific
Advisory
Emergency Response for Long Lake/Kinosis Emulsion Release
Nexen Energy ULC, Alberta 2015-present
Serving as senior technical expert for Nexen/CNOOC Ltd. for the emergency response and remediation of the
emulsion release at Long Lake/Kinosis. Providing program development support, long term planning for regulatory
requirements for closure and technical review for Nexen management on-site and at head office in Calgary, and
technical contact with AER.
Emergency Response for NuVista Emulsion Release near Chateh
NuVista Energy Ltd., Alberta 2015-present
Serving as senior technical advisory for remediation monitoring and long term monitoring of the emulsion release.
Providing program development support, long term planning for regulatory requirements for closure and technical
review for NuVista personnel coordinating response and remediation.
Emergency Spill Chemistry Support
Ridgeline Canada Inc., Alberta 2015-present
Providing chemistry support relating to environmental spills for the environmental consultant Ridgeline Canada Inc.,
including determination of sampling and analytical practices, and evaluation of environmental fate and transport
mechanisms for specific environmental spill response.
Scientific Advisor for Long Term Monitoring of Pipeline Oil Release into Red Deer River
Plains Midstream LLC, Calgary 2012-2015
Served as lead scientific advisor for Plains Midstream for designing, coordinating, reporting and regulatory
communication. Provided summary reporting as well as in depth scientific analysis, reporting and communication for
all long term monitoring related matters as well as additional project support for residential complaints and
investigations.
Produced Water Spill Source Allocation and Volume Estimation
Pengrowth Energy Corporation, Alberta 2014
Retained to evaluate site investigation data to assess salt fingerprint to determine source of high salinity soil
concentrations near produced water spill and to estimate release volume.
8. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
Updated: November 2015
8
Making chemistry data meaningful
Drilling Waste Management – Toxicity Review and Risk Assessment
Confidential Client, Middle East 2008-2009
Investigated potential human and ecological exposures to drilling wastes and associated leachate. Exposures are
primarily anticipated to occur through ingestion of contaminated drinking water (following leaching) and soils, and
dermal contact with soils. This project involved the collection of both water (drinking water wells) and soil samples for
analyses of PAHs, volatile organics, dioxins/furans, radionuclides, metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, PCBs, alcohols,
glycols, and amines. Additionally, toxicity testing using the Microtox® system was conducted with drilling waste
samples to assess relative toxicity. A human health and ecological risk assessment was conducted with the data
generated through the site assessment activities.
BIOMONITORING
STUDIES
&
DATA
INTERPRETATION
Fish Biomonitoring for Potential PAH Exposure Post Oil Spill
Plains Midstream LLC, Calgary 2012-2013
Retained as senior scientific advisor to Plains for review and project management of long term monitoring studies and
fish biomonitoring studies involving the Red Deer oil spill in June 2012. Project focused on assessment of PAHs in
sediments and measurement of PAHs in fish tissues.
Biomonitoring Data Interpretation for Legal Cases
Assorted Clients, Various Locations 2004-2012
Services provided for several litigation cases involved development of sampling strategies of human samples, analysis
of selected biomarkers and chemical compounds and interpretation of results as compared to the scientific literature
and the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) database. For NHANES comparison, data is
extracted from the historical database and statistically analyzed using accepted procedures developed by CDC. This
procedure allows customized reference range concentrations to be developed that match the exposure assessment
being conducted as part of the litigation proceedings. This procedure has been conducted on exposure assessments
for PAHs, PCBs, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polychlorinated dioxins and furans.
Developed Semi-Automated Method for the Measurement of Phthalates and Organophosphate Pesticides in
Human Urine
ALS Laboratory Group, Alberta 2011
Retained to aid in the development and validation of a semi-automated method for the analysis of conventional
pesticides and phthalates in human urine. Method will be used in the evaluation of general population human
exposure and other epidemiology studies.
Developed and Applied Methodology for Measurement of Parabens in Human Urine
ALS Laboratory Group, Alberta 2011
Worked in collaboration with a commercial laboratory in the development and application of paraben analysis in human
control samples. Project included method development and troubleshooting as well as the determination of normal
paraben concentrations in human urine from the general population.
Evaluation of Sources of Arsenic Within Drinking Water Supply and Optimization of Treatment Processes
Cenovus Energy Inc, Alberta 2009-2010
Retained to evaluate the source of arsenic found within a supply of drinking water and optimize a current water
treatment system to remove the arsenic from the water supply. The program involved the development of an
investigation program, including the design of a sampling and analytical plan, to evaluate the species and source of
arsenic as well as risk associated with water consumption. Interpretation of chemical data will allowed for the
modification of the engineering system to ensure the removal of arsenic to below regulatory guidelines.
9. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
Updated: November 2015
9
Making chemistry data meaningful
Blood Dioxin Biomonitoring Data Quality Review
The DOW Chemical Company, New Zealand 2007
The project involved a level four quality assurance and quality control assessment for the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran analysis of blood plasma samples from a New Zealand biomonitoring study as
well an interpretation and comparison of levels with similar studies and scientific literature.
CFB Gagetown Fish and Freshwater Mussel Dioxin Assessment
Department of National Defence, New Brunswick 2007
The project involved a quality assurance and quality control assessment for the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and
polychlorinated dibenzofuran analysis of fresh water fish and mussel tissues as well an interpretation and comparison
of levels and patterns with similar studies and scientific literature.
CFB Gagetown Pesticide Assessment
Department of National Defense, New Brunswick 2005-2006
Senior advisor for the analytical program for Gagetown pesticide assessment study. Study involved field program
targeting the analysis of historical pesticide usage in various environmental media, including by-products such as
hexachlorobenzene and 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
Developed and Applied Methodologies for Measurement and Interpretation of Human Exposure to
Environmental Contaminants in Blood and Urine
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Georgia 2000-2004
This project is a compilation of the work conducted at the CDC in Atlanta. Managed laboratory responsible for
environmental contaminant exposure assessment, which involved writing standard operating protocols, enforcing
laboratory safety compliance, passing CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments) certification, and running
a quality assurance and quality control initiative within the laboratory. Worked with epidemiologists and toxicologists in
the development of testing strategies and interpretation of human exposure to PAHs, PAH metabolites, diesel fuel
biomarkers, biomass/biofuel biomarkers, antibacterial agents, PCBs, PCB metabolites, persistent pesticides,
organochlorine compounds (including chlorobenzenes), halogenated phenolic compounds, bromo/chloro-phenols,
PBDEs, PBDE metabolites, brominated flame retardants, PCNs, dioxins/furans, toxaphene, incapacitators (including
drugs of abuse), and chemical warfare agents. Work also included analyzing and interpreting results for the National
Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES).
Data
Quality
&
Data
Validation
Data Quality Review and Validation for Legal Cases
Assorted Clients, Various Locations 2004-present
Services provided for most of the litigation cases involved either a critical review of opposing counsel data or data
validation of data collected as part of litigation support work. Several levels of data review and validation (Level 1 to
Level 4) have been provided for case pertinent data based on EPA terminology for data validation.
Remediation Technology Validation
Multiple Clients, Alberta 2011-present
Retained by oil and gas clients to provided third party validation of water remediation technologies to ensure that
instrumentation and technology meets claims of the producer. Projects involve the inspection of the technology,
testing of specifications identified by the producer, sampling to confirm compliance, and data validation to provide
technology validation for the client.
10. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
Updated: November 2015
10
Making chemistry data meaningful
Laboratory Audit and Third Party Laboratory Testing
Multiple Clients, Various Locations 2006-present
Laboratory inspection and audit conducted as part of review of methodologies for client. Projects involve the
inspection of laboratories, method investigations with lead chemists and blind third party continuous laboratory
proficiency testing (CLPT) to ensure data quality. In addition, reference materials for a variety of matrices are
developed and validated for use in the CLPT or interlaboratory studies as necessary. Third party laboratory testing has
been conducted to overturn previous erroneous data, which has caused unnecessary liability to clients.
Water Cut Method Optimization and Validation
Nexen Energy ULC, Yemen 2007
Evaluation of conventional water cut measurement methodology including field sampling, sample handling and
analysis. The method was modified to improve reproducibility and precision then subsequently validated for routine
use. Upon completion, a database and statistical interpretation of long term trends was conducted to determine and
forecast well outputs. Results of the project were published and presented at an international conference in Abu
Dhabi.
Arson
Investigations
Ignitable Liquid Residue (ILRs) Analysis and Forensic Accelerant Determination
Sustainable Resources and Development (SRD), Edmonton, AB 2015-present
Provide analysis and interpretation of data for samples from all potentially arsonous wildfires collected by SRD within
the province of Alberta. Provide a tiered approach to determination of ILR detection and characterization of likely
accelerant on a rapid reporting schedule. Provide all litigation support and testimony required as part of any
prosecution proceedings.
Ignitable Liquid Residue (ILRs) Analysis and Forensic Accelerant Determination
Office of the Fire Commissioner (OFC), Edmonton, AB 2015-present
Provide analysis and interpretation of data for all samples collected by the OFC for all suspected arson investigations
in the province. Provide a tiered approach to determination of ILR detection and characterization of likely accelerant on
a rapid reporting schedule. Provide all litigation support and testimony required as part of any prosecution
proceedings.
Ignitable Liquid Residue (ILRs) Analysis and Forensic Accelerant Determination
Wildfire Management Branch, Prince George, BC 2015-present
Provide analysis and interpretation of data for samples from all potentially arsonous wildfires collected by SRD within
the province of British Columbia. Provide a tiered approach to determination of ILR detection and characterization of
likely accelerant on a rapid reporting schedule. Provide all litigation support and testimony required as part of any
prosecution proceedings.
Legal Sampling and Forensic Identification of Accelerants from Source Areas of a Forest Fire
Sustainable Resources and Development, Grande Prairie, AB 2011-present
Provided emergency legal sampling of soil and fire debris at two source areas of a forest fire on two separate events.
Project involved statistical and judgmental sampling as well as legal sampling protocols to ensure data defensibility for
potential use in legal proceedings. Proper control and comparison samples were required to provide both positive and
negative controls for comparison in order to positively identify accelerants and provide laboratory check samples.
11. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
Updated: November 2015
11
Making chemistry data meaningful
Publications
Peer
Reviewed
Journal
Publications:
21
R.J. Letcher, Z. Lu, S.R. de Solla, C.D. Sandau, and K.J. Fernie, 2015. Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) from
Canadian Areas of Concern across the southern Laurentian Great Lakes: Chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbon
contaminants and metabolites in relation to circulating concentrations of thyroxine and vitamin A. Environmental
Research, Vol 143, p. 266-278.
S.J. Genuis, D. Birkholz, L. Curtis, and C. Sandau. (2013) Paraben Levels in an Urban Community of Western
Canada, ISRN Toxicology, Vol. 2013, Article ID 507897, pp. 8.
D. Megson, G. O’Sullivan, S. Comber, P.J. Worsfold, M.C. Lohan, M.R. Edwards, W.J. Shields, C.D. Sandau, D.J.
Patterson Jr. 2013. Elucidating the Structural Properties that Influence the Persistence of PCBs in Humans using the
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Dataset. Science of the Total Environment, Vol 461-462,
p. 99-107.
L.S. Cesh, K.H. Elliott, S. Quade, M.A. McKinney, F.Maisoneuve, D.K. Garcelon, C.D. Sandau, R.J. Letcher, T.D.
Williams, and J.E. Elliott
.
2010. Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and metabolites: Relation to circulating
thyroid hormone and retinol in nestling bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, Vol. 29, No. 6, p. 1301–1310.
G. O’Sullivan, B.J. Min, J.M. Bilyk, R. Ciezki, R. Calosing, C.D. Sandau. 2010. Forensic Geo-Gas Investigation of
Methane: Characterization of Sources within an Urban Setting. Environmental Forensics Vol. 11, No. 1, p.108-116.
R. Dallaire, G. Muckle, É. Dewailly, S.W. Jacobson, J.L. Jacobson, T.M. Sandanger, C.D. Sandau, P. Ayotte. 2009.
Thyroid Hormone Levels of Pregnant Inuit Women and their Infants Exposed to Environmental Contaminants.
Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 117, No. 6, p. 1014-1020.
Z. Li, C.D. Sandau, L.C. Romanoff, S.P. Caudill, A. Sjodin, L.L. Needham, D.G. Patterson Jr. 2008. Concentration and
Profile of 22 Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites in the US Population. Environmental Research Vol.
103, No. 3, p. 320-331.
T.M. Sandanger, P. Dumas, M. Marchand, C.D. Sandau, M. Sinotte, J. Brisson, P. Ayotte. 2007. Plasma
Concentrations of Selected Organobromine Compounds and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Postmenopausal Women of
Québec, Canada. Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 115, No. 10, p. 1429-1434.
L.C. Romanoff, Z. Li, K.J. Young, N.C. Blakely III, D.G. Patterson Jr., C.D. Sandau. 2006. Automated Solid-Phase
Extraction Method for Measuring Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites in Human Biomonitoring using
Isotope-Dilution Gas Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B - Analytical
Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences Vol. 835, No. 1-2, p. 47-54.
T.M. Sandanger, M. Brustad, C.D. Sandau, E. Lund. 2006. Levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a coastal
northern Norwegian population with a high fish-liver diet. Journal of Environmental Monitoring Vol. 8, Issue 5, p. 552-
557.
A.T. Fisk, C.A. de Wit, M. Wayland, Z.Z. Kuzyk, N. Burgess, R. Letcher, B. Braune, R. Norstrom, S.P. Blum, C.D.
Sandau, E. Lie, H.J.S. Larsen, J.U. Skaare, D.C.G. Muir. 2005. An assessment of the toxicological significance of
anthropogenic contaminants in Canadian arctic wildlife. The Science of the Total Environment Vol. 351-352, p. 57–93.
12. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
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Making chemistry data meaningful
J. Maervoet, A. Covaci, P.Schepens, C.D. Sandau, R.J. Letcher. 2004. A reassessment of the nomenclature of
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) metabolites. Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 112, No. 3, p. 291-294.
K. Saito, A. Sjödin, C.D. Sandau, M. Davis, H. Nakazawa, Y. Matsuki, D.G. Patterson, Jr. 2004. Development of a
accelerated solvent extraction and gel permeation chromatography analytical method for measuring persistent
organohalogen compounds in adipose and organ tissue analysis method. Chemosphere Vol. 57, No. 5, p.373-81.
C.D. Sandau, A. Sjödin, M.D. Davis, J.R. Barr, V.L. Maggio, A.L. Waterman, K.E. Preston, J.L. Preau, Jr., D.B. Barr,
L.L. Needham, D.G. Patterson, Jr. 2003. Comprehensive solid phase extraction method for persistent organic
pollutants – validation and application to the analysis of persistent chlorinated pesticides. Analytical Chemistry Vol. 75,
No. 1, p. 71-77.
J.R. Barr, V.L. Maggio, D.B. Barr, W.E. Turner, A. Sjödin, C,D. Sandau, J.L. Pirkle, L.L. Needham, D.G. Patterson, Jr.
2003. A new high resolution mass spectrometric approach for the measurement of polychlorinated biphenyls and
organochlorine pesticides in human serum or plasma. Journal of Chromatography B Vol. 794, No. 1, p. 137-148.
C.D. Sandau, P. Ayotte, É. Dewailly, J. Duffe, R.J. Norstrom. 2002. Pentachlorophenol and hydroxylated
polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites in umbilical cord plasma of neonates from coastal populations in Québec.
Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 110, No. 4, p. 411-417.
C.D. Sandau, I.A.T.M. Meerts, R.J. Letcher, A. McAlees, B. Chittim, A. Brouwer, R.J. Norstrom. 2000. Identification of
4-hydroxy-heptachlorostyrene in polar bear plasma and its binding affinity to transthyretin: a metabolite of
octachlorostyrene? Environmental Science & Technology Vol. 34, No. 18, p. 3871-3877.
K. Wiberg, R.J. Letcher, C.D. Sandau, R.J. Norstrom, M. Tysklind, T. Bidleman. 2000. The enantioselective
bioaccumulation of chiral chlordane and alpha-HCH contaminants in the polar bear food chain. Environmental Science
& Technology Vol. 34, No. 13, p. 2668-2674.
C.D. Sandau, P. Ayotte, É. Dewailly, J. Duffe, R.J. Norstrom. 2000. Analysis of hydroxylated metabolites of PCBs and
other chlorinated phenolic compounds in whole blood from Canadian Inuit. Environmental Health Perspectives Vol.
108, No. 7, p. 611-616.
R.J. Letcher, R.J. Norstrom, D.C.G. Muir, C.D. Sandau, K. Koczanski, R. Michaud, S. De Guise, P. Beland. 1999.
Methylsulfone polychlorinated biphenyl and 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1, 1 dichloroethylene metabolites in beluga whale
(Delphinapterus leusus) from the St. Lawrence river estuary and Western Hudson Bay, Canada. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry Vol. 19, No. 5, p. 1378-1388.
K. Wiberg, R.J. Letcher, C.D. Sandau, J. Duffe, R.J. Norstrom, P. Haglund, T. Bidleman. 1998. Enantioselective gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry of methylsulfonyl PCBs with application to arctic marine mammals. Analytical
Chemistry Vol. 70, No. 18, p. 3845-3852.
Book
Editor:
1
G. O’Sullivan and C. Sandau. 2013. Environmental Forensics for Persistent Organic Pollutants, 141-162. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands (ISBN:978-0-444-59424-2).
Book
Chapters:
3
P. Ricards and C. Sandau. 2013. Sample Collection and Management for Environmental Forensic Investigations. In.
G. O’Sullivan and C. Sandau (Eds.) Environmental Forensics for Persistent Organic Pollutants, 141-162. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands (ISBN:978-0-444-59424-2).
13. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
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13
Making chemistry data meaningful
G.O’Sullivan, J. Bilyk, J. Waddell and C.D. Sandau. 2010. Differentiating Aged Petroleum Hydrocarbons from Modern
Phytogenic Hydrocarbons in High Organic Content Soils Using Biomarkers. In. R.D Morrison and G. O’Sullivan (Eds.)
Environmental Forensics – Proceedings of the 2009 INEF Annual Conference. 1-11. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of
Chemistry.
D.G. Patterson Jr., G. O’Sullivan, C.D. Sandau. 2010. The Use and Misuse of the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES) Data for Assessing Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. In. R.D Morrison
and G. O’Sullivan (Eds.) Environmental Forensics – Proceedings of the 2009 INEF Annual Conference. 188-201.
Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Extended
Conference
Abstracts:
24
C.D. Sandau and P. Houle (2010). Case Study to Establish Background Soil Concentrations of PCDD/Fs.
Organohalogen Compounds. Dioxin Conference, San Antonio, USA.
D.G. Patterson Jr., G. O’Sullivan, and C.D. Sandau (2010). Data Comparability Between Biomonitoring Studies for
PCDD/Fs – Issues for the Use of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Data.
Organohalogen Compounds. Dioxin Conference, San Antonio, USA.
G.O’Sullivan, B.J. Min and C.D. Sandau. 2010. Source and Fate of Methane within an Urban Setting. Air & Waste
Management Association Annual Conference, Calgary, Alberta.
C.D. Sandau, J.L. Waddell, T. Berthelet. 2008. Novel Approach to High Water Cut Measurement in a Mature Oil Field.
Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
P. Dumas, T.M. Sandanger, P. Ayotte, C.D. Sandau, A. Sjödin. 2006. Semi-Automated Method for the Determination
of 150 Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Serum Using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with
Simultaneous DR-CALUX Assay. Organohalogen Compounds Vol. 68, p. 1593. Dioxin Conference, Oslo, Norway.
P.A. Nony, A.C. Nye, C.D. Sandau. 2006. PCB Data Validation and Interpretation for Establishing Fish Consumption
Guidelines in the USA - A Texas Case Study. Organohalogen Compounds Vol. 68, p.2214. Dioxin Conference, Oslo,
Norway.
T.M. Sandanger, M. Brustad, C.D. Sandau, E. Lund. 2006. Levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a coastal
northern Norwegian population with a high fish-liver intake. Organohalogen Compounds Vol. 68, p. 464. Dioxin
Conference, Oslo, Norway.
C. Simpson, C.D. Sandau, W.J. Mills. 2005. Population and sample based statistical analysis for NHANES PCB-153
and 180 data. Organohalogen Compounds Vol. 67, p. 1760. Dioxin Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
T.M. Sandanger, C.D. Sandau, D.G. Patterson, Jr., G. Muckle, É. Dewailly, S.W. Jacobson, J.L. Jacobson, P. Ayotte.
2005. Concentrations of halogenated phenolic compounds in plasma samples from Inuit mothers and their newborns
in Nunavik, Canada. Organohalogen Compounds Vol. 67, p. 854. Dioxin Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
T.M. Sandanger, P. Dumas, M. Marchand, C.D. Sandau, M. Sinotte, J. Brisson, P. Ayotte. 2005. Concentrations of
polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plasma samples from postmenopausal women in Quebec, Canada. Organohalogen
Compounds Vol. 67, p. 667. Dioxin Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
C.D. Sandau, M.D. Davis, A.L. Waterman, A. Sjödin, D.G. Patterson, Jr. 2003. Development of an automated solid
phase extraction method for the analysis of halogenated phenolic compounds for human biomonitoring using high-
resolution mass spectrometry detection. Organohalogen Compounds Vol. 60, p. 5-8. Dioxin Conference, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA.
14. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
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14
Making chemistry data meaningful
C.D. Sandau. 2003. Toxicology and environmental levels of halogenated phenolic compounds. Organohalogen
Compounds Vol. 65, p. 51-54. Dioxin Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
D.G. Patterson Jr., W.E. Turner, A. Sjödin, C.D. Sandau, J.-F. Focant, J. Grainger, L.L Needham. 2003. Fast,
senstitive, and comprehensive analytical methods including three-dimensional analysis (GCxGC-TOFMS) for
measuring halogenated persistent organic pollutants. Organohalogen Compounds Vol. 60, p. 387-390. Dioxin
Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
R.J. Norstrom, M. Smithwick, S. Polischuk, C. Sandau, J. Duffe, N. Lunn, I. Stirling, D. Muir, C. Sonne-Hansen, R.
Dietz. 2003. Polar bears as biomonitors of levels, trends and effects of contaminants in the Arctic. Northern
Contaminants Program Symposium on Contaminants in the Canadian Arctic, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
J.R. Barr, V.L. Maggio, W.E. Turner, D.B. Barr, J.L. Pirkle, A. Sjödin, C,D. Sandau, L.L. Needham, D.G. Patterson, Jr.
2002. New mass spectrometric approaches for the measurement of PCBs and persistent pesticides in human serum.
Organohalogen Compounds Vol. 55, p.191-194. Dioxin Conference, Barcelona, Spain.
Sjödin, C.D. Sandau, J.R. Barr, M.D. Davis, K. Preston, J.L. Preau Jr., A.L. Waterman W. Román, V.L. Maggio, D.G.
Patterson Jr. 2002. Validation of a high throughput semi-automated sample preparation method for persistent
pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum, based on solid phase extraction. Organohalogen
Compounds Vol. 55, p. 17-20. Dioxin Conference, Barcelona, Spain.
C.D. Sandau. 2002. Halogenated phenolic compounds - formation, effects and levels in biota. EnviroAnalysis
Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
R.J. Letcher, C.D. Sandau, R.J. Norstrom, A. Brouwer, M. van den Berg. 2000. The endocrine-disrupting potential of
methyl sulfone and hydroxylated PCB metabolites in marine wildlife and humans. Atlantic Coast Contaminants
Workshop June 22-25, 2000, University of Conneticut.
C.D. Sandau, M. Ramsay, R.J. Norstrom. 2000. Implication of hydroxylated metabolites of PCBs and other
halogenated phenolic compounds as endocrine disruptors in polar bears. EnviroAnalysis Conference p. 247-252.
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
S.C. Newson, C.D. Sandau, J.E. Elliott, S.B. Brown, R.J. Norstrom. 2000. PCBs and hydroxylated metabolites in bald
eagle plasma – comparison to thyroid hormone and retinol levels. EnviroAnalysis Conference p. 257-263. Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada.
C.D. Sandau, P. Ayotte, É. Dewailly, Å. Bergman, E. Klasson-Wehler, R.J. Norstrom. 1998. Analysis of hydroxylated
metabolites of PCBs (OH-PCBs) in whole blood from Canadian Inuit. Organohalogen Compounds Vol. 38, p.29-32.
Dioxin Conference, Stockholm, Sweden.
K. Wiberg, R. Letcher, C. Sandau, R. Norstrom, M. Tysklind, T. Bidleman. 1998. Enantioselective analysis of
organochlorines in the arctic marine food chain: chiral biomagnification factors and relationships of enantiomeric ratios,
chemical residues and biological data. Organohalogen Compounds. Vol. 35, p.371-374. Dioxin Conference,
Stockholm, Sweden.
C.D. Sandau, R.J. Norstrom. 1998. Analysis of hydroxylated metabolites of PCBs (OH-PCBs) in polar bear plasma
and human whole blood. EnviroAnalysis Conference p. 405-410. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
C.D. Sandau, R.J. Norstrom. 1996. Comparison of methylation methods for the determination of hydroxy-PCBs and
preliminary results for polar bear blood plasma. Organohalogen Compounds Vol. 29, p. 412-417. Dioxin Conference,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
15. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
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15
Making chemistry data meaningful
Magazine
Articles:
5
J. Waddell, B.J. Min and C.D. Sandau. 2011. Condensate Impacts in Fractured Bedrock – Delineation and Pilot Scale
In-Situ Chemical Oxidant Remediation. Canadian Reclamation, Issue 1, Volume 20, pg. 30-32.
G. O’Sullivan, J. Waddell, B.J. Min and C.D. Sandau. 2010. Hydraulic Fractioning and Permeation as a Tool for in-situ
Chemical Oxidation. Canadian Reclamation, Issue 1, pg. 34-37.
G. O’Sullivan, E.J. Martin, J. Waddell, C.D. Sandau, G. Denham, M. Samis. 2009. Applying Petroleum Biomarkers as
a Tool for Confirmation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in High Organic Content Soils. Canadian Reclamation, Issue 2,
pg. 48-51.
G. O’Sullivan, C.D. Sandau, E.J. Martin. 2008. Application of environmental forensic techniques for source
identification of PAHs. Canadian Reclamation, Issue 1, pg. 24-27.
G. O’Sullivan, C.D. Sandau, R. Calosing. 2008. Forensic geo-methane investigation at a former nuisance ground.
Canadian Reclamation, Issue 2, pg. 32-35.
Conference
Proceedings:
85
R.J. Letcher, Z. Lu, S.R. de Solla, C.D. Sandau, and K.J. Fernie, 2015. Organohalogen and Metabolite Contaminants
and Thyroxine Hormone and Vitamin A in Snapping Turtles from Canadian Laurentian Great Lakes Sites. SETAC, Salt
Lake City, Utah, USA.
P. Richards and C. Sandau, 2015. PAHs – Families and Fingerprints. Water Technologies Symposium, Banff,
Alberta, Canada.
S. Mundle and C. Sandau, 2015. Characterizing the source zones for surface casing vent leaks. SPE/CSGM Gas
Migration Challenges – Identification and Treatment Workshop, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
P. Richards and C. Sandau, 2015. Geoforensic chemical analysis of oil samples from the Madison Group – What can
it tell you? Williston Basin Petroleum Conference 2015, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
S. Mundle and C. Sandau, 2015. "Geo-CSI" in the Oil Patch – How Advanced Geochemistry Solves Real World
Problems. Williston Basin Petroleum Conference 2015, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
P. Richards and C. Sandau, 2015. Arsonous Wildfires – stepping into the next dimension, 2D-GC Workshop The 6th
Multi-Dimensional Chromatography Workshop 2015, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
C.D. Sandau, 2014. The Chemistry Behind Investigating Arsonous Wildfires. National Wildfire Investigation
Workshop. Hinton, Alberta, Canada.
C. Sandau and P. Richards, 2014. The Macondo Spill Effect – The Changing Times for PAH Monitoring, Alberta
Chapter of Canadian Land Reclamation Association Conference, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada.
C. Sandau and P. Richards, 2014. Environmental Forensics in the Oil Sands – What is it Telling Us?, Water
Technologies Symposium, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
P. Richards and C. Sandau, 2014. PAHs are Families Not Orphans, Water Technologies Symposium, Banff, Alberta,
Canada.
16. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
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Making chemistry data meaningful
C. Sandau 2013. Use of PAHs in Environmental Forensics Investigations. ISPAC, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
C. Sandau, 2012. Importance of Knowing What is Normal (the need for control or background samples)? Alberta
Chapter of Canadian Land Reclamation Association Conference, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada.
C. Sandau, 2012. Case Study Involving Resident Drinking Water Post Fracking Event, Canadian Society of
Unconventional Resources, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
C. Sandau, 2012. “Fracking Up” Drinking Water? Water Technologies Symposium, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
D.G. Patterson, Jr, G. O'Sullivan and C.D. Sandau, 2011. Data Comparability Between Biomonitoring Studies for
PCDD/Fs - Issues for the Use of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Data. Epidemiology,
Vol. 22, No. 1, S33.
C. Sandau, B.J. Min, and J. Waddell. 2010. In-Situ Chemical Oxidation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Fractured
Bedrock. Alberta Chapter of Canadian Land Reclamation Association Conference, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada.
D.G. Patterson Jr., G. O’Sullivan, C.D. Sandau. 2010. Comprehensive Fingerprinting of Chemical Mixtures for
Environmental and Biological Forensics. Pacifichem, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
C. Sandau, B.J. Min, and J. Waddell. 2010. Effective Use of Environmental Forensics for Determining Liability on
Unknown Sources of Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Remediation Technologies Symposium, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
C. Sandau, P. Houle, and G. O’Sullivan. 2010. Background Soil Levels and Patterns of Polychlorinated Dioxins and
Furans Found in Central Alberta. Alberta Chapter of Canadian Land Reclamation Association Conference, Red Deer,
Alberta, Canada.
L. Fleming and C. Sandau. 2009. Development of a Statistical Approach to Determining Background Groundwater
Conditions at Contaminated Sites in Alberta, Water Technologies Symposium, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
C.D. Sandau. 2009. Legal Sampling and Data Validation for Environmental Litigation. International Network of
Environmental Forensics. Calgary, Canada.
J. Bilyk, G. O’Sullivan, J. Waddell, C.D. Sandau. 2009. Delineation of Petroleum Impacts within Soil Using
Biomarkers. International Network of Environmental Forensics. Calgary, Canada.
C.D. Sandau. 2009 Data Validation and Providing Bullet Proof Datasets for Litigation Matters. International Network of
Environmental Forensics. Calgary, Canada.
E.J. Martin, G. O’Sullivan, C.D. Sandau. 2009. Perchlorate as an Emerging Contaminant – Health Implications,
Environmental Forensics, and Novel Remediation Techniques. International Network of Environmental Forensics.
Calgary, Canada.
E. Martin, J.M. Bilyk, and C.D. Sandau. 2009. Effectiveness of Passive Sampling Devices for Monitoring Ambient Air
Contaminants. International Network of Environmental Forensics. Calgary, Canada.
E. Martin and C.D. Sandau. 2009. Evaluation of the Microtox Toxicity Testing System: Does it belong in the
Environmental Industry. Remediation Technologies Symposium, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
L. Flemming, C.D. Sandau, 2009. Development of a Statistical Approach to Determining Background Groundwater
Conditions at Contaminated Sites in Alberta. Water Technologies Symposium, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
17. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
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Making chemistry data meaningful
D.G. Patterson Jr., G. O’Sullivan, C.D. Sandau. 2009. Comprehensive Fingerprinting of Chemical Mixtures for
Environmental Forensics. The Association for Environmental Health and Sciences Conference, San Diego, California,
U.S.A.
G. O’Sullivan, C.D. Sandau, B.J. Min. 2009. Methane Forensic Geo-Gas Investigation: Building an Urban Reference
Library. The Association for Environmental Health and Sciences Conference, San Diego, California, U.S.A.
E.J. Martin, C.D. Sandau. 2009. Estimation of Total Dietary Intake of Perchlorate and Impacts on Setting MCLs for
Drinking Water. The Association for Environmental Health and Sciences Conference, San Diego, California, U.S.A.
C.D. Sandau, E.J. Martin, B.J. Min. 2008. Recent Trend in Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment
Methodology Illustrated With Case Unique Studies in Canada and the United States. KOSSGE Conference p. 16.
Pohang, South Korea.
C.D. Sandau, G. O’Sullivan. 2008. Development of Toxic Equivalent Fingerprint for Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons and its application within Source Identification. KOSSGE Conference p. 17. Pohang, South Korea.
G. O’Sullivan, E.J. Martin, and C.D. Sandau. 2008. Environmental Forensic Principles for Source Allocation of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Remediation Technologies Symposium, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
E.J. Martin, G. O’Sullivan, C.D. Sandau. 2008. PAH Analytical Techniques and Impacts on Risk Assessment. Society
of Toxicology p. 264, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
G. O’Sullivan, C.D. Sandau. 2008. Development of Toxic Equivalent Fingerprint for Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons and its application within Source Identification. International Environmental Conference, Qingdao,
Shandong, China.
G. O’Sullivan, C.D. Sandau. 2008. Use of Forensics to identify sources of methane. Air and Waste Management
Association Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
G. O’Sullivan, C.D. Sandau. 2008. Environmental Forensics - The CSI of Environmental Investigations. National
Canadian Land Reclamation Association Conference, Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada.
G. O’Sullivan, C.D. Sandau. 2008. Application of Environmental Forensic techniques for source identification of PAHs.
Alberta Chapter of Canadian Land Reclamation Association Conference, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada.
C.D. Sandau, G. O’Sullivan. 2008. Environmental Forensics – The CSI of Environmental Investigations. Canadian
Land Reclamation Association National Conference, Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada.
C.D. Sandau. 2008. Comedy of Errors of Analytical Proportions. Canadian Land Reclamation Association, National
Conference, Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada.
G. O’Sullivan, E.J. Martin, C.D. Sandau. 2008. Development of toxic equivalent fingerprinting for sources of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and its application within source identification. International Environmental Forensics
Conference, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
G. O’Sullivan, C.D. Sandau, B.J. Min. 2008. Forensic geo-gas investigation to develop a methane reference library for
urban sources and its application for source identification of fugitive methane emissions. International Environmental
Forensics Conference, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
18. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
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Making chemistry data meaningful
C.D. Sandau, B.J. Min, J. Waddell. 2008. Quality, Confidence and Lack of Control: Back to the Basics - Part 1.
Canadian Land Reclamation Association Regional Conference, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada.
C.D. Sandau, G. O’Sullivan, E.J. Martin. 2008. Perchlorate as an emerging contaminant – health implications,
environmental forensics, and novel remediation techniques. Water Technologies Symposium, Lake Louise, Alberta,
Canada.
E.J. Martin, C.D. Sandau. March 2008. Preliminary estimation of total dietary intake of perchlorate and impacts on
setting maximum contaminant levels for drinking water. 47th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, Seattle,
Washington, USA.
C.D. Sandau. 2007. Environmental Forensics – Principles and applications for liability management using selected
case studies. KOSSGE Conference p. 44, Busan, South Korea.
P. Heaton, J. Waddell, D. Maxwell, C.D. Sandau, M. Samis. 2007. Phytogenic vs. Petrogenic Contamination: a
Swampy Issue. Remediation Technologies Symposium, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
B.J. Min, C.D. Sandau, J. Waddell. 2007 Guideline Feasibility Assessment Tool: Determination of Appropriate
Remediation Guidelines for Environmental Liability Management under the New Alberta Environment Tiered
Guidelines, Canadian Land Reclamation Association, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada.
C.D. Sandau, B.J. Min, J. Waddell. 2006. Environmental Forensics as a tool for Environmental Liability Management,
Remediation Technologies Symposium, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
C.D. Sandau, P.A. Nony. 2006. Quality Assurance-Quality Control (QA-QC) Requirements and Statistical Interpretation
of PCBs in Fish and Sediment Samples for Litigation Involving Environmental Forensics. Environmental Forensics:
Chemical, Physical and Biological Methods Conference, University of Durham, United Kingdom.
S. Sutherland, C.D. Sandau, C. Ollson, M. Stephenson, G. Clyde, E.J. Martin, G. Ramesh, J. Bucko, B. Thompson, M.
Nahir, L. Spagnuolo. 2006. Challenges of conducting environmental risk assessments in Canada’s north: a case study
of former military installations. Federal Contaminated Sites National Workshop, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
R.J. Letcher, K.J. Fernie, S. Shahmiri, S.-G. Chu, S.R. de Solla, C.D. Sandau. 2006. Snapping Turtles (Chelydra
serpentina) From Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and Detroit River Areas of Concern (AOCs): Metabolic Formation Versus
Bioaccumulation of Hydroxylated PCBs and PBDEs. The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual
Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
R.Y. Wang, S.P. Caudill, C.D. Sandau, A. Sjodin., Z. Li, L.C. Romanoff, L.L. Needham, D.G. Patterson. 2006.
Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Children in the United States.
ology Vol. 17, No. 6, p. S34.
Z. Li, J.Mulholland, C.D. Sandau, T.Russell, D.G Patterson Jr., Andreas Sjodin. 2005. Determination of Particle-
Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Outdoor Air using Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Isotope Dilution
GC/MS. ISPAC, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
C.D. Sandau, Z. Li, L.C.S. Romanoff, D.G. Patterson, Jr., M.A. Villalobos, L.P. Naeher. 2005. Evaluation of Peruvian
Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Urinary Biomarker Measurements. ISPAC, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada.
Z. Li, L.C.S. Romanoff, K. Young, N. Blakely III, R. Wei, D.G. Patterson, Jr., C.D. Sandau. 2005. Concentrations of
Urinary Mono-Hydroxy Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the General U.S. Population: Results from the NHANES
2001-2001 Survey. ISPAC, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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M. Brolsma, C.D. Sandau. 2005. Pyramid Mountain Diesel Full Storage Site Remediation. Remediation Technologies
Symposium, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
Z. Li, L.C.S. Romanoff, K.J. Young, N.C. Blakely III, R. Wei, L.L. Needham, D.G. Patterson, Jr., C.D. Sandau. 2004.
Biomonitoring of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diesel exhaust by measurement of urinary
biomarkers. Epidemiology Vol. 15, No. 4, p. S75.
K.J. Young, L.C.S. Romanoff, Z. Li, N.C. Blakely III, R.W. Wei, L.L. Needham, D.G. Patterson, Jr., C.D. Sandau. 2004.
Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Metabolites in Human Urine Using Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry Detection. The 31st Annual Conference of the National Organization for the Professional Advancement
of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE), San Diego, California, USA.
N.C. Blakely III, Z. Li, L.C.S. Romanoff, K.J. Young, R.W. Wei, L.L. Needham, D.G. Patterson Jr., C.D. Sandau. 2004.
Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites in Human Urine. The 31st Annual Conference of the
National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE)
2004, San Diego, California.
C.D. Sandau, Z. Li, L.C.S. Romanoff, N.C. Blakely III, K.J. Young, D.G. Patterson, Jr. 2004. Measurement of nitro-
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites for human biomonitoring. PITTCON, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
L.C.S. Romanoff, Z. Li, K.J. Young, N.C. Blakely, III, D.G. Patterson, Jr., C.D. Sandau. 2004. Method development for
biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites, PITTCON, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
C.D. Sandau, T. Sandanger, D.G. Patterson, Jr., G. Muckle, S.W. Jacobson, J.L. Jacobson, É. Dewailly, P. Ayotte.
2003. Relation between plasma concentrations of hydroxylated phenolic compounds and thyroid hormone status in
Inuit neonates. Neurotoxicology, Vol 25, No. 4, p. 686. 21st International Neurotoxicology Conference, Honolulu,
Hawaii, USA.
C.D. Sandau, D.G. Patterson, Jr., P. Ayotte. 2003. Effects on thyroid hormone homeostasis and implications for brain
development from hydroxylated organochlorine metabolites in sows and their offspring. Neurotoxicology, Vol 25, No.
4, p. 690-691. 21st International Neurotoxicology Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
N.C. Blakely III, Z. Li, L.C.S. Romanoff, K.J. Young, R.W. Wei, L.L. Needham, D.G. Patterson Jr., C.D. Sandau. 2003.
Analysis of Amino Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites in Human Urine Using GC/HRMS. American
Chemical Society 55th Southeast Regional Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
K.J. Young, L.C.S. Romanoff, Z. Li, N.C. Blakely III, R.W. Wei, L.L. Needham, D.G. Patterson, Jr., C.D. Sandau. 2003.
Biomonitoring Hydroxylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Human Urine. American Chemical Society 55th
Southeast Regional Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
C.D. Sandau, Z. Li, L.C.S. Romanoff, N.C. Blakely III, K.J. Young, and D.G. Patterson, Jr. 2003. Methodological
Developments for Human Biomonitoring of Urinary Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ISPAC,
Courmayeur, Italy.
Z. Li, S.H. Edwards, C.D. Sandau, J. Grainger, D.G. Patterson, Jr. 2003. Biomonitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons Metabolites and Diesel Exhaust Biomarkers in Human Urine by Gas Chromatography/High-Resolution
Mass Spectrometry. ASMS, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
D.B Barr, A.O. Olsson, R. Bravo, C. Sandau, L.L. Needham. 2002. Biological monitoring of exposure to pesticides: A
comprehensive approach to internal dose measurements, Epidemiology Vol. 13, No.4, p. 909.
20. Curriculum Vitae of Court D. Sandau
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C.D. Sandau, P. Ayotte, E. Dewailly, D.G. Patterson, Jr. 2002. Levels and effects of hydroxylated metabolites of
PCBs and other halogenated phenolic compounds on thyroid hormone homeostasis. Conference: Thyroid hormone
and brain development: translating molecular mechanisms to population risk. National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
A.T. Fisk, S. Backus, S. Brooks, S.C. Newson, C.D. Sandau, R.J. Norstrom, D.M. Whittle. 2002. Halogenated
phenolic compounds (HPCs) in the blood of Lake Trout from the Great Lakes basin. International Association for Great
Lakes Research (IAGLR), p. 39-40. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
C.D. Sandau, A. Sjödin, M.D. Davis, A.L. Waterman, W. Román, D.G Patterson, Jr. 2002. Development of a semi-
automated comprehensive extraction and multiple fractionation (S ACEMF) method – PART II – isolation and
purification of PBDEs, persistent pesticides, PCBs and PCB metabolites from serum. PITTCON p. 968, New Orleans,
Louisiana, USA.
Sjödin, C.D. Sandau, M.D. Davis, A.L. Waterman, W. Román, D.G. Patterson, Jr. 2002. Development of a semi-
automated comprehensive extraction and multiple fractionation (S ACEMF) method – Part I – evaluation of different
solid phase sorbents and optimization of overall recovery PITTCON p. 967, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
M.D. Davis, C.D. Sandau, A. Sjödin, D.G. Patterson, Jr., L.L. Needham. 2002. Evaluation and comparison of a
Micromass GCT instrument for the analysis of halogenated micro-contaminants. PITTCON p. 2213, New Orleans,
Louisiana, USA.
K. Wiberg, R.J. Letcher, C.D. Sandau, R.J. Norstrom, M. Tysklind, T.F. Bidleman. 2001. Enantioselective analysis of
organochlorines in the arctic marine food chain: chiral biomagnification factors and relationships of enantiomeric ratios,
chemical residues and biological data. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
K. Wiberg, R.J. Letcher, C. Sandau, J. Duffe, R.J. Norstrom, P. Haglund, T.F. Bidleman. 2001. Enantioselective
separation of methylsulfonyl PCBs using chiral GC-MS with application to Arctic biota. Arctic Monitoring and
Assessment Programme.
D.G. Patterson, Jr., J. Barr, J.M. Dimandja, J. Grainger, C.D. Sandau, A. Sjödin, C. Smith. 2001. Fast analytical and
sample preparation methods for environmental and biomonitoring programs. ICASS, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
A.T. Fisk, S. Newsome, C.D. Sandau, R.J. Norstrom, M. Whittle. 2001. Halogenated phenolic compounds (HPCs) in
the blood of Great Lakes lake trout. SETAC, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
R.J. Letcher, C.D. Sandau, R.J. Norstrom. 2001. PCB and organochlorine biotransformation and methyl sulfone and
phenolic metabolites in Arctic marine biota, Aquatic Toxicology Workshop. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
A.T. Fisk, C.D. Sandau. 2001. Organochlorine contaminants and metabolites in elasmobranches: Have
ecotoxicologists missed a susceptible animal? American Elasmobranch Society, Pennsylvania, USA.
C.D. Sandau, D.G. Patterson, Jr. 2001. High–resolution electron impact mass spectrometry of halogenated phenolic
compounds (including hydroxylated metabolites of PCBs) and their determination in plasma. PITTCON p. 965, New
Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
A.T. Fisk, J.L Pranschke, G.W. Benz, G. Skomal, G.M Pastershank, C.D. Sandau, M.A. Ramsay, M.A. Treble, P.J.
Landry, J. Moisey, R.J. Norstrom. 2000. Persistent organic pollutants in Greenland Shark (Somiosus microcephalus):
concentrations, hydroxylated metabolites and enantiomeric fractions of chiral pollutants. SETAC, Nashville,
Tennessee, USA.
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Making chemistry data meaningful
C.D. Sandau, P. Ayotte, É. Dewailly, R.J. Norstrom. 2000. Hydroxylated Metabolites of PCBs (OH-PCBs) in human
blood. PCB Workshop, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
C.D. Sandau, S. Newson, J.E. Elliott, R.J. Norstrom. 1999. PCBs and their hydroxylated metabolites in Bald Eagle
plasma and comparison to thyroid hormone levels. SETAC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
K.G. Drouillard, C.D. Sandau, R.J. Norstrom. 1998. Quantifying plasma lipids in avians using gravimetric, colorimetric
and enzymatic techniques. SETAC, San Francisco, USA.
K. Wiberg, R. Letcher, C. Sandau, R. Norstrom, T. Bidleman. 1997. Enantioselective separation of methyl sulphonyl
PCBs using chiral GC-MS with application to arctic biota. SETAC, San Francisco, USA.
K. Wiberg, R. Letcher, C. Sandau, J. Duffe, R. Norstrom, T. Bidleman. 1997. Enantioselective analysis of
organochlorines in an arctic food chain. SETAC, San Francisco, USA.
Thesis:
1
C.D. Sandau. 2001. Analytical chemistry of hydroxylated metabolites of PCBs and other halogenated phenolic
compounds in blood and their relationship to thyroid hormone and retinol homeostasis in humans and polar bears.
Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario.