In this research, water bath sonicator was fabricated to extract bioactive compound of plants material using sound energy (ultrasonic waves) and heater. The bioactive compound, flavonoid, has high sensitivity to temperature and extraction time and previous research stated best treatment with combination of 45˚C and 20 minutes. Therefore, fabricated water bath sonicator was equipped with proportional integral derivative (PID) based temperature controller and timer. Based on a calculation using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method, Kp, Ki, Kd parameters are 16.59, 0.0279, and 2463.6, respectively. The experimental result shows that the PID controller can perform as design specification with overshoot 1.39%, error steady-state 0.688% and settling time 37.2 minutes. Furthermore, it was proven that the PID controller has contribution to extract more flavonoid.
Improving the Accuracy of Temperature Control inside Dry-Air Sterilizer Oven ...inventionjournals
The article is devote to the temperature control of objects with lumped or distributive parameters. The problems of keeping a predetermined temperature are discussed. The major attention is paid to the process of maintaining the temperature inside dry-air sterilizer oven. It is shown that the temperature in insulated sterilizer chamber depends not only on the power of the heater but also on the power of the fan. It is concluded that pulse-width modulation with prediction filter algorithm provides good quality control.
MODEL BASED ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE PROCESS UNDER VARIOUS CONTROL STRATEGIES ...Journal For Research
This paper analyze the temperature process in an empirical model. From the empirical model the system behavior is determined by transfer function and the basic controller strategies Ziegler-Nichols & Cohen-Coon method are implemented in it. With these tuning methods the best control strategies are obtained at the final stage by interfacing the system with NI-myRIO kit.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Personal air-conditioning system using evapolar as heat waste managementjournalBEEI
Air-conditioning system that uses compressor-based initiate more energy and affects bill rate. As a result, an application of the Peltier impact module, a portable air-conditioning system is introduced to compensate user convenience by lowering sensible and latent heat inside the office area. Thermoelectric Peltier module is a thermoelectric semiconductor that offers cooling and hot plate once the plate is supplied by electric. The result reduces the cost, power consumption, and give thermal comfort in a dedicated space. The advantage of the study is the ability to cost deduction due to low power consumption and green technology devices factor because without refrigerant that harms the environment. Redesign the product with Evapolar as heat waste management affect the performance and need to be validated. The development stage of this product is better compared to a previous product which offers small scale, light, and portable. This product focuses on the office room, which gives a good feeling to users. This product uses air to remove the heat waste and the result indicates Evapolar is fit enough in dissipating heat. Finally, the performance of this system developed demonstrated that it can attain thermal comfort level.
Improving the Accuracy of Temperature Control inside Dry-Air Sterilizer Oven ...inventionjournals
The article is devote to the temperature control of objects with lumped or distributive parameters. The problems of keeping a predetermined temperature are discussed. The major attention is paid to the process of maintaining the temperature inside dry-air sterilizer oven. It is shown that the temperature in insulated sterilizer chamber depends not only on the power of the heater but also on the power of the fan. It is concluded that pulse-width modulation with prediction filter algorithm provides good quality control.
MODEL BASED ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE PROCESS UNDER VARIOUS CONTROL STRATEGIES ...Journal For Research
This paper analyze the temperature process in an empirical model. From the empirical model the system behavior is determined by transfer function and the basic controller strategies Ziegler-Nichols & Cohen-Coon method are implemented in it. With these tuning methods the best control strategies are obtained at the final stage by interfacing the system with NI-myRIO kit.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Personal air-conditioning system using evapolar as heat waste managementjournalBEEI
Air-conditioning system that uses compressor-based initiate more energy and affects bill rate. As a result, an application of the Peltier impact module, a portable air-conditioning system is introduced to compensate user convenience by lowering sensible and latent heat inside the office area. Thermoelectric Peltier module is a thermoelectric semiconductor that offers cooling and hot plate once the plate is supplied by electric. The result reduces the cost, power consumption, and give thermal comfort in a dedicated space. The advantage of the study is the ability to cost deduction due to low power consumption and green technology devices factor because without refrigerant that harms the environment. Redesign the product with Evapolar as heat waste management affect the performance and need to be validated. The development stage of this product is better compared to a previous product which offers small scale, light, and portable. This product focuses on the office room, which gives a good feeling to users. This product uses air to remove the heat waste and the result indicates Evapolar is fit enough in dissipating heat. Finally, the performance of this system developed demonstrated that it can attain thermal comfort level.
Experimental Determination of Compressibility Factors of Gasesiosrjce
The compressibility factor Z also known as the compression factor is the ratio of the molar volume of a
gas to the molar volume of an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure. It is a useful thermodynamic
property accounting for real gas behavior. In general, deviation from ideal behavior becomes more significant
at lower temperatures and higher pressures. For gas mixtures, a gas composition must be specified while
calculating the compressibility factor.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
CFD Analysis of Manipulator Cabin by Selecting Proper Air Conditioning SystemIJERA Editor
Manipulator is a machine which is used to transfer heavy objects, to reduce human efforts in many industrial applications. Some of them are fully automated while some are manually operated. It is difficult to work in cabin of manipulator for the operator under hot conditions. So it is essential to provide comfort to operator using air-conditioning system. For such applications standard air conditioners are not compatible, so we have to develop assembled system. In this paper we will be dealing with design, selection and fabrication of components like compressor, condenser, expansion device and evaporator. In order to do so, we have calculated heat load.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
For efficient control of combustion and drying processes
Simultaneous or as individual measurement: the GM35 gas analyzer measures CO2, H2O and CO, or N2O, as well temperature and pressure – and it does this reliably, quickly, and economically. As an in-situ gas analyzer, the GM35 detects these gas components directly in the gas stream without gas sampling. Reliability, precision, and short response time of the GM35 offer a key advantage for efficient control loops in all CO and CO2-generating processes.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
comparative analysis of pid and narma l2 controllers for shell and tube heat...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The application of this paper firstly simplified mathematical model for heat exchanger process has been developed and used for the dynamic analysis and control design. A conventional PID controller and Advanced Artificial Neural Network NARMA L2 Controller for Shell and Tube heat exchanger is proposed to control the cold water outlet temperature and test the best efficiency of NARMA L2 and PID controller.The control problem formulated as outlet cold water temperature is controlled variable and the inlet hot water temperature is manipulated variable the minimum possible time irrespective of load and process disturbances.Simulation and verified the mathematical model of the controller has been done in MATLAB Simulink. From the simulation results the prime controller has been chosen by comparing the criteria of the response such as settling time, rise time, percentage of overshoot and steady state error.The Neural NetworkNARMA L2 controller is founded to give finest performance for Shell and Heat exchanger problem like temperature control. Later Need to compare Conventional PID and Advance Artificial Neural NetworkNARMA L2 Controller results which lead to decide which one is best for Chosen has a better performance than other.
Vasthi Engineers are most popular Manufacturing industries in india. we are Supplying Dew Point Meters, Gas Analyzers and Gas Detectors for customer world wide.
For more details visit->http://www.vasthi.com/gas-analyzers/
Comparison of Calorific Values of Various Fuels from Different Petrol StationsIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- The current research work is performed to determine the calorific value of different fuel (petrol samples) available in the state of Telengana (Inda). Different samples were collected from various fuel stations sold by different companies, to show different calorific values which is considered to be one of the key parameters to determine the quality of the fuel.
Automatic Temperature Controlled Air Cooler Design, Assembly and Testingijtsrd
Temperature control is defined as to maintain the temperature at desired set point. It is widely used process. In modern era temperature control is an important factor as it has many applications. Automatic temperature control is the best way to control the temperature automatically in any electrical appliance. This method has improved significantly in temperature control as it functions with least or minimal manual intervention. The result shows the temperature is controlled in an effective and precise manner. In addition, it was observed that Automatic Temperature Controlled Air Cooler was cost efficient as compared to the conventional air cooler. Vijay Kumar Gupta | Himanshu Singh | Kunwar Utkarsh | Ankit Kumar | Abhinav Kumar Vishwakarma | Mohak Gupta ""Automatic Temperature Controlled Air Cooler: Design, Assembly and Testing"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23327.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23327/automatic-temperature-controlled-air-cooler-design-assembly-and-testing/vijay-kumar-gupta
Experimental Determination of Compressibility Factors of Gasesiosrjce
The compressibility factor Z also known as the compression factor is the ratio of the molar volume of a
gas to the molar volume of an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure. It is a useful thermodynamic
property accounting for real gas behavior. In general, deviation from ideal behavior becomes more significant
at lower temperatures and higher pressures. For gas mixtures, a gas composition must be specified while
calculating the compressibility factor.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
CFD Analysis of Manipulator Cabin by Selecting Proper Air Conditioning SystemIJERA Editor
Manipulator is a machine which is used to transfer heavy objects, to reduce human efforts in many industrial applications. Some of them are fully automated while some are manually operated. It is difficult to work in cabin of manipulator for the operator under hot conditions. So it is essential to provide comfort to operator using air-conditioning system. For such applications standard air conditioners are not compatible, so we have to develop assembled system. In this paper we will be dealing with design, selection and fabrication of components like compressor, condenser, expansion device and evaporator. In order to do so, we have calculated heat load.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
For efficient control of combustion and drying processes
Simultaneous or as individual measurement: the GM35 gas analyzer measures CO2, H2O and CO, or N2O, as well temperature and pressure – and it does this reliably, quickly, and economically. As an in-situ gas analyzer, the GM35 detects these gas components directly in the gas stream without gas sampling. Reliability, precision, and short response time of the GM35 offer a key advantage for efficient control loops in all CO and CO2-generating processes.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
comparative analysis of pid and narma l2 controllers for shell and tube heat...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The application of this paper firstly simplified mathematical model for heat exchanger process has been developed and used for the dynamic analysis and control design. A conventional PID controller and Advanced Artificial Neural Network NARMA L2 Controller for Shell and Tube heat exchanger is proposed to control the cold water outlet temperature and test the best efficiency of NARMA L2 and PID controller.The control problem formulated as outlet cold water temperature is controlled variable and the inlet hot water temperature is manipulated variable the minimum possible time irrespective of load and process disturbances.Simulation and verified the mathematical model of the controller has been done in MATLAB Simulink. From the simulation results the prime controller has been chosen by comparing the criteria of the response such as settling time, rise time, percentage of overshoot and steady state error.The Neural NetworkNARMA L2 controller is founded to give finest performance for Shell and Heat exchanger problem like temperature control. Later Need to compare Conventional PID and Advance Artificial Neural NetworkNARMA L2 Controller results which lead to decide which one is best for Chosen has a better performance than other.
Vasthi Engineers are most popular Manufacturing industries in india. we are Supplying Dew Point Meters, Gas Analyzers and Gas Detectors for customer world wide.
For more details visit->http://www.vasthi.com/gas-analyzers/
Comparison of Calorific Values of Various Fuels from Different Petrol StationsIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- The current research work is performed to determine the calorific value of different fuel (petrol samples) available in the state of Telengana (Inda). Different samples were collected from various fuel stations sold by different companies, to show different calorific values which is considered to be one of the key parameters to determine the quality of the fuel.
Automatic Temperature Controlled Air Cooler Design, Assembly and Testingijtsrd
Temperature control is defined as to maintain the temperature at desired set point. It is widely used process. In modern era temperature control is an important factor as it has many applications. Automatic temperature control is the best way to control the temperature automatically in any electrical appliance. This method has improved significantly in temperature control as it functions with least or minimal manual intervention. The result shows the temperature is controlled in an effective and precise manner. In addition, it was observed that Automatic Temperature Controlled Air Cooler was cost efficient as compared to the conventional air cooler. Vijay Kumar Gupta | Himanshu Singh | Kunwar Utkarsh | Ankit Kumar | Abhinav Kumar Vishwakarma | Mohak Gupta ""Automatic Temperature Controlled Air Cooler: Design, Assembly and Testing"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23327.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23327/automatic-temperature-controlled-air-cooler-design-assembly-and-testing/vijay-kumar-gupta
PID-based temperature control device for electric kettleIJECEIAES
A normal electric kettle usually is intended to boil water until boiling point and cannot be controlled. Most of the kettle does not provide the temperature display for user to track the current temperature reading. Thus, this project is inspired from the shortcoming of most kettles that are sold at the market. By using Arduino microcontroller, a device is developed to control water temperature inside electric kettle. To provide automated temperature control, PID controller is chosen since it can provides precise water temperature control with less fluctuation. The device is also equipped with the display of the current water temperature and desired temperature. The device is tested to an electric kettle and the performance of PID controller in controlling water temperature is compared to on-off controller. An analysis is performed based on the amount of fluctuation with respect to desired temperature to verify the efficacy of the designed circuit and controller. It is found that the developed device and PID controller are capable to control the water temperature inside kettle based on the desired temperature set by user with less amount of fluctuation
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
AC-AC Voltage Controller of Power Supply for Heater on Drying SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The coconut fruits is very useful to be processed into cooking oil and it can meet the needs of
cooking for Indonesia people, But before the coconuts processed into oil , The coconuts should be dried
first. Usually the drying process is manually, that is dried in the sun. Unfortunately this way is not hygienic
and can’t b e done continuously, causing the coconut fungus overgrow. This paper proposes methode to
solve the problem above.This research makes the dryer coconut fruitssystem by using the heater.Dryer
system used for dry some coconut fruits that must be reduced the water content up to 5%, this dry
coconutis called copra. System requires heater which will be regulated the temperature. Heater
temperature setting is done by adjusting the heater supply voltage, and this is the task of ac to ac voltage
controller. Ac to ac voltage controller is a circuit converter is capable converting ac voltage with value 220
Vrms at 50 Hz frequency and have waveform pure sinusoidal become ac voltage frequency at 50 Hz with
an output voltage suitable with our need but the voltage waveform not impure sinusoidal or defective as a
result firing angle effects. The output voltage which we set determines the value of the heater temperature.
The output voltage is set from the firing angle of the triac component using the addition and decreasing
angle values. Based on the results of experiments that have been done, if the drying chamber which has
volume 135.2 liters and the temperature regulated at 700 C then the heater with a power requirement of
400 W should receive supply 216 V from ac to ac voltage controller. So the triac of ac to ac voltage
controller fired on 0.55 radians so that the to ac voltage controller that gets 220 V input voltage can
produce 216 V output voltage.
Long term temperature stability of thermal cycler developed using low profil...IJECEIAES
Developing a low-cost thermal cycler for a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is becoming interested in the pandemic era caused by viruses. PCR is the standard gold for the diagnostic. However, in a low-income country, the availability of the device is limited. In this work, the development of a thermal cycler uses electronic modules available in the market. The central part is thermoelectric for heating and cooling, an embedded system to control, and a low-profile cooling fan. The system temperature control used a combination of feedforward, bang-bang, and proportional-integralderivative (PID) control. The control parameter of the PID was successfully obtained by using Chien servo tuning. The feedforward and bang-bang control are used to optimize the cooling cycle and minimize the rise time. The system shows a well-suited temperature accuracy at the denaturation, annealing, and extension temperature with a temperature deviation of less than 0.5 °C. System performance is maintained even though the system has been running non-stop for 24 hours. The low-profile cooling fan, which is usually used for CPU cooling, shows good results in maintaining temperature stability.
Laboratory Proposal for Studies on Poultry EnvironmentIJERA Editor
The goal of the present work was the instrumentation and validation of a laboratory equipped with a control
system for air temperature (tair), relative air humidity (RH) and air velocity (V) to study the environment for
small animals. An experimental was equipped with two air conditioners to manage basic tair and RH in order to
work. Four wind tunnels, with partial recirculation of air were installed in the room. Each tunnel features two
electric heaters and two humidifiers divided into two operation stages. The air velocity is manually controlled by
potentiometers connected to exhaust fans. A system to acquire data and control climatic variables was installed
in the laboratory and it consisted of a datalogger, a multiplexer channel, a relay controller , tair and RH sensors,
sensors for measuring water temperature and digital helix anemometer to measure air velocity. The results
showed that the system presented deviations of ± 0.19 °C, ± 0.75% and ± 0.05 m s-1 for tair, RH and V,
respectively, when comparing the values measured inside the tunnels to those previously established (setpoints).
Functions of fuzzy logic based controllers used in smart buildingIJECEIAES
The main aim of this study is to support design and development processes of advanced fuzzy-logic-based controller for smart buildings e.g., heating, ventilation and air conditioning, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and indoor lighting control systems. Moreover, the proposed methodology can be used to assess systems energy and environmental performances, also compare energy usages of fuzzy control systems with the performances of conventional on/off and proportional integral derivative controller (PID). The main objective and purpose of using fuzzy-logic-based model and control is to precisely control indoor thermal comfort e.g., temperature, humidity, air quality, air velocity, thermal comfort, and energy balance. Moreover, this article present and highlight mathematical models of indoor temperature and humidity transfer matrix, uncertainties of users’ comfort preference set-points and a fuzzy algorithm.
A fuzzy micro-climate controller for small indoor aeroponics systemsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The Indonesian agricultural sector faces challenges producing affordably priced food using sustainable practices. A soilless cultural practice, such as indoor aeroponics, is a compelling alternative to conventional agriculture. The objective of the present study was to develop a system for micro-climate management in a pilot-scale indoor aeroponics system. For this purpose, three fuzzy logic controllers were developed and evaluated to maintain plant chamber parameters (temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity) at desired set points controlled by embedded system controls designed using BASCOM-AVR software. The results showed that the fuzzy controllers provided excellent responses and experienced relatively low errors in all controlled parameters. All parameters changes followed the set point very smoothly and responded accordingly. The averaged percent of working times in which temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity were maintained within less than ±1°C, ±5%, and ±30 lux from the set points were found to be 88.43%, 95.91%, and 85.51%, respectively.
The target of the Indonesian government in 2025 is increasing the use of renewable energy up to 23%, one part of potential renewable energy in Indonesia is biofuel. Biofuel requires raw materials of plant or animal oil with or without catalyst, it does not require the raw material of ethanol or methanol. The product is similar to gasoline and diesel that came from crude oil. Potential oil-producing plants in Indonesia are Palm Oil and Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.). The process of making biofuel from this material is done by heating the reactor or furnace with temperature range of 350-500°C. To reach the stability of furnace temperature, it requires temperature control systems and one of them is PID. Arduino microcontroller is an open source and user friendly platform for hardware and software. The control system that designed by using arduino is capable to control the furnace temperature from 200°C to 400°C and it is using a 6000 watt heater. The best system response is achieved when Kp=15, Ki=15 and Kd=1. With these parameter values, the system has the lowest overshoot response of 16%, so it is safe for biofuel furnace, even though the rise time value is 146 s, settling time of 429 and steady state error is equal to 2.87%.
Similar to Water bath sonicator integrated with PID-based temperature controller for flavonoid extraction (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water bath sonicator integrated with PID-based temperature controller for flavonoid extraction
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 18, No. 2, April 2020, pp. 970~976
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i1.14830 970
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
Water bath sonicator integrated with PID-based temperature
controller for flavonoid extraction
Zainul Abidin1
, M. Aziz Muslim2
, Muhammad Muqorrobin3
, Warsito4
1,2,3
Electrical Engineering Department of Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
4
Chemistry Department of Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 19, 2019
Revised Jan 7, 2020
Accepted Feb 14, 2020
In this research, water bath sonicator was fabricated to extract bioactive
compound of plants material using sound energy (ultrasonic waves)
and heater. The bioactive compound, flavonoid, has high sensitivity to
temperature and extraction time and previous research stated best treatment
with combination of 45˚C and 20 minutes. Therefore, fabricated water bath
sonicator was equipped with proportional integral derivative (PID)
based temperature controller and timer. Based on a calculation using
the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method, Kp, Ki, Kd parameters are 16.59, 0.0279,
and 2463.6, respectively. The experimental result shows that the PID
controller can perform as design specification with overshoot 1.39%, error
steady-state 0.688% and settling time 37.2 minutes. Furthermore, it was
proven that the PID controller has contribution to extract more flavonoid.
Keywords:
Flavonoid extraction
PID controller
Temperature
Timer
Water bath sonicator This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Zainul Abidin,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. MT Haryono 167, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
Email: zainulabidin@ub.ac.id
1. INTRODUCTION
Flavonoid is a useful natural substance which can be found in plants (fruits, flowers, vegetables,
roots, grains, bark, stems, and tea). It is a needful bioactive compound for various applications, such as
medicinal, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic [1-3]. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata L) has a very potent
antioxidant ability which can be associated with flavonoid [4-8]. There are several techniques to
extract flavonoid from soursop leaf. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) is reported as one of
the techniques [9, 10].
Previous research about the influence of temperature and time on flavonoid extraction was
conducted. The research was done for soursop leaf using ultrasonic with temperatures of 35˚C, 45˚C, 55˚C
during 10, 20, 30 minutes. Combination of the temperatures and the times for flavonoid extraction were set
manually. There are 9 combinations and each combination experiment was done 2 times, so that 18 samples
were provided. The results confirmed that the best combination is the one with a temperature of 45˚C and 20
minutes [11].
Generally, the temperature controls are used in industry and divided into constant temperature
heating mode and uniform velocity temperature control mode [12-14]. Temperature control can be realized
using fuzzy control [15] or others. Combination of proportional, integral, and derivative controllers can also
be used for temperature controller, such as Proportional-Integral (P-I) or Integral-Proportional (I-P)
controllers [16]. Furthermore, some parameters (Kp, Ti, Td) must be tuned when the controllers will be used,
especially for Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller [17-20].
2. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Water bath sonicator integrated with PID-based temperature controller… (Zainul Abidin)
971
Tuning of PID controller parameters is essential due to the various applications. Different tuning
methods, such as Ziegler-Nichols, Cohen-Coon, Chien-Hrones Reswick, and optimum tuning methods,
can produce different responses [21]. In a research paper [22], several PID controller tuning methods like
Ziegler-Nichols, Chien-Hrones-Reswic, and Chien et al. were evaluated in open-loop test. The result stated
that the Ziegler-Nichols method gives the best rise times, settling times, and smaller integral absolute error
(IAE). However, other research papers and applications may state a different conclusion. The Ziegler-Nichols
method is not only used for temperature controller but also other applications, such as speed control of DC
motor [23].
In this paper, design of soursop leaf extraction for flavonoid using water bath sonicator is proposed.
The sonicator is integrated with the Ziegler-Nichols tuned PID controller and timer to control the temperature
of 45˚C during 20 minutes automatically. Furthermore, this paper presents research method in section 2.
Section 3 describes experiment result and analysis. Finally, section 4 concludes this study.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
This research was conducted based on several specifications. Block diagram of the system is shown
in Figure 1. This research needs 2 preparations, i.e. hardware preparation and software preparation.
The hardware preparation consists of detail explanation about the used components and working of the setup.
While the software preparation discusses the design of timer and PI and PID controllers applied to
the controller.
Controller Dimmer
Heater in
Waterbath
Disturbance
Temperature
sensor
y(t)u(t)
+
d(t)
e(t)
_
r(t)
r(t) = setpoint
e(t) = error
u(t) = control action by controller
d(t) = disturbance
y(t) = system output
Figure 1. Block diagram of the proposed system
2.1. Hardware preparation
The water bath sonicator used in this research is shown in Figure 2. A temperature sensor DS18B20
was employed, providing a feedback signal to the system. In order to increase the temperature of water in
the water bath, 500 watt heater was installed. An AC dimmer is used to control power supply of the heater.
A 6 volt high torque DC motor was used to stir and flatten the water temperature in the water bath. Ultrasonic
devices were used to make cavitation in the water bath. Inside the control unit, there is microcontroller
Arduino Uno as the controller. LCD was installed to display temperature and timer. The quantity of water
used in the designed water bath is 6 liters. When it is turned ON, the stirring motor operates. And then, it is
followed with the temperature sensor. Normally, the used water has temperature less than 45˚C (setpoint
entered to control unit). Therefore, the heater is then turned ON. After that, PI and PID controllers are applied
in control unit to make the measured temperature same as setpoint. When it reaches 45˚C, ultrasonic devices
are turned ON for flavonoid extraction during 20 minutes, while keep maintaining the temperature. User may
monitor through the LCD. After 20 minutes, the heater, the ultrasonic devices, and the stirring motor
are turned OFF.
2.2. Software preparation
Software preparation is focused on the controller (see Figure 1). In this research, microcontroller
Arduino UNO runs the flowchart shown in Figure 3. The timer and setpoint achievement using the PID
controller are the essential parts. The timer was easily realized by the microcontroller feature, delay timer.
Furthermore, the design specification of the PID controller is determined by the response that must have error
steady-state and overshoot of less than 2% and 5%, respectively. Setpoint used in this research
is the temperature of 45˚C. Performance of PI and PID controllers are compared using the setpoint.
Better performance controller must be used for the water bath sonicator.
3. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 2, April 2020: 970 - 976
972
The arduino UNO runs PI and PID controllers during realizing “present value = setpoint”
(see Figure 3). A PI controller can be stated as follow
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐾𝑝. 𝑒(𝑡) + 𝐾𝑖 ∫ 𝑒(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 (1)
while a PID has an additional term
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐾𝑝. 𝑒(𝑡) + 𝐾𝑖 ∫ 𝑒(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝐾𝑑
𝑑𝑒(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
(2)
In (1) and (2), u(t) is a control action provided by controller while Kp, Ki, and Kd are proportional
gain, integral gain, and derivative gain, respectively. In order to achieve design specification, the PID
controller must be tuned to achieve performance specification. The first Ziegler–Nichols method
was used for tuning of PI and PID controller following reference [24]. A tangent line generated on
the step response of the open-loop system is the basis for obtaining the parameters of the PID controller.
An open-loop step response of the water bath sonicator is depicted in Figure 4. From the figure, delay time
(L) and time constant (T) were obtained. The L and T have the value of 297s and 4107s, respectively.
Following Ziegler–Nichols first method mentioned in reference [24], proportional gain (Kp), integral time
(Ti), derivative time (Td) of PID controller were determined as 16.59, 594, 148.5, respectively. Based on
the values, integral gain (Ki) and derivative gain (Kd) can be calculated as follow.
𝐾𝑖 =
𝐾𝑝
𝑇𝑖
=
16.59
594
= 0.0279 (3)
K𝑑 = K𝑝 x T𝑑 = 16.59 x 148.5 = 2463.6 (4)
In order to compare the PID controller performance, PI controller must also be tuned. By calculating
with the same method, the values of Kp and Ti are 12.44 and 990, respectively. Using the values, Ki can be
calculated as follow.
𝐾𝑖 =
𝐾𝑝
𝑇𝑖
=
12.44
990
= 0.01256 (5)
Figure 2. The setup of water bath sonicator
4. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Water bath sonicator integrated with PID-based temperature controller… (Zainul Abidin)
973
Start
Parameters initialization
Stirring motor ON Heater ON
Ultrasonic ON
Delay timer 20 minutes
Stop
Enter setpoint
Temperature
sensor ON
Present value ==
setpoint
No
Yes
Heater, ultrasonic, stirring
motor OFF
Figure 3. Flowchart of microcontroller
Figure 4. Open-loop response
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
In this section, experimental results are presented. The experiment is focused on the implementation
of the temperature controller. Performance of the PI controller is compared with a PID controller. Then,
the better performance one is used for the experiment of overall extraction system to confirm
the effectiveness of temperature control.
3.1. Experiment of controllers without disturbance
In this experiment, setpoint is 45˚C. Response of the PI and PID controllers are shown in Figures 5
and 6, respectively. Overshoot, error steady state, and settling time are summarized in Table 1. Both
controllers have overshoot and error steady state which achieve the design specification. However, settling
time of the PID controller is shorter than the PI one. Since settling time is the most important parameter for
this system, PID controller suitable for this purpose.
Figure 5. Response of PI controller (without disturbance)
5. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 2, April 2020: 970 - 976
974
Figure 6. The response of PID controller (without disturbance)
Table 1. Responses summary (without disturbance)
Controllers Overshoot Error steady state Settling time
PI 0.823% 0.13% 57.4 min.
PID 1.39% 0.688% 37.2 min.
3.2. Experiment of controllers with disturbance
Using same setpoint, disturbance is applied through 1.5 liters water reduction and addition. Analysis
is focused on recovery time (tr) which is started when disturbance is given (t0). Response of the PI and PID
controllers are shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively. The tr of the PI and PID controllers are 55.6 and
33.9 minutes, respectively. Therefore, the tr of the PID controller is shorter than the PI one. On the presence
of disturbance, the purpose of the controller is to make recovery time as soon as possible. Hence, PID
controller is more suitable for this purpose.
Figure 7. Response of PI controller (with disturbance)
Figure 8. The response of PID controller (with disturbance)
6. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Water bath sonicator integrated with PID-based temperature controller… (Zainul Abidin)
975
3.2. The experiment of the overall extraction system
Since the PID controller has a shorter settling time, the overall extraction system is examined with
a PID controller. Soursop leaves were extracted by the water bath sonicator with 45˚C during 20 minutes,
and the result was examined by using the colorimetric method to measure the total flavonoid, as mentioned in
reference [25]. Samples were taken for the extraction using PID controller (automatic extraction) and without
controller (manual extraction). The extraction result can be seen in Table 2. With the same sample
concentration, the automatic extraction produced more flavonoid than the manual one. Eventhough there
is overshoot during disturbance applied, the automatic one is still better than the manual one.
Table 2. Flavonoid extraction result
Samples Sample concentration (μ/ml) Total flavonoid QE(mg/g extract)
Automatic extraction 1000 229.7879
Manual extraction 1000 214.4848
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, fabrication and experimental evaluation of water bath sonicator with a PID-based
temperature controller and timer have been reported. The PID controller can accomplish design specification
and be proven to be suitable for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Finally, the automatic extraction has
more total flavonoid than manual one. In the future, other tuning method or control method with less
overshoot will be applied to get more total flavonoid. Then the effect of the overshoot on total flavonoid can
be reported.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is supported by Engineering Faculty of Universitas Brawijaya through Hibah Penelitian
Doktor 2019 (Award No. 41/UN10.F07/PN/2019).
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