This document discusses using municipal solid waste in combined gasification systems with coal to generate syngas as a sustainable alternative fuel. It proposes a theoretical model for co-gasifying up to 200 tons per day of municipal waste with local coal in small to medium Colombian municipalities. The model could help address waste management needs while sustaining coal resource use.
Financial analysis of electricity generation from municipal solid waste: a ca...Premier Publishers
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is amongst the largest municipal bodies in the world catering to an estimated population of 17 million citizens by providing civic services. Ghazipur is one of the three existing landfills of Delhi that has come up with a Waste to Energy (WtE) plant processing and disposing off the municipal waste. The plant produces RDF that will result in power generation .This plant will be a source of revenue and also earn carbon credits. This paper deals with the techno economic analysis of the plant to assess its viability on a commercial scale.
Bioenergy production is a promising way to manage the organic waste material while generating the heat and electricity. Anaerobic digestion of the organic material is gaining attraction due to its easy operation and the cost effectiveness. Biogas plant is an efficient bio energy production which mainly practices in developing country to transform waste into gas through the anaerobic digestion. It is a renewable energy source which helps to fulfil the energy need especially for developing country. In this research, the small-scale biogas plant was designed and implemented for household need with cow dung as a substrate. Biogas composition was measured with a multifunctional portable gas analyser. The mean content of methane (CH4) was 63.64% and carbon dioxide (CO2) was 29.04%. Substrate was allowed for store in varying time, i.e., one week, two weeks, and three weeks before the digestion process to increase the bacterial community. The longer the manure/cow dung is stored in a closed container before pass through the digester, the shorter the time for the anaerobic decomposition process.
Study on the Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste of Dhaka cityIJERD Editor
With a population of 170 million Bangladesh is considered as the new growing economic force in
the queue of world trade whereas organic solid waste has been increasing on same scale as the population poses
promising use for it as renewable energy resource. This increasing waste is becoming an issue not only for the
lack of space but also due to it being the cause of illness, pollution, destruction of natural beauty of the city. This
research aims to evaluate and estimates the biogas productions from the municipal solid waste (MSW) through
anaerobic digestion processes. Both Biogas production and power generation from MSW can lead the economy
to prosperity. The estimated potentiality to generate electricity from biogas is 207, 873 and 2878 MW/day, in
years 2020, 2025 and 2050 respectively, could help to meet the increasing demand of electricity in urban
Bangladesh.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Financial analysis of electricity generation from municipal solid waste: a ca...Premier Publishers
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is amongst the largest municipal bodies in the world catering to an estimated population of 17 million citizens by providing civic services. Ghazipur is one of the three existing landfills of Delhi that has come up with a Waste to Energy (WtE) plant processing and disposing off the municipal waste. The plant produces RDF that will result in power generation .This plant will be a source of revenue and also earn carbon credits. This paper deals with the techno economic analysis of the plant to assess its viability on a commercial scale.
Bioenergy production is a promising way to manage the organic waste material while generating the heat and electricity. Anaerobic digestion of the organic material is gaining attraction due to its easy operation and the cost effectiveness. Biogas plant is an efficient bio energy production which mainly practices in developing country to transform waste into gas through the anaerobic digestion. It is a renewable energy source which helps to fulfil the energy need especially for developing country. In this research, the small-scale biogas plant was designed and implemented for household need with cow dung as a substrate. Biogas composition was measured with a multifunctional portable gas analyser. The mean content of methane (CH4) was 63.64% and carbon dioxide (CO2) was 29.04%. Substrate was allowed for store in varying time, i.e., one week, two weeks, and three weeks before the digestion process to increase the bacterial community. The longer the manure/cow dung is stored in a closed container before pass through the digester, the shorter the time for the anaerobic decomposition process.
Study on the Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste of Dhaka cityIJERD Editor
With a population of 170 million Bangladesh is considered as the new growing economic force in
the queue of world trade whereas organic solid waste has been increasing on same scale as the population poses
promising use for it as renewable energy resource. This increasing waste is becoming an issue not only for the
lack of space but also due to it being the cause of illness, pollution, destruction of natural beauty of the city. This
research aims to evaluate and estimates the biogas productions from the municipal solid waste (MSW) through
anaerobic digestion processes. Both Biogas production and power generation from MSW can lead the economy
to prosperity. The estimated potentiality to generate electricity from biogas is 207, 873 and 2878 MW/day, in
years 2020, 2025 and 2050 respectively, could help to meet the increasing demand of electricity in urban
Bangladesh.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Eva Gladek - Circular Cities: Strategies and opportunitiesEIT Climate-KIC
Eva Gladek Circular Cities presentation at the Circular Economy session, Climate Innovation Summit in Milan, 2017. She is the founder and CEO of Metabolic, a leading consulting and venture building company that uses systems thinking to tackle critical sustainability challenges.
Fact checks for the biofuels sustainability debateLeonardo ENERGY
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webinar/fact-checks-biofuels-sustainability-debate
Biofuels are surrounded by sustainability concerns, which negatively impact their market prospects, especially in the EU. Rumour has it, that more than 50 million hectares of land were grabbed to produce crops for biofuels, that biofuels endanger food security in developing countries, and that biofuels do not save the climate. But, biofuels are not simply bad or good. This webinar will take you on a trip along key impacts, in an attempt to split facts from fiction, and to draw lessons for policy makers and developers.
We have an opportunity to reinvent our construction sector and to create a more sustainable built environment by employing…..
•Building Codes
•Standards
•Green Building Rating Systems
PERSPECTIVES OF PROJECT ENGINEERING IN THE DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE IN COLOMBI...Enrique Posada
An analysis is made of the importance of engineering and conceptual analysis for the study of waste treatment and management alternatives. A review of the history of waste disposal in the Valley of Aburrá region of Colombia, allows to discuss the and problems of application of the project engineering and the lessons learned. Proposals are made as a contribution to the potential use of waste to energy methods of waste managing for the region and the country as a sustainable and effective tool for the management of solid waste.
Efficient Use of Cesspool and Biogas for Sustainable Energy Generation: Recen...BRNSS Publication Hub
Biogas from biomass appears to have potential as an alternative energy source, which is potentially rich
in biomass resources. This is an overview of some salient points and perspectives of biogas technology.
The current literature is reviewed regarding the ecological, social, cultural, and economic impacts of
biogas technology. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial
feedstock for the production of fuels, chemicals, and other materials. However, to be truly competitive
in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology
must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural
areas
Intervención de Jerry Saeger, Program Manager at the Voluntary Carbon Standard Association, Washington D.C. en el marco de las jornadas de Mercado de Carbono.
16_02_2011
Evento relacionado
http://www.eoi.es/portal/guest/evento/1392/i-jornada-mercados-de-carbono-y-reduccion-de-emisiones--carbon-markets-and-emission-reduction
Perspectives of project engineering in the disposal of solid wasteEnrique Posada
An historical perspective is shown. Se hace un recuento histórico de la disposición de los desechos sólidos municipales en el Valle de Aburrá y se sugiere resolver el problema con ayuda de las buenas prácticas de la ingeniería de proyectos
Eva Gladek - Circular Cities: Strategies and opportunitiesEIT Climate-KIC
Eva Gladek Circular Cities presentation at the Circular Economy session, Climate Innovation Summit in Milan, 2017. She is the founder and CEO of Metabolic, a leading consulting and venture building company that uses systems thinking to tackle critical sustainability challenges.
Fact checks for the biofuels sustainability debateLeonardo ENERGY
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webinar/fact-checks-biofuels-sustainability-debate
Biofuels are surrounded by sustainability concerns, which negatively impact their market prospects, especially in the EU. Rumour has it, that more than 50 million hectares of land were grabbed to produce crops for biofuels, that biofuels endanger food security in developing countries, and that biofuels do not save the climate. But, biofuels are not simply bad or good. This webinar will take you on a trip along key impacts, in an attempt to split facts from fiction, and to draw lessons for policy makers and developers.
We have an opportunity to reinvent our construction sector and to create a more sustainable built environment by employing…..
•Building Codes
•Standards
•Green Building Rating Systems
PERSPECTIVES OF PROJECT ENGINEERING IN THE DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE IN COLOMBI...Enrique Posada
An analysis is made of the importance of engineering and conceptual analysis for the study of waste treatment and management alternatives. A review of the history of waste disposal in the Valley of Aburrá region of Colombia, allows to discuss the and problems of application of the project engineering and the lessons learned. Proposals are made as a contribution to the potential use of waste to energy methods of waste managing for the region and the country as a sustainable and effective tool for the management of solid waste.
Efficient Use of Cesspool and Biogas for Sustainable Energy Generation: Recen...BRNSS Publication Hub
Biogas from biomass appears to have potential as an alternative energy source, which is potentially rich
in biomass resources. This is an overview of some salient points and perspectives of biogas technology.
The current literature is reviewed regarding the ecological, social, cultural, and economic impacts of
biogas technology. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial
feedstock for the production of fuels, chemicals, and other materials. However, to be truly competitive
in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology
must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural
areas
Intervención de Jerry Saeger, Program Manager at the Voluntary Carbon Standard Association, Washington D.C. en el marco de las jornadas de Mercado de Carbono.
16_02_2011
Evento relacionado
http://www.eoi.es/portal/guest/evento/1392/i-jornada-mercados-de-carbono-y-reduccion-de-emisiones--carbon-markets-and-emission-reduction
Perspectives of project engineering in the disposal of solid wasteEnrique Posada
An historical perspective is shown. Se hace un recuento histórico de la disposición de los desechos sólidos municipales en el Valle de Aburrá y se sugiere resolver el problema con ayuda de las buenas prácticas de la ingeniería de proyectos
DESIGN & FABRICATION OF SHREDDING CUM BRIQUETTING MACHINE REPORT Eshver chandra
The demand for energy is becoming a critical challenge for the world as the population continues to grow. This call for Sustainable energy production and supply such as renewable energy technologies. Renewable energy technologies are safe sources of energy that have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies. So shredding machine is a key to make briquettes which will be used in industries as well as domestic purpose.
Sequential Methodology for the Selection of Municipal Waste Treatment Alterna...AproximacionAlFuturo
Most municipalities in developing countries lack technical and economic resources to improve their municipal solid waste management (MSWM) system. Therefore, tools are needed that enable the most appropriate solutions to be identified to put waste to better use.
Birmingham Energy Institute - Fraunhofer UMSICHT CollaborationGavin Harper
The Birmingham Energy Institute and Fraunhofer UMSICHT are combining academic expertise with industrial capability to develop a Joint Research Platform that will deliver new approaches to energy and waste management with the beneficiaries being cities and communities. As such, this new collaboration will address the practical challenges that sit at the heart of the energy waste nexus, applying academic insight to accelerate innovation to the market place.
Integrated green technologies for msw (mam ver.)mamdouh sabour
SA is facing a great challenges for waste management due to the fast demographic and industrial growth, which left the country with accumulative amount of generated waste that needs to be managed in the most cost-effective, sustainable and green.
Presently most electrical/electronic equipment (EEE) is not designed for recycling, let alone for circulation. Plastics in these products account for 20% of material use, and through better design, significant environmental and financial savings could be gained.
Technological solutions and circular design opportunities already exist, but they haven’t been implemented yet.
Some challenges, such as ease of disassembly, could be resolved through better communication and by sharing learnings across the value chain.
Instead of WEEE, we should focus on developing CEEE: Circular Electrical and Electronic Equipment.
The case examples of this report show how different stages of the lifecycle can be designed so that plastics circulation becomes possible and makes business sense.
Green Buildings Overview and Analysis of Energy Efficient Buildingpaperpublications3
Abstract: The challenges our planet faces, particularly climate change and sustainable economic development, are global in nature and so require global solutions. The building sector, which consumes as much as 40% of world’s energy, 12% of its water and contributes 40% of its waste sent to landfill, is the major part of this global problem. Reducing energy use in buildings saves resources and money while reducing pollution and CO2 in the atmosphere. It also leverages even greater savings at power plants. For the average 33-percent-efficient coal-fired power plant, saving a unit of electricity in a building saves three units of fuel at the power plant. So to reduce green house gas emission, government promotes new buildings construction and to retrofit existing buildings while satisfying low energy criteria. This means improving energy efficiency of buildings and energy systems, developing sustainable building concepts and promoting renewable energy sources. “Green” or “sustainable” buildings use key resources like energy, water, materials, and land more efficiently than buildings that are just built to code. With more natural light and better air quality, green buildings typically contribute to improved employee and student health, comfort, and productivity. A green building depletes the natural resources to the minimum during its construction and operation. In this paper an over view of green building is discussed.
Green Hydrogen Energy Fuel for the Future in Indiaijtsrd
Hydrogen has an important potential role in a net zero economy as it has no carbon emissions at the point of use. Hydrogen fuels are versatile, capable of being produced and used in many ways, including production from renewable sources and applications to decarbonize challenging areas, such as heavy transport, industry, and heat, as well as the storage and transport of energy. It is already widely used in industry and agriculture, but their current production carries a high greenhouse gas footprint. Significant greenhouse gas emission reductions could be achieved through decarbonization of production for both existing and new applications. However, it currently faces challenges that require technological advances, including in their generation, storage, and use, particularly the costs involved in achieving net zero life cycle emissions. Further research, development, demonstration, and deployment are required to identify the areas where hydrogen can make a critical difference in practice. Dr. Arvind Kumar | Prabhash Kumar "Green Hydrogen - Energy Fuel for the Future in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52815.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/52815/green-hydrogen--energy-fuel-for-the-future-in-india/dr-arvind-kumar
Registros de la marcha del 21 de abril en Medellin Colombia.pdfEnrique Posada
PUEDEN MIRAR EL VIDEO REGISTRO DE ESTA MARCHA EN YOUTUBE
https://studio.youtube.com/video/60N9yiVEhd0/edit
El 21 de abril de 2024 se llevaron a cabo marchas en todo el país contra el funesto gobierno de Petro. Hemos recogido un testimonio de esta marcha en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, para que quede claro el sentimiento de miles de personas que se expresaron, de muchas formas, con entusiasmo, sencillez, naturalidad, sin violencia, cantando himnos y consignas. Como era de esperar en este arrogante señor, menospreció y demeritó las marchas, que fueron apoteósicas en todo el país. Les invito a ver este análisis de la marcha y de la que trató de organizar y de manipular Petro el 1 de mayo (día de la tradicional marcha sindical del Día del Trabajo), para ver los contrastes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oppThrZonP4
Inteligencia estrategica en la solucion del problema de desechos solidos en C...Enrique Posada
La cultura es el conjunto de prácticas, de creencias, de formas de pensar, de niveles de conciencia que tienen los grupos humanos.
La sostenibilidad se ha ido convirtiendo cada vez más en un componente fundamental de las culturas en todas las regiones del mundo.
La práctica de la sostenibilidad implica cambios importantes en la concepción del mundo.
La sostenibilidad implica ciclos complejos e interconectados, ciclos de retroalimentación.
Para tener éxito, es necesario que las personas y las organizaciones posean estados creativos, estados avanzados de conciencia.
Las actitudes creativas tienen que ver con el despertar de las capacidades para imaginar, establecer visiones, generar declaraciones, asumir compromisos y políticas que resulten en la conservación de la tierra y sus recursos, con acciones que eviten el desperdicio y muestren respeto por lo racional y por las formas correctas de proceder.
La creatividad ayuda a generar preguntas importantes, cuestiones sustanciales, que dan lugar a actitudes de cambio, de desarrollo, de innovación, de investigación, a enfoques novedosos hacia los problemas y a la generación de alternativas.
De ello depende la sostenibilidad real del sector de los plásticos, que está en la mira de las críticas a la realidad actual, como fuente de amenazas al medio ambiente y como símbolo de la sociedad de consumo.
Es aquí donde interviene la práctica de las metodologías, las tecnologías y las ingenierías apropiadas, altamente motivadas, éticas y ricas en creatividad, para hacer contribuciones esenciales a la sostenibilidad.
HACIA LA CREACIÓN DE UNA CULTURA WTE
No es asunto fácil, ya que implica rompimiento de esquemas, cambio de puntos de vista y generación de nuevos conocimiento y tecnología
WTERT Colombia y la SAI vienen desarrollando tareas continuas para crear conciencia sobre estos asuntos y para fundamentar sus propuestas con base en conocimiento validado, según los siguiente cuatro principios estratégicos.
Teoría y principios operativa. Bases
Ensayos e información experimental
El estado del arte
Fabricantes de equipo, proveedores comerciales y mercado
Para el tratamiento WTE lo más acostumbrado es el uso de los sistemas de incineración mediante combustión controlada.
Existen también sistemas de Gasificación, tratamiento a altas temperaturas con Antorchas de Plasma y la Pirólisis
En los países más desarrollados se trabaja con una combinación de métodos de reciclaje y de WTE (Waste to energy, generación de energía desde los desechos)
La Sostenibilidad y los ODS Normas y proyectosEnrique Posada
LA SOSTENIBILIDAD (1)
Existe un amplio consenso entre los expertos en todo el mundo que señalan que se está dando en la tierra un significativo cambio climático, el cual se manifiesta en aumentos de la temperatura media superficial del planeta y en aumentos en el nivel del mar.
Según la mayoría de los expertos estos cambios se deben al aumento en las concentraciones ambientales de los denominados gases de efecto invernadero, como es el caso del CO2, aumento que se origina claramente en la actividad humana y en el empleo industrial, comercial y social de los combustibles fósiles.
El cambio climático se considera una clara amenaza para la vida, la civilización y la tierra misma.
Se unen a esta situación las dificultades relacionadas con la pobreza, las tensiones sociales, las migraciones masivas y la violencia. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, desde hace unas tres décadas, se han venido sosteniendo diversos foros y conferencias internacionales, en las cuales se ha planteado la problemática descrita.
No ha sido fácil alcanzar consensos sobre las situaciones y sobre las acciones necesarias, pero se ha ido avanzando internacionalmente, siendo quizás lo más significativo lo que tiene que ver con el desarrollo del concepto de la sostenibilidad, el planteamiento de los denominados ODS, objetivos del desarrollo sostenible y el establecimiento de metas y de planes de trabajo internacionales, regionales y nacionales para logra ponerle límites al calentamiento global y desarrollar medidas de mitigación de los impactos negativos del cambio climático.
El concepto de desarrollo sostenible y de la sostenibilidad tiene que ver con que la sociedad funcione con base en prácticas compatibles con el futuro, de modo que se tengan en cuenta los recursos naturales, las limitaciones ambientales y las necesidades sociales.
Esto se logra con un equilibrio entre tres factores básicos: medio ambiente, economía y sociedad, de modo que haya supervivencia de los diferentes esfuerzos humanos (proyectos, empresas, organizaciones) a lo largo del tiempo.
Al enfrentar el desafío de la sostenibilidad, se deberán responder las siguientes preguntas:
¿Qué principios pueden contribuir al uso sostenible?
¿Cómo puede ser nuestra visión para sentir que estamos asociados con la sostenibilidad y que no somos simplemente consumidores y generadores de una economía desechable y derrochadora que conduce al agotamiento de los materiales y al daño a la tierra?
Estas no son preguntas fáciles. La primera trata del conocimiento, de la tecnología, de la regulación y de los métodos. La segunda muestra los desafíos asociados con las creencias y objetivos de las personas. Y se relaciona con un problema cultural
Conciencia, creencias y leyes de la fisica modernaEnrique Posada
Se explora el tema de las relaciones entre la conciencia y las leyes de la física. Para ello se hace una revisión de 10 conceptos fundamentales de la física moderna, de manera simple y enunciada, estableciendo relaciones entre ellos y la exploración creativa de la conciencia personal y colectiva, proponiendo y desarrollando 10 principios para estimular la creatividad.
PRINCIPIO DE LA " NO-LOCALIDAD "
En el corazón de todas las cosas existe una chispa, un sentido de lo divino
SOMOS INVESTIGADORES ETICOS Y EFECTIVOS CUANDO DESCUBRIMOS NUESTROS DEBERES COMO CREADORES DE LAS NUEVAS REALIDADES EMPRESARIALES, INSPIRADOS POR NUESTRA PROPIA CHISPAS DIVINAS
PRINCIPIO DE LA " PARTICIPACION DEL OBSERVADOR "
Todo lo que descubrimos está profundamente influido por el motivo que nos lleva a investigar. El observador crea la realidad
HACEMOS FUTURO AL DECIDIRNOS POR UNA VISION CREATIVA EN NUESTRO TRABAJO
PRINCIPIO DE LA "INCERTIDUMBRE "
No son posible hechos o aspectos que sean totalmente ciertos. Toda la vida es un trabajo indeterminado en progreso
EN LA AUSENCIA DE CERTIDUMBRE SIEMPRE ES POSIBLE UN CAMBIO FAVORABLE
PRINCIPIO DE LA "COMPLEMENTARIEDAD"
La comprensión de la existencia de lados opuestos en todas las cosas nos libera de la creación de limitaciones artificiales.
ESTA LIBERTAD HACE QUE LOS LA RESPONSABILIDAD SEA POSIBLE
PRINCIPIO DE LA "UNIDAD "
Todo lo que existe en el Cosmos es inseparable
DESDE LA UNION DE CONCEPTOS, DE CUERPOS, DE MENTES, DE IDEALES, DE ESFUERZOS, DE INFORMACION; DESDE TODAS LAS UNIONES, SURGE EL CAMBIO QUE BUSCA EL PAÍS.
PRINCIPIO DE LOS UNIVERSOS PARALELOS:
Hay varios niveles de realidad. Hay varios niveles de conciencia
El sentido de la vida es tan amplio y rico como nuestras conciencias y
nuestras creaciones lo permitan.
EL ESTAR LIMITADO POR CREENCIAS DE PEQUEÑO CALIBRE APAGA NUESTRA CHISPA DIVINA Y NOS HACE ESCLAVOS
PRINCIPIO DE RELATIVIDAD DEL TIEMPO
El concepto limitado y lineal que hemos asignado al tiempo, evita que
observemos el Universo de una ojeada. Por ello tenemos que aprender poco a poco, a punta de muchos errores, a punta de amenazas para la vida.
LA VIDA ES BELLA CUANDO ENTENDEMOS EL ETERNO PRESENTE.
PRINCIPIO DE "LOS CAMPOS DE ENERGIA"
La vida, la naturaleza y todos nosotros somos una manifestación de un potencial infinito que se manifiesta energéticamente.
Somos parte de una danza incesante de masa y energía. Somos flujo interminable.
EN LA CONCIENCIA DEL POTENCIAL INFINITO ESTÁ LA FUENTE DE LOS COMPORTAMIENTOS RESPONSABLES.
PRINCIPIO DE LA ENTROPÍA
Todo y todos estamos en procesos de desintegración y de integración. La crisis contiene la clave del desarrollo. Las cosas se agitan para cambiar de nivel.
DEL APARENTE DESORDEN SALE EL MILAGRO DEL DINAMISMO Y LA ORGANIZACIÓN AUTO-REFERENTE. NO DEBEMOS TEMER AL CAMBIO
PRINCIPIO DE LA INFINITA VARIEDAD SUBYACENTE
Hay poderosos efectos escondidos en las pequeñas variaciones
Marchando en Medellín por la defensa de Colombia . Razones y Escenas de una ...Enrique Posada
Se ha realizado una MARCHA POR LA DEFENSA DE L A LIBERTAD Y DE LA DEMOCRACIA
MARCHA CONTRA LOS ABSURDOS CAMBIOS QUE PRETENDE IMPONER GUSTAVO PETRO MANIPULANDO AL CONGRESO
POR LA DEFENSA DE ANTIOQUIA ANTE EL ODIO Y EL RENCOR QUE LE TIENE GUSTAVO PETRO
POR LA DEFENSA DEL SISTEMA DE SALUD
POR LA DEFENSA DE LA ECONOMÍA Y DE LA RIQUEZA NACIONAL
POR EL JUICIO POLÍTICO ANTE LAS VIOLACIONES DE LAS NORMAS DEL SISTEMA ELECTORAL QUE RESULTARON EN LA ELECCIÓN DE PETRO
Situación comparativa de los Ferrocarriles en el mundo y en ColombiaEnrique Posada
Es importante tener un contexto sobre lo que son los ferrocarriles en el mundo.
Es impresionante el desarrollo que han tenido los ferrocarriles en muchos países de Europa, Asia y América.
Colombia se ha ido quedando atrasada en su desarrollo ferroviario. Con este análisis comparativo se pretende estimular la conciencia nacional que propende por el desarrollo ferroviario.
La información estadística base para este análisis ha sido tomada esencialmente del The World Factbook de la CIA de Estados Unidos
Hidroelectricidad en el mundo y Colombia Enrique Posada.pdfEnrique Posada
Se hace un análisis comparativo del tamaño del sector de energía hidroeléctrica en Colombia y el mundo, bajo tres indicadores: Tamaño, densidad espacial de los proyectos, capacidad per cápita. Se presenta un recorrido gráfico y descriptivo por los grandes proyectos del mundo y se examina en algún detalle la hidroelectricidad en la India como un caso de interés. Se hacen diversas consideraciones sobre la sostenibilidad y los proyectos hidroeléctricos en Colombia y se presentan conclusiones, centradas en el gran potencial que tienen el país y Antioquia para desarrollar estos recursos.
Revista de la SAI numero 2 julio de 2023.pdfEnrique Posada
Este es el segundo número de nuestra revista de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ingenieros y Arquitectos SAI publicada en el primer semestre de 2023. Les invitamos a leer, a divulgar y a publicar en nuestra revista, que se publica semestralmente .
Se trabajan en la revista temas importantes sobre la región (Antioquia) y sobre Colombia
Revista SAI 2023 - Número3 de la Revista de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ingenie...Enrique Posada
Este es el tercer número de nuestra nueva revista SAI en edición digital. les invitamos a leerla, a divulgarla, a hacer sus comentarios y a participar en nuestra revista, que se publica semestralmente
Las leyes de la termodinámica y la entropíaEnrique Posada
Se presenta un resumen sencillo de estas leyes y de sus consecuencias energéticas y prácticas.
Se establece las relaciones entre los flujos de energía que experimenta un sistema físico y la forma en que cambian sus propiedades
Se establece que hay límites y direcciones a los procesos de intercambio energético, a través de la segunda ley.
Se presenta el concepto de entropía.
Se presentan algunos aspectos prácticos para aumentar la disponibilidad y disminuir la irreversibilidad de los procesos
Reversibilidad, como sucesión de estados de orden y equilibrio.
Irreversibilidad, como sucesión de estados de desorden y desequilibrio
Para que un proceso esté exento de irreversibilidades, es decir sea ideal, se debe cumplir que:
-La generación de trabajo y los movimientos ocurran sin presencia de fricción.
-No ocurran mezclas de sustancias diferentes ni se dé lugar transformaciones radicales y reacciones químicas.
-La transmisión de calor se dé a través de diferencias de calor infinitesimales (es decir, muy pequeñas).
Como se aprecia siempre existirá irreversibilidad.
ENCUESTA SOBRE EL PRESIDENTE PETRO Y SU GOBIERNO junio 23 Enrique Posada
Les invito a ver los resultados de una encuesta que propuse por diverso medios el 5 de junio de 2023
Realizada por el sistema de Formulario de Google entre junio 5 y Junio 8 de 2023
Thanks for reading Enrique’s Substack! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.
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Se divulgó por Facebook, Twitter y WhatsApp. Se tenía como objetivo aproximarse a la opinión de personas interesadas que, de alguna forma, directa o indirecta; por contacto directo al ser parte de una red en la cual participan los que la divulgaron; o indirecta, por hacer parte de otras redes de sus amigos o conocidos, que se unan a la encuesta a través de sus propios contactos en varios niveles. La intención fue trabajar con escalas amplias de valoración (de 1 a 10 en algunos casos y de 1 a 5 al calificar aspectos variados del gobierno).
Se solicitó a los participantes dar tres opiniones distintas sobre el desempeño del presidente y su gobierno. Cada persona podía dar libremente tres opiniones. Esto con el fin de auscultar el sentir de las personas de este universo.
Se recibieron 12.822 respuestas. Se considera amplio este número. Sin embargo, los autores del análisis de la encuesta y los que la elaboraron y divulgaron no están en capacidad de certificar nada sobre las personas que respondieron la encuesta, ni sobre la posibilidad de que tales personas que respondieron enviaran más de una respuesta, si bien se solicitó que solo enviar una respuesta. Al observar la muestra, pareciera que las personas en general respetaron esta solicitud.
Al revisar los resultados de la encuesta, han sido muy desfavorables para el Presidente Petro y su gobierno.
Es evidente que este gobierno no ha logrado, para nada, ganarse a la mitad de la población votante que no votó por Gustavo Petro, y tampoco a la gran población de abstencionistas. Por el contrario, los ha alejado cada vez más con sus programas, que la mayoría considera defectuosos, en todas las áreas. Solamente cuenta con el apoyo de sus votantes y aún en este caso, en promedio, ellos asignan puntuaciones promedio apenas aceptables, que no llegan a buenas o excelentes.
Pero la prueba ácida de esta encuesta reside en la oportunidad que se dio a los que la respondieron de calificar con un máximo de tres opiniones a Petro y su gestión.
Los resultados se muestran en el PDF que pueden bajar y leer
Se observa que es significativo el porcentaje de personas que votaron por Petro y que, a pesar de ello, expresaron opiniones desfavorables con respeto a su gestión (un 18 ,4 %). En cambio, solo un 0.13 % de los que respondieron y que no votaron por Petro expresan opiniones favorables. La inmensa mayoría de la muestra expresó opiniones desfavorables, incluyendo la inmensa mayoría de los que no votaron en las elecciones.
Es entonces evidente que Petro está generando insatisfacción creciente aún en sus votantes
Pinceladas de la vida - volumen 14-2022 Grupo Poesías y escritos poéticos Enrique Posada
Poesía y escritos poéticos cortos
Nuestro grupo ofrece un espacio para compartir escritos poéticos con la idea de que podamos apreciar las ideas, los sentimientos, las creaciones de otras personas y podamos formar una red de personas sensibles y apreciativas del ser humano, de la naturaleza, de la belleza, en sus expresiones escritas.
Con orgullo presentamos el volumen catorce de los escritos y poemas que los miembros del grupo publican en su muro. Invitamos a los lectores de este volumen a leer los trece libros anteriores, que están todos en esta página de slide share.
Acá aparecen las contribuciones, en su orden, de los siguientes 29 autores:
Martha Libia Posada
Edilma Guarín Gallego
Olga Duque
María Suárez
Jassayd Huerta
Piedad Restrepo Botero
Aleida Morales
Adriana Martínez
Ana Sofia Restrepo
Lunita Ospina
Lía Oicor - Nil del Rocío
Martha Nhora Bernal
Daniel Mojica Chaves
Mario Ramírez Sánchez MarSán
Juan Camilo Medina Ruiz
Arnold Augusto Sierra Osorio
Guillermo Antonio Batista Maestre
Guillermo Alberto Galíndez Córdoba
El Poetólogo
Andrés Felipe Marín Montoya
Talat Kanan
Mario González
Víctor Hugo Carrizo
Jorge Peña
Gonzalo Peña
Mario Linares
Iván Álvarez
Manu Albarrán Asencio
Enrique Posada Restrepo
Para el editor ha sido un placer seleccionar la muestra para este volumen leerlos una y otra vez, revisar algunos detalles de ortografía y puntuación, organizarlos por autor, ilustrar con algunas fotografías, obras de arte y diseños, algunas de ellas resultado de la contribución del grupo, otras de su propia autoría o tomadas de la red, debidamente referenciadas. Todo esto se ha hecho para contribuir al desarrollo literario, cultural, humano y espiritual de nuestro grupo y de todos los posibles lectores. Esperamos que sea un acierto. Agradecemos a la página Facebook por abrir estos espacios para la amistad sincera y el compartir. Nuestro grupo cuenta en la actualidad con 1462 miembros.
Lo que la gente piensa sobre leer, escribir y publicar. Una encuestaEnrique Posada
Con este análisis se quiere examinar qué es lo que las personas piensan sobre los libros, sobre leer, escribir, publicar y comprar libros. Además se examina en particular la Editorial Libros Para Pensar, que está haciendo un gran trabajo para estimular a los escritores
El cambio climático - Controversias y visiones alternativasEnrique Posada
Se hace una revisión de las distintas variables relacionadas con el cambio climático y el calentamiento global. Se examina lo que se considera que es el consenso relacionado con la gravedad de los problemas del cambio climático y la urgencia de tomar acciones. A partir de este punto se plantean diversas ideas que permiten plantear controversias con respecto a dicho consenso y a las acciones necesarias, examinando las narrativas dominantes y sus consecuencias. Se sugiere que es importante que las personas e instituciones entiendan de verdad el tema, ojalá haciendo aportes propios, innovadores y creativos, desde la ciencia, la ingeniería, la tecnología y el humanismo. En este sentido se señala que es importante contar con la posibilidad de proponer críticas y controversias, con apertura y evitando las etiquetas que destruyen las conversaciones. Luego se propone una aproximación a la revisión de las variables relacionadas con el cambio climático incluyendo una serie de propuestas para resolver las situaciones.
Visión del Futuro de la minería - Panel de la AIMC en la Universidad Nacional Enrique Posada
Esta charla hizo parte de mi intervención en un panel sobre el futuro de la minería en Colombia.
Según lo propuesto, se plantearon los siguientes retos en el panel:
Retos del Sector Minero Colombiano.
El sector minero colombiano ha enfrentado varios retos en las últimas décadas que los
podemos resumir en los desafíos actuales:
1. Los Problemas de Seguridad: El sector minero colombiano ha sido afectado por
la presencia de grupos armados ilegales que han generado violencia e inseguridad
a empresarios, trabajadores, así como a las comunidades cercanas a las minas. Los
procesos de informalidad e ilegalidad en la explotación minera cada día son más
graves. El gobierno colombiano ha implementado medidas para mejorar la
seguridad en la industria minera, pero aún queda mucho por hacer para garantizar
la seguridad del sector minero colombiano.
2. Los Impactos Ambientales: Los impactos ambientales han sido significativos en
Colombia, incluyendo la contaminación del agua y el aire, la deforestación y la
pérdida de biodiversidad. El gobierno colombiano ha implementado medidas para
mitigar estos impactos, pero la falta de cumplimiento y la corrupción han sido
problemas persistentes.
3. Los Problemas de Infraestructura: El sector minero colombiano ha enfrentado
problemas de infraestructura, incluyendo la falta de carreteras y vías de transporte
adecuadas, lo que ha dificultado el transporte de minerales y ha aumentado los
costos de producción. El gobierno colombiano ha implementado medidas para
mejorar la infraestructura, pero aún queda mucho por hacer.
4. La Competencia Global: Colombia enfrenta una competencia global en la industria
minera, con países como Brasil, Chile y Perú siendo importantes productores de
minerales. Para competir en el mercado global, Colombia necesita mejorar su
competitividad y eficiencia en la producción de minerales.
5. La Falta de inversión: El sector minero enfrenta una falta de inversión,
especialmente en la exploración de nuevos yacimientos de minerales estratégicos.
La falta de inversión ha limitado el potencial del sector minero colombiano y ha
afectado su capacidad para competir en el mercado global.
6. Los Conflictos Sociales: El sector minero colombiano ha sido objeto de conflictos
sociales y protestas por parte de las comunidades locales que se oponen a la
actividad minera debido a los impactos ambientales y sociales que genera. La falta
de formalización, trámites engorrosos y la falta de consulta social en el desarrollo
de la Licencia Social para Operar y la participación ciudadana en la toma de
decisiones, han sido un problema para el apoyo de la minería legal.
7. Falta de coherencia institucional: las autoridades vinculadas al sector minero no
logran tener representatividad en las regiones y no cumple con los propósitos de
formalización, fiscalización y fomento de la actividad minera. Los gobiernos han
generado leyes y decretos que no logran un desarrollo real del sector minero.
ANALISIS DE ENCUESTA SOBRE EL PROYECTO DE PLAN DE DESARROLLO DE COLOMBIA 2023...Enrique Posada
Se presenta el resultado de una encuesta realizada sobre el proyecto de plan de desarrollo presentado por el gobierno de Gustavo Petro, en Colombia, para discusión y aprobación en el congreso para el período 2023 a 2026. Se concluye que Este es sin duda un asunto complejo, lleno de aristas, de asuntos técnicos, legales y de procedimientos, que puede escaparse a muchas de las personas.
Es recomendable que todos lean el plan y hagan sus aportes a los congresistas y a los medios de opinión, incluyendo las redes sociales, para contribuir a mejorar notablemente estos procesos, que causan muchas dudas y temores entre las personas y que pueden afectar notablemente el futuro y la gobernabilidad de Colombia.
Se presentan diversas consideraciones sobre el efecto invernadero, el CO2 y las formas de evitar emisiones de CO2 mediante el transporte sostenible, detallando diversas herramientas para ello. Se compara a Colombia con el resto del mundo y varios países. Se señala el sistema Metro de Medellín como un ejemplo significativo de transporte sostenible urbano.
Viaje a Mónaco y sus vecindades en las costas de Francia e ItaliaEnrique Posada
Crónica de un viaje por la costa desde Génova hasta Niza. Se ilustra con fotografías, descripciones, poemas y escritos poéticos. Con énfasis en los paisajes, el mar, la cultura y la historia
Comentarios de la SAI al borrador de proyecto de ley Plan Nacional de Desarro...Enrique Posada
Análisis del proyecto de ley presentado por el gobierno al congreso sobre el plan nacional de desarrollo, desde el punto de vista de la ingeniería, la arquitectura y la proyección del país
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
Waste to gasification
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2. 1
Chapter
Waste to Energy and Syngas
Enrique Posada and Gilmar Saenz
Abstract
Getting energy from waste is one of the best alternatives for sustainable han-
dling of waste. Mass burning is generally the preferred option. Usually, this applies
to large facilities where more than 500 tons of waste per day are treated. Syngas
production from waste has also been tried with mixed success. This chapter reviews
the situation in this field and proposes an alternative based on co-combustion with
coal as a possible route, applied preferably to treat municipal solid waste (MSW)
and biosolids from small- or medium-sized municipalities, producing less than 200
tons of waste per day, with the aim of generating electric energy. For this, a theo-
retical model is proposed and applied to a specific case.
Keywords: waste to energy, municipal solid waste, design, modeling,
syngas composition, technologies, experience, electric energy, coal, co-combustion
1. Introduction
This chapter deals with the possibilities of making use of municipal solid waste
(MSW) in combined gasification systems with coal to help solving two situations.
One is the need for a more sustainable use of highly available coal resources and the
other is the need for a more sustainable handling of domestic solid wastes, which
are not properly disposed. When these two combine, as is the case for a country like
Colombia, there are real spaces for the use of waste to energy technologies.
Coal is an abundant resource in many places of the world. Unfortunately, the
combustion of coal has been clearly associated with the generation of CO2 and global
warming, which has caused a tendency to gradually abandon coal as an energy
resource, preferring natural gas and renewable energy. This is a worrying situa-
tion for a country like Colombia, which possess very large coal deposits. Currently,
this country is exporting large amounts of coal and this contributes largely to the
generation of income. In this sense, it is important to find applications for coal, both
in chemical process and more sustainable energy systems and also develop ways for
CO2 recovery and conversion that allow for the continuous use of coal.
The waste problem is very important in developing countries like Colombia [1].
With 49 million people in 2017 and its population mostly concentrated in the Andean
highlands and along the Caribbean coast, it has 31 cities of more than 200,000
habitants and 65 with more than 100,000; being one of most urbanized countries
in the region, its urban population is estimated at 76%. Informality and poverty are
big problems, and these come associated with informal waste recycling practices.
With a medium generation of 0.54 kg/hab./day, the estimated daily generation is
around 26,000 tons. Colombia is a model in the region in the recycling of paper and
cardboard, with a recovery of 57%. This has to do with the existence of industrial
3. Sustainable Alternative Syngas Fuel
2
plants able to use these materials in their process, which has favored a well-organized
recycling scheme. Currently in the country, the recycling rate of waste such as paper,
cardboard, glass, metals, and plastics is 17%, and by 2019, the goal will be to achieve
a recycling target of 20% as a result of the implementation of regulatory instruments
in the public cleaning services and the tariff frameworks, processes that the national
government advances. The rest of the waste goes to waste dumps or sanitary land-
fills as there are not any thermal treatment facilities in the country. Very few of the
landfills facilities have water lixiviate treating plants or methane burning systems.
Space is becoming an issue and there are growing concerns and limitations about the
growth of the landfill system areas in the coming years. In other cases, environmen-
tal concerns are becoming more and more important [2–5].
Waste to energy systems are very important for the sustainable disposition of
municipal waste as has been consistently shown in developed countries. This has
to do with available technology. In general, in developing countries, there is lack of
companies that can manufacture equipment for thermal treatment systems capable
of handling hundred or thousand tons per day of mixed waste, burning them in a
controlled way, generating electricity, and controlling the air pollution problems
related to this. This means that local responsible waste-handling entities will tend
to look for solutions with external providers and this means usually very high initial
investments. As shown in the case of China and India, this can be changed, creating
competitive sectors in the WtE technology, able to confront their own situations
and to export technology and equipment.
Engineering and design are very important components of the necessary
technology for the development of WtE (waste to energy) systems in a country.
Implementing these systems requires detailed studies and planning activities and
it is advisable to do the projects considering all the engineering stages. There is
always the temptation and the idea that the projects can be accelerated and put into
place based on the experience and support of suppliers and makers, by means of
EPC developments. The idea being that in such a way, the engineering stages can be
simplified or even avoided. This normally is a much costlier and rigid solution and
does not contribute to developing local technology and desired prosperity. In the
solution of the problems, there is ample space to develop a region, as compared to
relying only on externally provided solutions.
One of the most important stages is the development of conceptual studies and
engineering based as much as possible on local expertise, duly backed, of course
with external experience and support. The authors are part of an international
working group known as WTERT supported by Earth Institute at Columbia
University [6]. The Waste to Energy Research and Technology Council (WTERT)
brings together engineers, scientists, and managers from universities and indus-
tries worldwide and the authors belong to the Colombian chapter, which is sup-
ported by ACIEM (Engineering Colombian Association). WTERT tries to identify
and advance the best available waste to energy technologies for the recovery of
energy or fuels from municipal solid wastes and other industrial, agricultural, and
forestry residues. The authors are also project engineers at HATCH, an interna-
tional engineering company, and have experience in waste to energy systems for
industrial applications.
As part of their work, they participated in a project aimed at using gasification
systems based on the co-combustion of coal with biosolids coming from a munici-
pal water treatment system [7–9]. This chapter considers using this technology for
waste to energy systems applied to municipal solid waste (MSW). It reviews the
situation in this field. This, in order to explore the basis for an alternative based on
co-combustion with coal for generating syngas in small- or medium-sized munici-
palities, produces less than 200 tons of waste per day. It develops a theoretical
4. 3
Waste to Energy and Syngas
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85848
model applied to the specific case of municipal waste similar to the one generated at
the city of Medellin, where the authors work, co-gasified with available local coal.
Gasification processes involve the reaction of carbonaceous feedstock with an
oxygen-containing reagent, usually oxygen, air, steam, or carbon dioxide, generally
at temperatures in excess of 800°C. It involves the partial oxidation of a substance
which implies that oxygen is added but the amounts are not sufficient to allow the
fuel to be completely oxidized and full combustion to occur [10]. The main product
is syngas, which is a mixture of gases including CO and H2, which can be used to
produce fuels and chemicals, or be burned to generate heat or electricity. Some
by-products are ash and tars depending on the technology used.
The basics of the gasification process can be found in many publications and
books. MSW gasification has been an object of many studies also and the process
details and specificities have been compiled and documented. Zafar [10] shows
the qualitative basics, advantages, and disadvantages, as well as classifications
depending on the technology, feedstock, and reactors, focused on municipal solid
waste. Arena [11] presents a deeper treatment of the gasification technology, the
chemistry, reactor and technology description and comparison, and environmental
aspects. In his thesis, Klein [12] also analyzes these aspects in depth and also consid-
ers investment and operative costs with data of operating plants at that time.
In terms of co-gasification, specific studies have been carried out showing the
technical feasibility of the technique, and quantifying the improvements depending
on the co-gasification agent.
Koukouzas et al. analyzed co-gasification of MSW with coal. They evaluated
the techno-economic feasibility, of a 30-MW (e) co-gasification power plant
based on integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technology, using lignite
and refuse-derived fuel (RDF), in the region of Western Macedonia, Greece. The
preliminary cost estimation indicated that this plant was not profitable, due to high
specific capital investment and in spite of the lower fuel supply cost. The estimated
cost of electricity was not competitive, compared to the dominating prices for the
Greek electricity market [13].
Hu et al. studied a three-stage system for co-gasification of MSW with high-alkali
coal char. Tar content was controlled to as low as 11.3 mg/Nm3
and HCl to 17.6 mg/
Nm3
. Lower heating value attains 12.2 MJ/Nm3
, meeting the intake-gas conditions for
internal combustion engines. They concluded that high-quality syngas can be pro-
duced at a steady yield rate of 1.57 Nm3
/kg from three-stage gasifier, due to dichlori-
nation and catalytic tar cracking action of high-alkali coal char at a low cost [14].
Co-gasification of MSW with switchgrass cuttings, by means of a small
commercial-scale downdraft gasifier (100 kg/h), indicates that co-gasification of
up to 40% MSW performed satisfactorily. The heating values of syngas were 6.2,
6.5, and 6.7 MJ/Nm3
for co-gasification ratios of 0, 20, and 40%, respectively; in the
same cases, the cold and hot gas efficiencies were 60.1, 51.1, and 60.0% and 65.0,
55.2, and 64.4% [15]. Eghtedaei et al. also analyzed co-gasification with biomass and
found an improvement in the H2 concentration [16].
The co-gasification with the bottom ash has been studied, finding improvements
in the final ash quality and the gas emissions without important changes in the
operability and syngas quality [17].
These few examples show that in principle, not only MSW gasification, but also
co-gasification are feasible at different scales, including commercial scale. Many
companies or institutes have developed their own process routes with particulari-
ties to be more efficient or suitable for the feedstock. In addition to the studies
reviewed, some other successful cases could be considered.
Enerkem has effectively developed its own process to obtain methanol and
ethanol from MSW through gasification and has an operating plant in Alberta,
5. Sustainable Alternative Syngas Fuel
4
Canada [18]. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has a medium-sized plant in Kushiro,
Japan, which has been operating since 2006, processing 240 T/day of MSW
(2 units × 120 T/day), producing 4.6 MW of electricity. Their technology includes an
ash melting system that improves the ash quality and controls the dioxin emissions
[19]. Currently, Fulcrum-Bioenergy is preparing the construction of a MSW gasifi-
cation facility in Nevada (USA) to produce 10 million gallons a year of biofuels [20].
Aries Clean Energy has different facilities already working in the USA. In Sanford,
Florida, they installed a fluidized bed gasification plant for 30 T/day biosolids
from a sewage treatment plant [21]. In Lebanon, Tennessee, a downdraft reactor
gasifies 64 T/day of biomass to produce heat that is used with organic Rankine cycles
(ORCs) [22]. The same technology was used in Covington, Tennessee, with a reactor
of 12 T/day mixture of wood residues and sludge moving a 235-kW ORC [23]. In
Boral Bricks, Alabama, 12 modular downdraft systems were used to process residual
wood to produce syngas to be burned in brick furnaces [24].
Tanigaki et al. have reviewed the operation of two plants in Japan. They reported
more than 46 gasification facilities working nowadays in Japan but focused on the
two more recent ones, one processes MSW with higher operating hours and lower
consumables in Japan. The other one is focused on its waste flexibility, processing
not only MSW but also IBA, rejects from recycling center, and sewage sludge. They
show the reliability of these plants as well as their effectiveness on the MSW treat-
ment, energy efficiency, and accomplishing environmental requirements [25].
There are many gasification facilities in the world. A good review of them can be
found in the Worldwide Syngas database of the Global Syngas Technology Council
[26]; here, the facilities can be located and filtered by feedstock, product, and
technology among others. In the following studies, in addition to very good techno-
logical reviews of the MSW thermal treatment, especially on gasification, there are
sets and lists of plants, facilities around the world with their capacities and owners.
• Thermal municipal solid waste gasification [27].
• Thermal processing of waste [28].
• Municipal solid waste (MSW) to liquid fuels synthesis, volume 1: Availability
of feedstock and technology [29].
• Feasibility study on solid waste to energy: Technological aspects [30].
• Gasification of non-recycled plastics from municipal solid waste in the United
States: Thermal municipal solid waste gasification [31].
• Thermal plasma gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) [32].
There can be found good examples of feasible and working projects for MSW
treatment; however, it is important to note that these projects have specific and con-
textual difficulties. Hakan Rylander, an experienced actor in WtE, is a bit skeptical
about gasification of MSW, mostly because of the heterogeneity of the feedstock,
and because the energy balance sometimes has turned out to be negative [33]. Also,
Tangri and Wilson [34], make an interesting risk analysis of the gasification and
pyrolysis of MSW. They conclude that “the potential returns on waste gasification
are smaller and more uncertain, and the risks much higher, than proponents claim,”
“Technical and economic challenges for gasification projects include failing to meet
projected energy generation, revenue generation, and emission targets. Gasification
plants also have historically sought public subsidies to be profitable.” At the end of
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the document, there is a list of ten notable cases of plants and facilities around the
world that have stopped operations.
There is no general rule to assure success of a MSW gasification or co-gasifica-
tion facility; it depends on the technology used, the nature and variability of the
feedstock, and strongly on the local cost and price structure. Where landfilling is
still cheap and permitted, WtE tends to be not an economically feasible option. But
where waste disposal is becoming more regulated and costly, a WtE plant of this
kind is a great option to reduce the amount of material disposed and its inertness
while having a benefit, that could be the obtention of energy or of value-added
chemicals.
2. Modeling of municipal solid waste and coal co-combustion to
generate syngas
This section develops a theoretical model applied to the specific case of munici-
pal waste. The basic information for this is the composition of the MSW and of the
coal to be used, plus their heat powers. Tables 1 and 2 show the data used. These
tables have been prepared by authors based on several studies made during their
work with coal boilers and power plants at Colombia. Two cases are considered for
the waste. In the first one, waste as currently generated, the average quality of the
MSW is considered in the city of Medellin, which is quite rich in organic materials
and, so, very high in water content. In the second case, previously separated waste is
Water content % wet basis 7.20
Carbon % dry basis 68.77
Hydrogen % dry basis 4.55
Nitrogen % dry basis 1.27
Oxygen % dry basis 12.08
Sulfur % dry basis 0.45
Ashes % dry basis 12.87
High heat value (dry basis) KJ/kg 25,911
Lower heat value (wet basis) KJ/kg 23,155
Table 1.
Coal properties considered [35].
Case As generated Separated
Water content % wet basis 45.58 24.93
Carbon % dry basis 42.70 38.50
Hydrogen % dry basis 5.93 5.35
Oxygen % dry basis 37.95 34.22
Ashes % dry basis 13.42 21.93
High heat value (dry basis) KJ/kg 16,244 14,647
Lower heat value (wet basis) KJ/kg 8,129 10,111
Table 2.
MSW properties considered [35].
7. Sustainable Alternative Syngas Fuel
6
Figure 1.
Scheme of the basic model used.
considered, removing 75% of organic material, 50% of paper, 20% of plastics, 55%
of glass, 60% of cardboard, and 50% of metals of the generated waste. This would
amount to 45% of the initial as generated MSW.
Gasification is modeled considering three combinations for co-gasification,
identified by the mass ratio of coal to MSW: 0, 0.25, and 0.50. Saturated steam was
supplied at 4 bar relative pressure (ambient pressure 1 bar) with steam-to-MSW
mass ratios between 0.0 and 1.0 and heated air (120°C) was supplied with air-to-
MSW rates between 1.70 and 5.0. Figure 1 schematizes the basic model used.
The following chemical reactions were considered for the equilibrium calcula-
tions in the simulations. No methane generation was considered. Sulfur was con-
trolled by the addition of calcium carbonate at a mass ratio of 0.0163 to coal.
C + CO2 ↔ 2CO (1)
CO + H2 O ↔ CO2 + H2 (2)
H2 + 1/2O2 ↔ H2 O (3)
C + H2 O ↔ CO + H2 (4)
C + 1/2O2 ↔ CO (5)
CO + 1/2O2 ↔ CO2 (6)
C + O2 ↔ CO2 (7)
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An iterative model calculation was developed using the solver routine of MS
excel in which the concentrations of syngas were iterated with temperature until the
expected convergence was found with species mass balance, energy balance, and
chemical equilibrium.
Iterations were performed as follows:
• Final syngas temperature is assumed.
• Volumetric fractions of CO2, CO, H2, and H2O in syngas are assumed.
• Fraction of C converted as per reactions (1), (4), and (5) are assumed.
• Fraction of O2 converted as per reaction (3) and forming CO are assumed.
• Fraction of CO converted as per reaction (2) is assumed.
• With the partial fractions of syngas, equilibria constants for reactions (1) to (7)
are found.
• With syngas temperatures, equilibria constants for reactions (1) to (7) are also
found.
• A convergence limit was established for the comparison of these two equilibria
constants. This was set as less than 15% maximum error for each reaction.
• Mass balance was checked for each species with a convergence limit of less
than 5%.
• Energy balance was performed comparing energy formation based on reac-
tions (1) to(7), outgoing syngas enthalpy, incoming vapor and air enthalpy and
heat losses (sensible heat, wall and ashes loses). A convergence limit of 5% was
established.
Energy formations (kJ/kmol) used were as follows for syngas forming reactions.
C + 2H2 ↔ CH4(g),−74.520
H2 + 1/2O2 ↔ H2 O(g),−241.818
C + 1/2O2 ↔ CO(g),−110.525
C + O2 ↔ CO2(g),−393.509
Enthalpy of syngas was calculated based on syngas composition and specific
heat values for each component, depending on temperature, using the expressions
of the form: Cp/R = A + B·T + C·T2 + D·T − 2; T (K) where A–D are constants for
each gas component and R is the universal gas constant.
Figures 2–12 show the results of the iterations for all major resulting variables.
Comments are included for them.
Syngas temperatures tend to increase with higher coal-to-MSW ratios. For
each ratio, there is a characteristic curve which indicates higher temperatures for
9. Sustainable Alternative Syngas Fuel
8
lower air-to-MSW ratios and lower temperatures for higher steam-to-MSW ratios.
Temperatures tend to be higher for the case of the separated MSW. Figure 1 indicates
the real working ranges for the simulations. With no coal use, the only range of air-
to-MSW ratios that gave convergence in the simulations was in the neighborhood of
Figure 2.
Resulting syngas temperature.
Figure 3.
Resulting heat value in syngas as % of feed heat value.
Figure 4.
Syngas flow, kg/kg feed.
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1.70. At higher coal-to-MSW ratios, the air-to-MSW ratio can be higher, all the way to
5.0. Syngas temperatures will be between 600 and 940°C.
Syngas heat values tend to increase for higher coal-to-MSW ratios, but this was
not entirely consistent. Syngas heat value simulations showed percentages between
60 and 80% of feed heat value and this does not change with steam-to-MSW ratios
and tends to decrease with air to MSW ratios.
Syngas flow is linearly related to the studied variables. It increases with air-
to-MSW ratio and with steam-to-MSW ratios. The values for the simulated range
oscillate between 2.5 and 5.0 kg of syngas per kg of feed. The syngas flow is, basi-
cally, the result of adding the incoming flows, discounting the ash emissions. The
behavior and the ranges are quite similar for both situations of MSW studied.
As shown in Figure 5, syngas heat value is quite independent of steam-to-MSW
ratio. It increases with air-to-MSW ratios and, of course, with coal-to-MSW ratios.
As compared to the MSW’s lower heat value, it tends to be lower, as expected, for
the case of no coal co-gasification. Maximum values tend to be double as compared
to MSW heat value, obviously because of the impact of coal co-gasification. The
values in Figure 5 are consistent with the ones shown in Figure 3. Figure 6 shows
the total energy content of the syngas, adding its heat value to the sensible heat
associated to syngas temperature. Those two amount to a value close to the energy
value coming from the total feed. It must be said that the incoming hot air and the
Figure 5.
Syngas heat value, kg/kg MSW.
Figure 6.
Syngas heat value and sensible heat, kg/kg MSW.
11. Sustainable Alternative Syngas Fuel
10
steam contribute with some energy also, which adds to the outgoing syngas heat
value and sensible heat.
The behavior of the total energy in the syngas (Figure 6) is quite similar to the
behavior of the heat value of Figure 5. The heat value corresponds to the chemical
(combustion potential) energy associated to H2 and CO in the syngas.
Some calculations were carried out in the model to determine the potential of
syngas to generate electricity. First, the sensible heat potential was determined
based on the hot temperature of the syngas. This can be used to generate mechani-
cal work and electricity removing the sensible heat (lowering the temperature, as
indicated in Figure 1) in a cycle similar to a Rankine cycle. To determine the poten-
tial for this, a Carnot cycle’s efficiency was calculated using as hot temperature the
syngas temperature and as cold temperature the ambient value (25°C). With this
Carnot efficiency, an estimation was obtained of a real efficiency based on existing
Rankine cycles in which it is possible to get about 35% of the Carnot efficiency. The
second estimation was based on expecting an efficiency of 30% for the cycle that
employs the combustion heat value of the syngas. This, considering that it could
be taken to an internal combustion engine. Combining these two efficiencies, in
proportion to the existing contributions (that of heat value and that of sensible heat
in the energy content of the syngas), it was possible to estimate the total efficiency
Figure 7.
Potential for electricity generation, kW/kg MSW.
Figure 8.
Electricity generation, in kW, for the processing of 200 tons per day of MSW.
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of transformation to electricity and the total potential for electricity generation,
which appears in Figure 7.
This potential is not affected by steam-to-MSW ratios. It is highly dependent,
of course, on coal-to-MSW ratio and it is higher for lower air-to-MSW ratios. The
potentials are higher for the case of separated MSW (between 0.75 and 2.2 kW per
kg of MSW as compared to a range between 0.5 and 2.0 kW per kg of MSW for the
as generated MSW case).
With these potentials, it is possible to estimate the expected electrical generation
for a given flow of MSW. Figure 8 shows the results for a plant processing 200 tons
of MSW per day.
These capacities will be between 4800 and 16,000 kW for the as generated
MSW and between 6500 and 17,000 kW for the separated MSW. They are not
affected by steam-to-MSW ratio, increase clearly with coal-to-MSW ratio, and
decrease with air-to-MSW ratio. The ranges indicated in the graphs correspond
to the ones for which convergence was found in the iterations, as already men-
tioned. These plants could generate amounts of electricity quite useful for a given
small city in a country like Colombia. Considering a generation of solid waste (as
generated) of 0.50 kg/day per habitant, the plant would produce the amounts
indicated in Table 3 for the cases considered. The table compares these figures to
the electric consumption of a country like Colombia, estimated at 3.90 kWh per
day per capita.
Finally, the simulations permitted to obtain the expected composition of the
syngas which will be shown in the next figures.
Figure 9.
Syngas CO2 concentrations and specific emissions.
13. Sustainable Alternative Syngas Fuel
12
CO2 specific emissions increase with steam-to-MSW ratios, with air-to-MSW
ratios, and with coal-to-MSW ratios, although in this case depending on the air-to-
MSW ratios. Specific emissions are quite similar for both MSW cases.
CO2 concentrations show a similar behavior but their concentrations in the
syngas tend to be somewhat lower for the case of the separated MSW.
CO specific generations decrease with steam-to-MSW ratios and also with
air-to-MSW ratios and increase with coal-to-MSW ratios. Specific generations are
Parameter Units As generated Separated
MSW in Colombia kg/person day 0.50 0.24
Electricity generated—low kWh/kg MSW 0.55 0.70
Electricity generated—high kWh/kg MSW 1.80 2.00
Electricity generated—low kWh/kg person-day 0.28 0.17
Electricity generated—high kWh/kg person-day 0.90 0.49
Average electricity consumption in Colombia kWh/kg person-day 3.90
Electricity generated—low % of national use 7.05 4.38
Electricity generated—high % of national use 23.08 12.51
Table 3.
Per capita electricity generation potential with syngas plants for the considered cases in Colombia.
Figure 10.
Syngas CO concentrations and specific generations.
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higher for the case of the separated MSW. CO is one of the two important compo-
nents of syngas and contributes to its heat value.
CO concentrations show a similar behavior and their concentrations in the
syngas tend to be somewhat higher for the case of the separated MSW.
Figure 11 shows the behavior for the H2 gas as a component of syngas, also one
of its two important components and a major contributor to its heat value.
H2 specific generations increase with steam-to-MSW ratios. This indicates the
impact of the conversion of steam to H2. They decrease also with air-to-MSW ratios.
The impact of coal-to-MSW ratios is not entirely clear and is different for the two
MSW cases considered. Specific generations are higher for the case of the separated
MSW, especially for the case in which no coal is used.
H2 concentrations show similar behavior and their concentrations in the syngas
tend to be somewhat higher for the case of the separated MSW. Concentrations tend
to be higher for the low coal-to-MSW ratios.
The water content in the syngas generated with MSW tends to be high, due to
the high humidity of the MSW, as shown in Figure 12.
H2O specific generations increase with steam-to-MSW ratios. This indicates a direct
relationship coming from the steam added, which is to be expected. They decrease also
with air-to-MSW ratios. The impact of coal-to-MSW ratios is evident. When adding
coal, the water generation diminishes, as the coal water content is much lower than the
one in MSW. Specific generations are clearly lower for the case of the separated MSW,
again something to be expected given the lower water content for separated MSW.
H2O concentrations show a similar behavior in relationship of the direct impact
of the steam-to-MSW ratios. The influence of the air-to-MSW ratio is very small.
Figure 11.
Syngas H2 concentrations and specific generations.
15. Sustainable Alternative Syngas Fuel
14
The impact of coal-to-MSW ratios is evident as already said. When adding coal, the
water generation diminishes as the coal water content is much lower than the one in
MSW and their concentrations in the syngas tend to be clearly lower for the case of
the separated MSW for the same reasons.
The water content of the syngas has an impact that should be considered in the
options for its use. The water concentrations are so high that there could be pos-
sibilities of having water condensations on the gases if they reach the dew point
Figure 12.
Syngas H2O concentrations and specific generations.
Figure 13.
Minimum cool wall temperatures to avoid water condensation.
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temperatures, which could occur at low process temperatures near cold areas, for
example in the walls of cooling or transportation equipment. To study this, simula-
tions were made of the wet bulb temperatures assuming cooling under constant
total pressure and getting the corresponding saturation temperatures. This simula-
tion is presented in Figure 13.
The minimum cool wall temperatures estimated in Figure 13 include a protec-
tion of 20°C, over the calculated dew point temperatures. The dew point tempera-
tures were estimated using psychrometry. The minimum temperatures increase
with steam-to-MSW ratio, and decrease with coal-to-MSW ratios, as should be
expected. The air-to-MSW ratio did not influence significantly. Temperatures are
lower for the case of the separated MSW as expected.
These minimum temperatures can be guaranteed with adequate insulation of the
processing equipment and pipe walls for the systems handling the syngas.
3. Conclusions
The theoretical model showed quite consistent results. It was possible to
develop a way of estimating syngas characteristics for the gasification of MSW in
co-gasification, within practical working ranges for the studied variables. This was
done under two extreme conditions for the MSW: as generated in a town with high
organic material content and after separation of 55% of the initial waste for recy-
cling and organics treatment (e.g., by biological composting and digestion). The
model allowed to find the working ranges for steam-to-MSW ratios (between 0 and
1.0); air-to-MSW (between 1.7 and 5), for co-gasification with coal; and cola-to-
MSW ratios in the range of 0.0–0.5.
The gasification can generate electricity in all these ranges, with potentials
that go from 0.5 to 2.2 kWh per kg of MSW. For the case of a plant processing
200 tons of MSW per day, the generation capacities would be between 4800 and
17,000 kW. These capacities are entirely within the electricity needs of a country
like Colombia. They are between 0.28 and 0.90 kWh per person per day, for the
current per capita MSW generated in the country. These figures are to be compared
to the current daily electricity per capita use, which is 3.90.
From the practical point of view, it is important to use this as a conceptual basis
for future work seeking indications on systems that could be feasible. This will help
doing the correct steps. Engineering and design are very important components
of the technology necessary to impulse WtE in a country. These systems require
detailed studies and planning activities and it is advisable to do the projects consid-
ering all the engineering stages. There is always the temptation and the idea that the
projects can be accelerated and put into place based on the experience and support
of suppliers and makers. This by means of EPC developments, in such a way that
engineering stages can be simplified or even avoided. This normally is a much
costlier and rigid solution and does not contribute to developing local technology
and prosperity. With regard to the solution of the problems, there is ample space
to develop a region, as compared to relying only on externally provided solutions.
MSW co-gasification with coal seems to be a possible alternative.
Acknowledgements
The authors express their gratitude to HATCH, WTERT—Colombia, ACIEM,
and to the Earth Institute at Columbia University and its Waste to Energy Research
and Technology Council (WTERT).
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