International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Waste to Energy has significant potential in India but has so far been underutilized. The country generates over 150,000 tons of municipal solid waste per day but currently only exploits around 24 MW of the estimated 1460 MW available from waste-to-energy projects. Several cities have attempted waste-to-energy plants but many have failed, primarily due to lack of segregated waste collection and financial issues. To better utilize waste-to-energy potential, India needs to focus on primary waste collection, segregation, increasing private sector participation, and bridging gaps between policy and implementation.
12 million tons of recycled waste from UK households and businesses is illegally dumped or unknowingly wasted every year, much of it exported to foreign landfill sites. The export of rubbish, mainly to Asia via Europe, has doubled over the past decade as councils look to cut costs. The UK government has found that illegally exported waste includes household recycling, used tires sent to China, and electronic waste dumped in landfills in West Africa. In response, the government will tighten inspections at ports and require councils to improve recycling quality and audit waste management processes to curb this illegal and environmentally harmful practice.
Bioenergy production is a promising way to manage the organic waste material while generating the heat and electricity. Anaerobic digestion of the organic material is gaining attraction due to its easy operation and the cost effectiveness. Biogas plant is an efficient bio energy production which mainly practices in developing country to transform waste into gas through the anaerobic digestion. It is a renewable energy source which helps to fulfil the energy need especially for developing country. In this research, the small-scale biogas plant was designed and implemented for household need with cow dung as a substrate. Biogas composition was measured with a multifunctional portable gas analyser. The mean content of methane (CH4) was 63.64% and carbon dioxide (CO2) was 29.04%. Substrate was allowed for store in varying time, i.e., one week, two weeks, and three weeks before the digestion process to increase the bacterial community. The longer the manure/cow dung is stored in a closed container before pass through the digester, the shorter the time for the anaerobic decomposition process.
The document discusses the legal and environmental issues surrounding the proposed Navi Mumbai airport project. It outlines details of the project such as its cost, land acquisition status, and environmental clearances. It also summarizes the baseline environmental study conducted for the area, which examined factors like hydrology, geology, water and air quality, ecology, noise levels, and traffic. The environmental ministry had concerns about the project's impact on mangroves and river diversions, but granted approval after the developer agreed to modifications like shortening the runway distance and increasing mangrove protection.
Briquetting machine report for phase-1manugowdapes
This document discusses the design and fabrication of a low-cost briquetting machine. It begins by introducing briquetting as a process to compress biomass into densified briquettes using screw or pneumatic compressors. It then describes the process of briquetting which involves drying, grinding, and compressing biomass. The document goes on to discuss the need for an integrated low-cost machine that can grind and compress biomass. It cites issues with fossil fuel depletion and air pollution as motivation for developing biomass briquettes as an alternative. The machine is intended to efficiently produce briquettes from dry waste that can be used as a replacement for fossil fuels like coal.
This document discusses worldwide consumption and waste problems and proposes a solution using LTC technology. It notes that consumption is increasing rapidly worldwide, leading to issues like increased pollution from mass production, urbanization, and energy demands. Waste is also a growing global problem, with garbage covering the planet and each person producing half a ton per year. The proposed solution is the LTC (Low Temperature Conversion) technology, which can convert any organic waste into recyclable materials and renewable energy through a thermocatalytic process without combustion at temperatures below 650 degrees Celsius. This process avoids pollution, replaces fossil fuels, reduces emissions, and increases energy production efficiency compared to conventional plants.
Study on the Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste of Dhaka cityIJERD Editor
With a population of 170 million Bangladesh is considered as the new growing economic force in
the queue of world trade whereas organic solid waste has been increasing on same scale as the population poses
promising use for it as renewable energy resource. This increasing waste is becoming an issue not only for the
lack of space but also due to it being the cause of illness, pollution, destruction of natural beauty of the city. This
research aims to evaluate and estimates the biogas productions from the municipal solid waste (MSW) through
anaerobic digestion processes. Both Biogas production and power generation from MSW can lead the economy
to prosperity. The estimated potentiality to generate electricity from biogas is 207, 873 and 2878 MW/day, in
years 2020, 2025 and 2050 respectively, could help to meet the increasing demand of electricity in urban
Bangladesh.
Waste to Energy has significant potential in India but has so far been underutilized. The country generates over 150,000 tons of municipal solid waste per day but currently only exploits around 24 MW of the estimated 1460 MW available from waste-to-energy projects. Several cities have attempted waste-to-energy plants but many have failed, primarily due to lack of segregated waste collection and financial issues. To better utilize waste-to-energy potential, India needs to focus on primary waste collection, segregation, increasing private sector participation, and bridging gaps between policy and implementation.
12 million tons of recycled waste from UK households and businesses is illegally dumped or unknowingly wasted every year, much of it exported to foreign landfill sites. The export of rubbish, mainly to Asia via Europe, has doubled over the past decade as councils look to cut costs. The UK government has found that illegally exported waste includes household recycling, used tires sent to China, and electronic waste dumped in landfills in West Africa. In response, the government will tighten inspections at ports and require councils to improve recycling quality and audit waste management processes to curb this illegal and environmentally harmful practice.
Bioenergy production is a promising way to manage the organic waste material while generating the heat and electricity. Anaerobic digestion of the organic material is gaining attraction due to its easy operation and the cost effectiveness. Biogas plant is an efficient bio energy production which mainly practices in developing country to transform waste into gas through the anaerobic digestion. It is a renewable energy source which helps to fulfil the energy need especially for developing country. In this research, the small-scale biogas plant was designed and implemented for household need with cow dung as a substrate. Biogas composition was measured with a multifunctional portable gas analyser. The mean content of methane (CH4) was 63.64% and carbon dioxide (CO2) was 29.04%. Substrate was allowed for store in varying time, i.e., one week, two weeks, and three weeks before the digestion process to increase the bacterial community. The longer the manure/cow dung is stored in a closed container before pass through the digester, the shorter the time for the anaerobic decomposition process.
The document discusses the legal and environmental issues surrounding the proposed Navi Mumbai airport project. It outlines details of the project such as its cost, land acquisition status, and environmental clearances. It also summarizes the baseline environmental study conducted for the area, which examined factors like hydrology, geology, water and air quality, ecology, noise levels, and traffic. The environmental ministry had concerns about the project's impact on mangroves and river diversions, but granted approval after the developer agreed to modifications like shortening the runway distance and increasing mangrove protection.
Briquetting machine report for phase-1manugowdapes
This document discusses the design and fabrication of a low-cost briquetting machine. It begins by introducing briquetting as a process to compress biomass into densified briquettes using screw or pneumatic compressors. It then describes the process of briquetting which involves drying, grinding, and compressing biomass. The document goes on to discuss the need for an integrated low-cost machine that can grind and compress biomass. It cites issues with fossil fuel depletion and air pollution as motivation for developing biomass briquettes as an alternative. The machine is intended to efficiently produce briquettes from dry waste that can be used as a replacement for fossil fuels like coal.
This document discusses worldwide consumption and waste problems and proposes a solution using LTC technology. It notes that consumption is increasing rapidly worldwide, leading to issues like increased pollution from mass production, urbanization, and energy demands. Waste is also a growing global problem, with garbage covering the planet and each person producing half a ton per year. The proposed solution is the LTC (Low Temperature Conversion) technology, which can convert any organic waste into recyclable materials and renewable energy through a thermocatalytic process without combustion at temperatures below 650 degrees Celsius. This process avoids pollution, replaces fossil fuels, reduces emissions, and increases energy production efficiency compared to conventional plants.
Study on the Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste of Dhaka cityIJERD Editor
With a population of 170 million Bangladesh is considered as the new growing economic force in
the queue of world trade whereas organic solid waste has been increasing on same scale as the population poses
promising use for it as renewable energy resource. This increasing waste is becoming an issue not only for the
lack of space but also due to it being the cause of illness, pollution, destruction of natural beauty of the city. This
research aims to evaluate and estimates the biogas productions from the municipal solid waste (MSW) through
anaerobic digestion processes. Both Biogas production and power generation from MSW can lead the economy
to prosperity. The estimated potentiality to generate electricity from biogas is 207, 873 and 2878 MW/day, in
years 2020, 2025 and 2050 respectively, could help to meet the increasing demand of electricity in urban
Bangladesh.
The document discusses waste management and the circular economy in Dorset, England. It analyzes the current waste streams in the region, including over 400,000 tons per year of biogenic waste. It identifies opportunities to increase the value of waste processing through more advanced analysis and new technologies, such as intercepting waste at source, segregation, conversion to industrial feedstocks, and maximizing benefits from anaerobic digestion. The document also discusses a potential furniture refurbishment program for the 90,000 tons per year of furniture and manufacturing waste in Dorset to provide affordable options. It notes that adding value to waste is hindered by a lack of data, clear business models, and need to synchronize infrastructure and markets.
Understanding true meaning of Sustainability on the basis of Adopt-Assess-Mitigate principles. The PPT highlights action to taken by all those professionals related to construction industry. Sustainability assessment during the Pre-construction phase of building's life cycle and carbon spike phenomenon is dealt with.
PV/Diesel Hybrid System for Fuel Production from Waste Plastics RecyclingIJMER
The treatment of wastes has become one of the most important concerns of modern society.
Converting waste plastic into gasoline and diesel fuel through a highly effective low-cost pyrolysis
process is a promising technology. In this paper PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system is suggested to fulfill
the load demand of waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process. A Mathematical and simulation models
using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software for the hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system components have been
developed. Also, this paper presents a control strategy using Artificial Neural Network Controller
(NNC) technique for coordinating the power flow among the different components of the
PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system. The results indicate that the proposed control unit using NNC can be
successfully used for controlling the power system for the waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process.
This document summarizes a study and design of a municipal solid waste incineration system for Bogota, Colombia. The system would process 720 tons per day of municipal solid waste through two incineration units that operate at 1148°C. The incineration would produce 18 megawatts of electricity, with 10 megawatts sold to the power grid. Emissions from the incineration would be treated through selective catalytic reduction, an electrostatic precipitator, and a venturi scrubber to meet regulatory standards before clean gas is released from the plant's 72 meter stack. Byproducts include 24.25 kg of fly ash and 2.15 kg of bottom ash produced per ton of municipal solid waste incinerated
Financial analysis of electricity generation from municipal solid waste: a ca...Premier Publishers
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is amongst the largest municipal bodies in the world catering to an estimated population of 17 million citizens by providing civic services. Ghazipur is one of the three existing landfills of Delhi that has come up with a Waste to Energy (WtE) plant processing and disposing off the municipal waste. The plant produces RDF that will result in power generation .This plant will be a source of revenue and also earn carbon credits. This paper deals with the techno economic analysis of the plant to assess its viability on a commercial scale.
1. The document discusses municipal solid waste (MSW) management and waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It provides details on MSW generation rates in different parts of the world and the waste management hierarchy.
2. Methane emissions from landfills contribute significantly to global warming. WTE through combustion can reduce methane emissions compared to landfilling while also generating renewable energy from the biogenic fraction of MSW.
3. The document describes the WTE combustion process and flue gas cleaning technologies used to minimize air pollutant emissions. Ash management and the potential environmental concerns with incineration are also discussed.
This document discusses climate change and ways to reduce pollution and stop climate change. It provides background on climate change and explains that human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are the primary causes of increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It then summarizes the main sources of carbon dioxide emissions from sectors like electricity production, transportation, and industry. The document concludes by proposing solutions like renewable energy, geothermal energy, maglev transportation, and better forest management to help address climate change.
Ravi Kant provides a summary of public private partnerships in municipal solid waste management. Key points include:
- Private operators can more effectively manage waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal through established facilities due to their specialization and 24/7 operations.
- Under PPP models, the government provides land and signs long-term concession agreements with private operators who invest capital to establish and operate waste treatment facilities, recovering costs through tipping fees paid per ton of waste managed.
- When properly implemented, PPPs in waste management provide benefits to waste generators, governments, and private operators, while most importantly protecting the environment through scientific waste handling.
2 - Urban Green Infrastructure and conservation of pollinators in EU2020Jure Šumi
Vegetated Roofs and Walls to Enhance Living Condition Webinar organised by:
- Slovenian Green Infrastructure Association,
- World Green Infrastructure Network,
- National Institute for Biology and
- Urbanscape Green Solutions by Knauf Insulation.
Endorsed by MEP Ljudmila Novak.
The presentation made by Mr.Vujadin Kovačević, Head of EU Pollinator Initiative presents examples and the situation of pollinators in EU and how green roofs and walls can improve living environment in urban areas.
MATERIAL-ECONOMICS-EU-BIOMASS-USE-IN-A-NET-ZERO-ECONOMY-ONLINE-VERSION.pdfgulzar ahmad
- Current climate scenarios envision a 70-150% increase in EU biomass use for energy and materials by 2050 compared to present levels, totaling 17-25 EJ.
- However, available sustainable biomass supply for the EU is estimated to be only 11-13 EJ, leaving a gap of 40-100% between demand and supply projections.
- Relying on projections for biomass use that exceed likely sustainable supply risks major trade-offs with key environmental objectives like biodiversity and climate change. A course correction is needed to prioritize biomass uses.
This document provides an overview of anaerobic digesters and biogas production. It discusses the types of feedstock that can be used in anaerobic digesters including various organic wastes. The four main steps of the anaerobic digestion process are described as well as factors that influence biogas production. Four types of reactor designs - plug flow digester, complete mix digester, covered lagoon digester, and fixed film digester - are outlined with more detail provided on plug flow digester design including sizing calculations for a example plug flow digester.
The document discusses carbon footprint in buildings and ways to reduce it. It notes that the construction industry significantly impacts carbon emissions through materials and construction products. It introduces the concepts of embodied carbon, which addresses emissions from materials throughout their life cycle, and carbon neutralization, which seeks to avoid greenhouse gas imbalance. The document recommends considering materials' carbon footprint and influencing building operation through proper insulation, lighting, and shading to decrease energy needs. It also suggests understanding sourced materials and addressing impacts of construction machinery, transportation, and waste disposal.
56
مبادرة
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة السادسة والخمسون من المبادرة مع
الاستاذ الدكتور / طارق عطية
استاذ إدارة المشروعات
بعنوان
"Green Buildings !
How much it would cost ?"
التاسعة مساء توقيت مكة المكرمة الإثنين14سبتمبر2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووم من خلال الرابط
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZUqf-qhqjgrGNJ9mRrleSMkLSOacFIF5tqg
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على وقناة يوتيوب
https://www.youtube.com/user/EEAchannal
للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة تيليجرام
الرابط
https://t.me/EEAKSA
رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية
www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
رابط التسجيل العام للمحاضرات
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9
Report based on a case study of a city called 'MASDAR CITY' situated at Abu Dhabi which is of 100% free from the pollution sources and is able to produce energy and suitable environment without affecting the environment.
The document discusses China's limited natural resources and rising consumption, leading to the development of a circular economy model. It outlines China's Circular Economy Promotion Law, which aims to establish closed-loop resource utilization through recycling, reuse, and reduced pollution. The law promotes industrial symbiosis to optimize resource use at the enterprise, industrial park, and regional levels based on principles of industrial ecology.
The document discusses plasma gasification as a sustainable way to generate clean energy from waste. Plasma gasification involves using plasma torches to break down waste into its basic molecular structure, producing a synthesis gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This syngas can then be used to generate electricity through a combined cycle system. The inorganic materials in the waste are vitrified into a glass-like slag. Plasma gasification is presented as an environmentally friendly alternative to landfilling or incineration as it produces no hazardous emissions or ash residue. The document also analyzes the composition of municipal solid waste in Abuja, Nigeria to examine its suitability as a feedstock for a plasma gasification system
Clean Coal And The Integrated Gasification Combined CycleNatasha Barnett
The document discusses the origins of the modern oil refinery and petroleum distillation process. It notes that in 1862, Benjamin Jr.'s research demonstrated that 50% of newly discovered Pennsylvania Rock Oil could be distilled into useful products, marking the beginning of the petroleum distillation industry. Further details are provided on the challenges of early filtration and purification methods.
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT & DESIGN ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a study analyzing the production of biogas from sewage at a treatment plant in Greater Noida, India with capacity of 137 million liters per day.
2. Key findings include that approximately 1.417 million cubic meters of biogas could be produced annually, reducing CO2 emissions significantly. Combining wastewater and sludge treatment improves biogas recovery.
3. The document also details the design of an anaerobic digester for the sewage treatment plant, estimating the biogas production based on characteristics of the wastewater and sludge. Approximately 65% of suspended solids in the sewage can be removed, and digestion reduces volatile content of these solids by 65
This document discusses using municipal solid waste in combined gasification systems with coal to generate syngas as a sustainable alternative fuel. It proposes a theoretical model for co-gasifying up to 200 tons per day of municipal waste with local coal in small to medium Colombian municipalities. The model could help address waste management needs while sustaining coal resource use.
This document outlines a student project proposal to design an anaerobic digester for biogas production from municipal solid waste in Dharan, Nepal. The objectives are to analyze waste composition, design the digester system, and evaluate economic viability. Background information provides the context of waste management challenges in Nepal and introduces anaerobic digestion technology. A literature review supports biogas as an effective waste solution. Methodology describes the plan to collect data, design the digester, and assess social and environmental impacts. The proposal requests a budget and provides a project schedule. Preliminary findings from an existing biogas site are also summarized.
The document discusses waste management and the circular economy in Dorset, England. It analyzes the current waste streams in the region, including over 400,000 tons per year of biogenic waste. It identifies opportunities to increase the value of waste processing through more advanced analysis and new technologies, such as intercepting waste at source, segregation, conversion to industrial feedstocks, and maximizing benefits from anaerobic digestion. The document also discusses a potential furniture refurbishment program for the 90,000 tons per year of furniture and manufacturing waste in Dorset to provide affordable options. It notes that adding value to waste is hindered by a lack of data, clear business models, and need to synchronize infrastructure and markets.
Understanding true meaning of Sustainability on the basis of Adopt-Assess-Mitigate principles. The PPT highlights action to taken by all those professionals related to construction industry. Sustainability assessment during the Pre-construction phase of building's life cycle and carbon spike phenomenon is dealt with.
PV/Diesel Hybrid System for Fuel Production from Waste Plastics RecyclingIJMER
The treatment of wastes has become one of the most important concerns of modern society.
Converting waste plastic into gasoline and diesel fuel through a highly effective low-cost pyrolysis
process is a promising technology. In this paper PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system is suggested to fulfill
the load demand of waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process. A Mathematical and simulation models
using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software for the hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system components have been
developed. Also, this paper presents a control strategy using Artificial Neural Network Controller
(NNC) technique for coordinating the power flow among the different components of the
PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system. The results indicate that the proposed control unit using NNC can be
successfully used for controlling the power system for the waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process.
This document summarizes a study and design of a municipal solid waste incineration system for Bogota, Colombia. The system would process 720 tons per day of municipal solid waste through two incineration units that operate at 1148°C. The incineration would produce 18 megawatts of electricity, with 10 megawatts sold to the power grid. Emissions from the incineration would be treated through selective catalytic reduction, an electrostatic precipitator, and a venturi scrubber to meet regulatory standards before clean gas is released from the plant's 72 meter stack. Byproducts include 24.25 kg of fly ash and 2.15 kg of bottom ash produced per ton of municipal solid waste incinerated
Financial analysis of electricity generation from municipal solid waste: a ca...Premier Publishers
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is amongst the largest municipal bodies in the world catering to an estimated population of 17 million citizens by providing civic services. Ghazipur is one of the three existing landfills of Delhi that has come up with a Waste to Energy (WtE) plant processing and disposing off the municipal waste. The plant produces RDF that will result in power generation .This plant will be a source of revenue and also earn carbon credits. This paper deals with the techno economic analysis of the plant to assess its viability on a commercial scale.
1. The document discusses municipal solid waste (MSW) management and waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It provides details on MSW generation rates in different parts of the world and the waste management hierarchy.
2. Methane emissions from landfills contribute significantly to global warming. WTE through combustion can reduce methane emissions compared to landfilling while also generating renewable energy from the biogenic fraction of MSW.
3. The document describes the WTE combustion process and flue gas cleaning technologies used to minimize air pollutant emissions. Ash management and the potential environmental concerns with incineration are also discussed.
This document discusses climate change and ways to reduce pollution and stop climate change. It provides background on climate change and explains that human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are the primary causes of increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It then summarizes the main sources of carbon dioxide emissions from sectors like electricity production, transportation, and industry. The document concludes by proposing solutions like renewable energy, geothermal energy, maglev transportation, and better forest management to help address climate change.
Ravi Kant provides a summary of public private partnerships in municipal solid waste management. Key points include:
- Private operators can more effectively manage waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal through established facilities due to their specialization and 24/7 operations.
- Under PPP models, the government provides land and signs long-term concession agreements with private operators who invest capital to establish and operate waste treatment facilities, recovering costs through tipping fees paid per ton of waste managed.
- When properly implemented, PPPs in waste management provide benefits to waste generators, governments, and private operators, while most importantly protecting the environment through scientific waste handling.
2 - Urban Green Infrastructure and conservation of pollinators in EU2020Jure Šumi
Vegetated Roofs and Walls to Enhance Living Condition Webinar organised by:
- Slovenian Green Infrastructure Association,
- World Green Infrastructure Network,
- National Institute for Biology and
- Urbanscape Green Solutions by Knauf Insulation.
Endorsed by MEP Ljudmila Novak.
The presentation made by Mr.Vujadin Kovačević, Head of EU Pollinator Initiative presents examples and the situation of pollinators in EU and how green roofs and walls can improve living environment in urban areas.
MATERIAL-ECONOMICS-EU-BIOMASS-USE-IN-A-NET-ZERO-ECONOMY-ONLINE-VERSION.pdfgulzar ahmad
- Current climate scenarios envision a 70-150% increase in EU biomass use for energy and materials by 2050 compared to present levels, totaling 17-25 EJ.
- However, available sustainable biomass supply for the EU is estimated to be only 11-13 EJ, leaving a gap of 40-100% between demand and supply projections.
- Relying on projections for biomass use that exceed likely sustainable supply risks major trade-offs with key environmental objectives like biodiversity and climate change. A course correction is needed to prioritize biomass uses.
This document provides an overview of anaerobic digesters and biogas production. It discusses the types of feedstock that can be used in anaerobic digesters including various organic wastes. The four main steps of the anaerobic digestion process are described as well as factors that influence biogas production. Four types of reactor designs - plug flow digester, complete mix digester, covered lagoon digester, and fixed film digester - are outlined with more detail provided on plug flow digester design including sizing calculations for a example plug flow digester.
The document discusses carbon footprint in buildings and ways to reduce it. It notes that the construction industry significantly impacts carbon emissions through materials and construction products. It introduces the concepts of embodied carbon, which addresses emissions from materials throughout their life cycle, and carbon neutralization, which seeks to avoid greenhouse gas imbalance. The document recommends considering materials' carbon footprint and influencing building operation through proper insulation, lighting, and shading to decrease energy needs. It also suggests understanding sourced materials and addressing impacts of construction machinery, transportation, and waste disposal.
56
مبادرة
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة السادسة والخمسون من المبادرة مع
الاستاذ الدكتور / طارق عطية
استاذ إدارة المشروعات
بعنوان
"Green Buildings !
How much it would cost ?"
التاسعة مساء توقيت مكة المكرمة الإثنين14سبتمبر2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووم من خلال الرابط
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZUqf-qhqjgrGNJ9mRrleSMkLSOacFIF5tqg
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على وقناة يوتيوب
https://www.youtube.com/user/EEAchannal
للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة تيليجرام
الرابط
https://t.me/EEAKSA
رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية
www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
رابط التسجيل العام للمحاضرات
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9
Report based on a case study of a city called 'MASDAR CITY' situated at Abu Dhabi which is of 100% free from the pollution sources and is able to produce energy and suitable environment without affecting the environment.
The document discusses China's limited natural resources and rising consumption, leading to the development of a circular economy model. It outlines China's Circular Economy Promotion Law, which aims to establish closed-loop resource utilization through recycling, reuse, and reduced pollution. The law promotes industrial symbiosis to optimize resource use at the enterprise, industrial park, and regional levels based on principles of industrial ecology.
The document discusses plasma gasification as a sustainable way to generate clean energy from waste. Plasma gasification involves using plasma torches to break down waste into its basic molecular structure, producing a synthesis gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This syngas can then be used to generate electricity through a combined cycle system. The inorganic materials in the waste are vitrified into a glass-like slag. Plasma gasification is presented as an environmentally friendly alternative to landfilling or incineration as it produces no hazardous emissions or ash residue. The document also analyzes the composition of municipal solid waste in Abuja, Nigeria to examine its suitability as a feedstock for a plasma gasification system
Clean Coal And The Integrated Gasification Combined CycleNatasha Barnett
The document discusses the origins of the modern oil refinery and petroleum distillation process. It notes that in 1862, Benjamin Jr.'s research demonstrated that 50% of newly discovered Pennsylvania Rock Oil could be distilled into useful products, marking the beginning of the petroleum distillation industry. Further details are provided on the challenges of early filtration and purification methods.
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT & DESIGN ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a study analyzing the production of biogas from sewage at a treatment plant in Greater Noida, India with capacity of 137 million liters per day.
2. Key findings include that approximately 1.417 million cubic meters of biogas could be produced annually, reducing CO2 emissions significantly. Combining wastewater and sludge treatment improves biogas recovery.
3. The document also details the design of an anaerobic digester for the sewage treatment plant, estimating the biogas production based on characteristics of the wastewater and sludge. Approximately 65% of suspended solids in the sewage can be removed, and digestion reduces volatile content of these solids by 65
This document discusses using municipal solid waste in combined gasification systems with coal to generate syngas as a sustainable alternative fuel. It proposes a theoretical model for co-gasifying up to 200 tons per day of municipal waste with local coal in small to medium Colombian municipalities. The model could help address waste management needs while sustaining coal resource use.
This document outlines a student project proposal to design an anaerobic digester for biogas production from municipal solid waste in Dharan, Nepal. The objectives are to analyze waste composition, design the digester system, and evaluate economic viability. Background information provides the context of waste management challenges in Nepal and introduces anaerobic digestion technology. A literature review supports biogas as an effective waste solution. Methodology describes the plan to collect data, design the digester, and assess social and environmental impacts. The proposal requests a budget and provides a project schedule. Preliminary findings from an existing biogas site are also summarized.
Study of Solar Distillation on Domestic Wastewater TreatmentIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using solar distillation to treat domestic wastewater in Kolhapur, India. Samples of domestic wastewater were collected and tested for various physio-chemical parameters before and after undergoing solar distillation for 24 hours. The distillation process significantly reduced levels of most parameters, removing up to 88% of COD, 89% of BOD, and over 90% of various other contaminants like chlorides. The treated water met standards for all parameters tested, demonstrating that solar distillation is an effective natural method for domestic wastewater treatment that could be suitable for areas lacking conventional treatment infrastructure.
Statistical Modelling of the Energy Content of Municipal Solid Wastes in Nort...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability to predict the quantity of energy to be produced is of paramount importance in every country. It would assist in setting up a waste management plan which will lead to a sustainable energy policy. This paper presents the development of a statistical linear regression mathematical model to predict the amount of energy contained in municipal solid wastes from the knowledge of such characteristics of the wastes as physical composition and/or moisture content. Major cities of Kano, Katsina, Dutse, Damaturu, Maiduguri, Bauchi, Birnin Kebbi, Gusau and Sokoto in Northern Nigeria, with high population densities and intense industrial activities constituted the area of study. Ten kilogram each, of the municipal solid waste was collected from the government designated refuse dumping sites in both highly dense populated low income areas and government residential areas, during the hottest months of February, March and April and during the rainy season in the month of August for three years. The waste material was prepared for the determination of its physical characteristics by sifting through. Proximate, ultimate analyses and calorific values were determined using ASTM analytical techniques and formulas from the literature. An empirical linear regression based mathematical model was developed using statistical methods and experimental data. Comparison between experimental and predicted values of the calorific values showed an agreement of about 70% with an average deviation of 5.03% while the standard deviation was found to be 5.29%.
11. article azojete vol. 12 103 109 oumarouOyeniyi Samuel
This document presents a statistical model developed to predict the energy content of municipal solid wastes in Northern Nigeria. Samples of solid waste were collected from major cities in the region and analyzed to determine their physical characteristics, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and calorific values. An empirical linear regression model was created using the experimental data to statistically correlate the waste characteristics of physical composition and moisture content with energy content. The model showed about 70% agreement when compared to experimental calorific values, with an average deviation of 5.03% and standard deviation of 5.29%.
The continued use of energy sources based on fossil fuels has various repercussions for
the environment. These repercussions are being minimized through the use of renewable energy
supplies and new techniques to decarbonize the global energy matrix. For many years, hydrogen
has been one of the most used gases in all kinds of industry, and now it is possible to produce it
efficiently, on a large scale, and in a non-polluting way.
The document provides an update on the CoLaBATS project, which aims to develop a novel process for recycling lithium-ion batteries. It notes that the project has completed the selection of task-specific ionic liquids and green chemistry approaches, allowing work to begin on developing and building a pilot plant. Over the next six months, the consortium will host workshops, scale up the prototype, and begin production of the pilot plant with the goal of demonstrating the novel recycling process. The document also discusses sustainability and developing a circular economy for batteries through reuse, remanufacturing, and improving recycling.
This paper deals with a new technology by which water can be used as a fuel. Price of Petroleum oils
are increases day-by-day, affecting the lifestyle of common people as well as the national economy. Hence it is
necessary to have alternative for petroleum oil. Water can be used as a fuel in the form of Brown’s Gas, so we
have a plan to produce a Generator which works on Brown’s Gas which is obtained by the electrolysis of water. It
will be a unique type of Generator so it has huge market potential. Now–a-days every country spends a lot of
money on research and development on non-conventional energy resources. In world, the conventional energy
sources are limited and their consumption is very high, so alternative sources of energy have tremendous
potential in future. Nobody will think for a moment but it is reality that water can be used as electricity producing
agent, and hence as an energy resources. It is good news for environmentalists as It is made from water,
depending upon the set-up; it burns into combustion engine and releases oxygen into atmosphere. This method
increases the oxygen content in the atmosphere, which helps to solve environment degradation. Hence, this new
successful technology can be called as Green technology. Since Electricity is one of the important energy
resources. It is available at very limited places and consumption is much more. This causes war for electricity
which is not new for civilization but by this technology war can be overcome or may be ended soo n
A vision for permanents magnets PM standardisation activities continuous powder production.
The START project: Creating a
sustainable supply chain for green energy harvesting products by Powder Metallurgy
Power Generation in Future by Using Landfill GasesIJARIIT
this paper describes an approach to power generation in future by using landfill gases. The present day methods of power generation are not much efficient & it may not be sufficient or suitable to keep pace with ever increasing demand. The recent severe energy crisis has forced the world to rethink & develop the landfill gas type power generation which remained unthinkable for several years after its discovery. Generation of electricity by using landfill gases is unique and highly efficient with nearly zero pollution. Landfill gas utilization is a process of gathering, processing, and treating the methane gas emitted from decomposing garbage to produce electricity. In advanced countries this technique is already in use but in developing countries it’s still under construction. The efficiency is also better than other non-conventional energy sources. These projects are popular because they control energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These projects collect the methane gas and treat it, so it can be used for electricity or upgraded to pipeline-grade gas. These projects power homes, buildings, and vehicles. Keywords-landfill gas process, LFG collection system, flaring, LFG gas treatment, gas turbine, and micro turbine.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is an aggregate of unwanted and discarded materials
that are generated, as man interact with the environment, in his daily activities. The
agglomeration of MSW in the environment is huge and its inefficient management could
result in land degradation and pollution, unsightly scenes, ecological contamination and
global warming. The energy content of its individual components varies from 0
46.169 kJ/kg while that of overall composition remains a function of mix;
physicochemical and thermochemical characteristics of the components. Therefore, this
paper presents a waste-to-energy method for MSW management and energy recovery for
heating or electricity generation. A multiple regression analysis was used to develop a
predictive model for the energy content of MSW, while the effect of physicochemical
World Bank estimated, in 2025 the production of municipal solid waste will be 2.2 billion tones worldwide. With this amount, we are more and more polluting our own environment. Seven to eight percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions arise from continued landfilling. EfW (WtE) does not only decrease the volume of waste, it also protects natural resources like land and water. There is no additional need for landfills, where leakage can occur and pollute our tap water. It also protects air and climate because the regulations by law for EfW are more stringent than for coal fired power plants or any other industry. EfW plants decrease the greenhouse gases which come from landfill.
Green Hydrogen Energy Fuel for the Future in Indiaijtsrd
Hydrogen has an important potential role in a net zero economy as it has no carbon emissions at the point of use. Hydrogen fuels are versatile, capable of being produced and used in many ways, including production from renewable sources and applications to decarbonize challenging areas, such as heavy transport, industry, and heat, as well as the storage and transport of energy. It is already widely used in industry and agriculture, but their current production carries a high greenhouse gas footprint. Significant greenhouse gas emission reductions could be achieved through decarbonization of production for both existing and new applications. However, it currently faces challenges that require technological advances, including in their generation, storage, and use, particularly the costs involved in achieving net zero life cycle emissions. Further research, development, demonstration, and deployment are required to identify the areas where hydrogen can make a critical difference in practice. Dr. Arvind Kumar | Prabhash Kumar "Green Hydrogen - Energy Fuel for the Future in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52815.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/52815/green-hydrogen--energy-fuel-for-the-future-in-india/dr-arvind-kumar
This document discusses enhanced plasma gasification as an innovative technology solution for processing solid waste resources into clean renewable energy. Plasma gasification can address climate change by reducing harmful methane emissions from landfills, eliminate landfill dependency, create new green jobs, and generate clean renewable energy from waste resources rather than letting them decompose in landfills. Nova Waste Solutions has a proven enhanced plasma gasification system that can achieve these benefits while also reducing costs for municipalities and creating economic opportunities in Canada and developing countries. The system is presented as superior to incineration due to generating no toxic emissions or residues, being more energy efficient, and enabling additional waste streams to be processed.
This document discusses enhanced plasma gasification as an innovative technology solution for processing solid waste resources into clean renewable energy. Plasma gasification can address climate change by reducing harmful methane emissions from landfills, eliminate landfill dependency, create new green jobs, and generate clean renewable energy from waste resources rather than letting them decompose in landfills. Nova Waste Solutions has a proven enhanced plasma gasification system that can achieve these benefits while also reducing municipal costs and moving communities toward zero waste. The technology is presented as superior to incineration by generating no toxic emissions or residues, being more energy efficient, and allowing waste streams like contaminated materials to be processed.
Abstract— Emanations of nursery gasses and different contaminations are expanding in India with the expanding interest for power. Coal is the essential fuel for power era in India and its use is persistently expanding to meet the vitality requests of the nation. This paper displays the investigation of warm plant and cogeneration plant as far as power era and emanations, impacts of discharges on condition and human wellbeing are talked about. Correlation of warm plant is made with the bagasse based cogeneration plant. In coal based Thermal power plant input coal every day ranges from 650 to 850 Tons so that 250 to 350 Tons of Ash is produced and 550000 to 650000 Units of power is created. In bagasse based cogeneration plant bagasse utilized every day ranges from 100 to 2000 Tons, Ash created is 10 to 80 Tons and power of 20000 to 800000Units are produced. By consuming unit ton of coal 0.3 to 0.4 tons of Ash is created, where as 750 to 850 Units of power is produced. In any case, from cogeneration plant utilizing 1Tonne of bagasse 0.04 Ton of Ash and 400Units of Electricity is produced. In this manner Ash produced from Thermal power plant is 10 times more than the Ash created from the Cogeneration Plant. The coal based plants impact the earth and human wellbeing by discharges like Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Sulfur Oxides (SOx), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx ) and Particulate Matter. Gauges from the cogeneration comes about that the discharges are similarly not as much as the coal based warm power plant.
Keywords— Ash generation, Bagasse, Cogeneration plant, Emissions, Thermal Plant.
Similar to International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) (20)
KALYAN CHART SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
AI Transformation Playbook: Thinking AI-First for Your BusinessArijit Dutta
I dive into how businesses can stay competitive by integrating AI into their core processes. From identifying the right approach to building collaborative teams and recognizing common pitfalls, this guide has got you covered. AI transformation is a journey, and this playbook is here to help you navigate it successfully.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
Tired of chasing down expiring contracts and drowning in paperwork? Mastering contract management can significantly enhance your business efficiency and productivity. This guide unveils expert secrets to streamline your contract management process. Learn how to save time, minimize risk, and achieve effortless contract management.
L'indice de performance des ports à conteneurs de l'année 2023SPATPortToamasina
Une évaluation comparable de la performance basée sur le temps d'escale des navires
L'objectif de l'ICPP est d'identifier les domaines d'amélioration qui peuvent en fin de compte bénéficier à toutes les parties concernées, des compagnies maritimes aux gouvernements nationaux en passant par les consommateurs. Il est conçu pour servir de point de référence aux principaux acteurs de l'économie mondiale, notamment les autorités et les opérateurs portuaires, les gouvernements nationaux, les organisations supranationales, les agences de développement, les divers intérêts maritimes et d'autres acteurs publics et privés du commerce, de la logistique et des services de la chaîne d'approvisionnement.
Le développement de l'ICPP repose sur le temps total passé par les porte-conteneurs dans les ports, de la manière expliquée dans les sections suivantes du rapport, et comme dans les itérations précédentes de l'ICPP. Cette quatrième itération utilise des données pour l'année civile complète 2023. Elle poursuit le changement introduit l'année dernière en n'incluant que les ports qui ont eu un minimum de 24 escales valides au cours de la période de 12 mois de l'étude. Le nombre de ports inclus dans l'ICPP 2023 est de 405.
Comme dans les éditions précédentes de l'ICPP, la production du classement fait appel à deux approches méthodologiques différentes : une approche administrative, ou technique, une méthodologie pragmatique reflétant les connaissances et le jugement des experts ; et une approche statistique, utilisant l'analyse factorielle (AF), ou plus précisément la factorisation matricielle. L'utilisation de ces deux approches vise à garantir que le classement des performances des ports à conteneurs reflète le plus fidèlement possible les performances réelles des ports, tout en étant statistiquement robuste.
High-Quality IPTV Monthly Subscription for $15advik4387
Experience high-quality entertainment with our IPTV monthly subscription for just $15. Access a vast array of live TV channels, movies, and on-demand shows with crystal-clear streaming. Our reliable service ensures smooth, uninterrupted viewing at an unbeatable price. Perfect for those seeking premium content without breaking the bank. Start streaming today!
https://rb.gy/f409dk
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
Discover the Beauty and Functionality of The Expert Remodeling Serviceobriengroupinc04
Unlock your kitchen's true potential with expert remodeling services from O'Brien Group Inc. Transform your space into a functional, modern, and luxurious haven with their experienced professionals. From layout reconfiguration to high-end upgrades, they deliver stunning results tailored to your style and needs. Visit obriengroupinc.com to elevate your kitchen's beauty and functionality today.
Efficient PHP Development Solutions for Dynamic Web ApplicationsHarwinder Singh
Unlock the full potential of your web projects with our expert PHP development solutions. From robust backend systems to dynamic front-end interfaces, we deliver scalable, secure, and high-performance applications tailored to your needs. Trust our skilled team to transform your ideas into reality with custom PHP programming, ensuring seamless functionality and a superior user experience.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
The report *State of D2C in India: A Logistics Update* talks about the evolving dynamics of the d2C landscape with a particular focus on how brands navigate the complexities of logistics. Third Party Logistics enablers emerge indispensable partners in facilitating the growth journey of D2C brands, offering cost-effective solutions tailored to their specific needs. As D2C brands continue to expand, they encounter heightened operational complexities with logistics standing out as a significant challenge. Logistics not only represents a substantial cost component for the brands but also directly influences the customer experience. Establishing efficient logistics operations while keeping costs low is therefore a crucial objective for brands. The report highlights how 3PLs are meeting the rising demands of D2C brands, supporting their expansion both online and offline, and paving the way for sustainable, scalable growth in this fast-paced market.
Unlocking WhatsApp Marketing with HubSpot: Integrating Messaging into Your Ma...Niswey
50 million companies worldwide leverage WhatsApp as a key marketing channel. You may have considered adding it to your marketing mix, or probably already driving impressive conversions with WhatsApp.
But wait. What happens when you fully integrate your WhatsApp campaigns with HubSpot?
That's exactly what we explored in this session.
We take a look at everything that you need to know in order to deploy effective WhatsApp marketing strategies, and integrate it with your buyer journey in HubSpot. From technical requirements to innovative campaign strategies, to advanced campaign reporting - we discuss all that and more, to leverage WhatsApp for maximum impact. Check out more details about the event here https://events.hubspot.com/events/details/hubspot-new-delhi-presents-unlocking-whatsapp-marketing-with-hubspot-integrating-messaging-into-your-marketing-strategy/
Unlocking WhatsApp Marketing with HubSpot: Integrating Messaging into Your Ma...
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 7 ǁ July. 2013 ǁ PP.42-50
www.ijesi.org 42 | Page
Environmentally Friendly and Sustainable Municipal Solid waste
Management in Abuja
Anyaegbunam F.N.C.
Department of Physics/Geology/Geophysics, Federal University Alike Ikwo.Abakaliki Nigeria
ABSTRACT:Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management is a challenge to the Engineers, Scientists, City
Planners and Local Administrators. Landfill sites and incineration continue to be the primary methods used to
dispose wastes with significant negative impact on the environment. Landfill releases methane which is 21 times
more dangerous as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Incineration is often pushed as an alternative to land
filling. However, it is a known fact that incinerator ashes are contaminated with heavy metals, unburned
chemicals and new chemicals formed during the burning process. These ashes are then buried in landfill or
dumped in the environment. Sustainable and successful treatment of MSW should be safe, effective, and
environmentally friendly. Application of plasma gasification in waste to energy is one of the novel applications
that were introduced several decades ago. In plasma arc gasifying vessel, the organic waste materials are
gasified to generate a syngas which can be used to produce energy. This study tries to describe the basics
of this technology, reviews the challenges andbenefits of its implementation in waste to energy generation. It
might prove to be an Environmentally Safe and Sustainable Solution for Municipal Solid Waste Management in
Abuja, Nigeria.
KEYWORDS:Plasma arc gasification, waste to energy, syngas, Municipal Solid Waste, Power.
I. INTRODUCTION
Although plasma technology is used in various applications since 1950s, it was Camacho that first used
this technology to transform waste to energy in early 1970s. He showed that the process would produce useful
gas that could be used for producing various forms of energy, and vitrified rock-like byproduct that could be
used as construction aggregate [1]. Thegaseous emission to the atmospherewere limited and very much under
control[1]. Waste materials are processed without any fly ashes that would require to be sent to a landfill. The
environmental regulations are becoming more stringent andthis leads to increase in the cost of opening,
maintaining, and operating landfills. The harmful attributes of landfills to environment are also revealed [2].
They suggested that Sustainable and successful treatment of MSW should be safe, effective, and
environmentally friendly. Consequently, the issues related to landfills, created an atmosphere for academia and
industry to extend their research frontiers for new solutions that would be environmentally friendly.
Plasma arc technology is not new.However, adaptation of this approach to large-scale solid waste
disposal, including gasification of waste and recovery of energy from the gas generated is new.Plasma
gasification ofmunicipal solid waste (MSW) is a fairly new application that combines well-established sub-
systems into one new system. In Plasma Arc
Gasification(PAG)(http://www.recoveredenergy.com/d_plasma.html),the MSW is gasified in an
oxygen-starved environment to decompose waste material into its basic molecular structure. It does not combust
the waste as in the incinerators. Plasma may be created in a variety of ways, including passing a gas between
objects with large differences in electrical potential, as in the case of lightning, or by exposing gases to high
temperatures, as in the case of arc welding or graphite electrode torches. Plasma arc torches (Fig.1) utilize a
combination of these techniques[3]. A relatively small quantity of ionized gas is produced by an ―arc igniter‖
and introduced between the electrodes contained in the body of the torch. The presence of this ionized gas
allows the formation of an electric arc between the electrodes, and the arc serves as a resistive heating element
with the electric current creating heat which creates additional plasma that allows the arc to be sustained.
Interaction between the arc and process gas introduced into the torch causes the temperature of the gas to reach
very high temperatures, often nearly as hot as the sun’s surface. The ability to increase the temperature of the
process gas to temperatures two to ten times higher than those attainable by conventional combustion makes
plasma arc technology ideally suited for high temperature process applications such as gasification of MSW.The
extremely intense energy produced by the torch is powerful enough to disintegrate the MSW into its component
elements. The subsequent reaction produces syngas and by-productsconsisting of a glass-like substance used as
raw materials for high-strength asphalt or household tiles, and also re-useable metals. Syngas is a mixture of
hydrogen and carbon monoxide[4]and it can be converted into fuels such as hydrogen, natural gas or ethanol.
2. Environmentally friendly and Sustainable
www.ijesi.org 43 | Page
The Syngas so generated is fed into a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) which generates steam. This steam
is used to drive steam turbinewhich in turn produces electricity – part of which is used to power the converter,
while the rest can be used for the plant's heating or electrical needs, or sold back to the utility grid. Essentially
the inorganic materials such as silica, soil, concrete, glass, gravel, including metals in the waste are vitrified and
flow out the bottom of the reactor. There are no tars, furans or ashes enough topollute the environment.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is believed to be a source of renewable energy, and plasma arc
gasification technology is one of the leading-edge technologies available to harness this energy[5]. The
MSW is a sustainablefuel source and increasing day by day in Abuja which is one of the fastest growing cities
in the world. Therefore Plasma Arc Gasification may be proven as a sustainable source of energy and
environmentally safe solution for MSW disposal in the City.
1.1Abuja Environmental Protection Board (AEPB) Waste Management
Solid waste management in Nigeria[6]is characterized by improper collection methods, insufficient
coverage of the collection system and improper disposal of solid waste. Abuja Environmental Protection Board
was founded in 1989 by the government to, among other things, ensure that municipal solid waste is collected
and disposed regularly, manage hospital and other hazardous wastes, manage landfill sites as well as sweeping
the markets and streets to make the city clean. They achieve this [7] by placing refuse bins in public places such
as markets and residential areas so that garbage can be collected and taken to the dumpsites by compacting
trucks, side loaders and tippers.
There are two types of waste that can be found in the city. One is garbage from various houses and
industries. Secondly, there are alsowastes from the hospitals and clinics, referred to as the clinical garbage
[7](abujaenvironmentalprotectionboard.gnbo.com.ng).The local administration, AEPB, has entered into a
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) arrangement with some contractors for the collection and disposal of solid
wastes in landfill and other dumpsites located in the city. Abuja city is divided into 20 district lots for this
purpose, each district lot being manned by a cleaning contractor on a renewable concession agreement for three
years. Under the agreement, the AEPB contributed 20 per cent of the funds used in procuring 50 compacting
trucks and 12 street sweepers, while the technical partners were to contribute the remaining 80 per cent. The
vehicles have been shared out to the cleaning contractors in charge of the 20 lots and the size of each district
determines the number of vehicles allocated to each cleaner. This arrangement was not sustained as the technical
partners failed to fulfill their own obligations. Today millions of tons of MSW have been accumulated over the
years in landfill and dumpsites at Gosa and Mpape localitiesof Abuja despite irregular collection method
andpoor management. This is causing serious environmental problems. It is estimated that over 5000MT per day
of MSW[8] is collectible in Abuja if collection mechanism is properly organized due to fast growing population
caused by the influx of people from other parts of Nigeria. This value of MSW can produce up to 320MW of
Electricity[3].Less than 60% of MSW generated is collected in developing countries [6]. Solid waste generation
exceeds collection capacity. [9]describes that one to two thirds of the solid waste generation in developing
countries is not collected. In developing countries, waste stream is over 50% organic material [10]. The density
of solid waste in Nigeria ranged from 280 kg/m3 to 370 kg/m3 higher than solid waste densities found in
developed countries. 60% of wastes collected in Nigeria are organic waste [6].
II. METHODOLOGY
Information on waste collection and handling is supplied by Abuja environmental protection board
(AEPB) and also from various municipal area councils in the Federal Capital Territory. Some workers at AEPB
were interviewed to gather relevant information on the status of MSW collection and disposal. Various open
dumpsites were visited and waste samples collected and analyzed. Useful information is also gathered from
AEPB website: (www.environmentalprotectionboard.gnbo.com.ng). Data collection and analysis are based on
the information about the six municipal area councils of Abuja on 2006 population census. A survey is
conducted on the status of solid waste generation in each of the municipal area councils. The area councils
provided information based on collection and transportation.
The data collected from the area councils and those obtained on their websites were analyzed and
corrections made on average basis of the size of the area council. The sampling was done at the dumpsites and
analysis done for the composition of MSW in each area council as per established guidelines issued by the
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
2.1Municipal Solid WasteGeneration and Characterization
Solid waste generation studies are based on the information supplied by the local area councils. It is
shown that 1918MT/day of MSW is collected. There are no regulations or standards to guide the collection and
monitoring of the MSW. The waste collection is not properly organized. Less than 50% of the waste generated
3. Environmentally friendly and Sustainable
www.ijesi.org 44 | Page
is collected. The MSW generation in Abuja is shown in Table 1. The rate of MSW generation in Abuja is about
0.67 kg/cap/day. Other results show that this rate is 0.66kg/cap/day[6].
Table 1. Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Abuja
MUNICIPAL
AREA COUNCILS
POPULATION MSW /MT/d Per capita waste
Generation/kg/d
ABUJA 2,245,000 1527 0.68
ABAJI 58,444 38 0.65
BWARI 227,216 150 0.66
GWAGALADA 157,770 104 0.66
KWALI 85,837 55 0.64
KUJE 97,367 44 0.67
TOTAL 2871634 1918 0.668
Table 2. Waste Stream Composition
ABUJA ABAJI BWARI GWAGALADA KWALI KUJE
Putreserible 53.2 52..5 50.8 51.9 54.5 55.0
Plastics 7.2 8.2 8.1 7.8 6.8 7.6
Paper 14.0 12.4 14.3 13.5 12.1 13.8
Textile 4.1 3.5 2.6 4.0 4.6 2.7
Metal 5.0 4,5 5.1 5.2 4.9 3,9
Glass 3.5. 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.1
Others 13.0 15.0 15.1 13.4 12.8 12.9
The food consumption of residents of Abuja and the municipal area councils is essentially carbohydrate
and vegetables just as in most part of Nigeria. This partly gives rise to higher percentage of organic component
of the MSW. Because of non-properly organized collection methods, the AEPB does not provide separate solid
waste management for the seven classifications of solid waste. The majority of substances composing municipal
solid waste include paper, vegetable matter, plastics, metals, textile, rubber and glass. Table 2 shows a
comparative analysis of municipal solid waste composition in the six Municipal area councils of Abuja. It can
be seen that great majority of the total solid waste generated in Abuja is organic.
2.2Waste Handling and Treatment
In Abuja like most developing countries, wastes are commonly dumped in open dumpsuncontrolled
landfills where a waste collection service is organized. Open dumping of waste cannot be considered as a long-
term environmental method of disposal. The dangers of open dumping are many; health hazard to scavengers at
the dump site, pollution of ground water, spread of infectious diseases, highly toxic smoke from continuously
smoldering fires and foul odors from decomposing refuse. However, the presentcontrolleddumpsite in Abuja is
at GOSA, near the Airport road. There is no defined method of waste handling and treatment in Abuja today but
several million tons of MSW have been deposited in open dumpsites over the years.A new technology such as
Plasma Arc Gasification Technology may prove to be an environmentally friendly solution for the treatment of
wastes in the city of Abuja.
III. PLASMA GASIFICATION
Plasma, often referred to as the ―fourth state of matter‖, is the term given to a gas that has become
ionized. An ionized gas is one where the atoms of the gas have lost one or more electrons and have become
electrically charged. The sun and lightning are examples of plasma in nature. Important properties of plasma
include the ability to conduct an electric current and to respond to electromagnetic fields. Plasma was described
[11] as "radiant matter" The nature of the Crookes tube "cathode ray" matter was subsequently identified by
British physicist Sir J.J. Thomson in 1897. The term "plasma" was coined[12] perhaps, because the glowing
discharge molds itself to the shape of the Crooks tube. The presence of a non-negligible number of
charge carriers makes the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic
fields,[13].
Artificial Plasma may be created in a variety of ways, including passing a process gas,which serves as a
dielectric, between objects with large electrical potential differences, or by exposing gases to high temperatures,
as in the case of arc welding or graphite electrode torches. The potential difference and subsequent electric field
causes ionization of the gas and electrons are pulled toward the anode while the nucleus[13] pulled towards
cathode. The current stresses the gas by electric polarization beyond its dielectric strength into a stage of
4. Environmentally friendly and Sustainable
www.ijesi.org 45 | Page
electrical breakdown. The presence of this ionized gas allows the formation of an electric arc between the two
electrodes, and the arc serves as a resistive heating element with the electric current creating heat which creates
additional plasma that allows the arc to be sustained. A major advantage of the plasma arc as a resistive heating
element is that it is formed in a gas and cannot melt or fail as can solid heating elements. Interaction between the
arc and process gas introduced into the torch causes the temperature of the gas to be very high and the hot gas
can exit the plasma torch (Fig. 1) at about 10,000°C.The ability to increase the temperature of the process gas to
temperatures up to ten times higher than those attainable by conventional combustion makes plasma arc
technology ideally suited for high temperature process applications such as gasification.
Fig.1 Plasma Tourch
3.1.Gasification Process
Gasification is a process that converts carbon-containing materials, such as municipal solid waste
(MSW), coal, petroleum coke, or biomass, into a synthesis gas (syngas) composed primarily of carbon
monoxide and hydrogen. Gasification occurs[3] when a carbon-containing feedstock is exposed to elevated
temperatures and/or pressures in the presence of controlled amounts of oxygen which may be supplied by air,
oxygen enriched air (essentially pure oxygen), or steam. Gasification accomplished through the use of
controlled amounts of air or oxygen (―starved air gasification‖) produces a product gas composed primarily of
carbon monoxide plus smaller amounts of hydrogen produced by reaction between carbon and moisture in the
feedstock.The global gasification reaction is written as follows; waste material is described by its global
analysis, CHxOy),[2]:
CHxOy + wH2O + mO2 + 3.76mN2 → aH2 + bCO + cCO2 + dH2O + eCH4 + fN2 + gC
Where w is the amount of water per mole of waste material, m is the amount of O2 per mole of waste,
a, b, c, d, e, f and g are the coefficients of the gaseous products and soot (all stoichiometric coefficients in
moles). This overall equation has also been used for the calculation of chemical equilibrium occurring in the
thermal plasma gasification with input electrical energy. The concentrations of each gas have been decided
depending on the amount of injected O2, H2O, and input thermal plasma enthalpy.The detailed main reactions
are as follows:
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 (CH4 decomposition-endothermic)
CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 (water gas shift reaction-exothermic)
C + H2O → CO + H2 (Heterogeneous water gas shift reaction-endothermic)
C+CO2 → 2CO (Boudouard equilibrium-endothermic)
2C + O2 → CO
The H2 and CO generated during the gasification process can be a fuel source. Therefore, plasma
gasification process has been combined with many other technologies to recover energy from the syngas.
3.2Plasma Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Plasma gasification is an efficient and environmentally responsible form of thermal treatment [14] of
wastes which occurs in oxygen starved environment so that waste is gasified, not incinerated. Westinghouse
Plasma Corporation (WPC) has developed a plasma gasification system[15]; [3] which uses plasma heat in
a vertical shaft cupola adopted from the foundry industry. The WPC plasma gasification process is illustrated in
Fig. 2 below,[3]. The heart of the process is the ―Plasma Gasifier‖; a vertical refractory lined vessel into which
5. Environmentally friendly and Sustainable
www.ijesi.org 46 | Page
the feed material is introduced near the top along with metallurgical coke and limestone. Plasma torches are
located near the bottom of the vessel and direct the high temperature process gas into a bed of coke at the
bottom of the vessel. Air or oxygen is introduced through tuyres located above the torches. The high
temperature process gas introduced through the torch raises the temperature of the coke bed to a very high level
to provide a heat reservoir and the process gas moves upward through the gasifying vessel to gasify the waste.
The power of plasma gasification makes it environmentally clean technique. Plasma Gasification Plant (PGP)
projects[16] are being developed by many gas plasma technology companies, and there are real benefits to be
obtained from this technology for the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal.
Additional heat is introduced from the reaction of the carbon in the waste with the oxygen introduced
through the tuyres to produce carbon monoxide in the gasification process. The hot product gas, passing upward
though the waste breaks down organic compounds and dries the waste at the top of the ―gasifier‖. This is
pyrolysis process. As the waste moves downward through the ―gasifier‖ vessel, inorganic materials such as
metal, glass and soil are melted and produce a two phase liquid stream consisting of metals and a glass-like
(vitrified) residue that flows to the bottom of the vessel. Discharge of the molten material into water results in
the formation of metal nodules and a coarse sand-like material very similar to the black sand beaches produced
in Hawaii when lava flows into the sea.
Fig. 2 WPC Plasma gasification process
IV. ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLINESS AND SUSTAINABILITY OF PLASMA
GASIFICATION OF MSW.
Plasma gasification represents a clean and efficient option to convert various feed stocks into energy in
an environmentally responsible manner [3]. In the plasma gasification process, heat nearly as hot as the sun’s
surface is used to break down the molecular structure of any carbon-containing materials – such as municipal
solid waste (MSW), tires, hazardous waste, biomass, river sediment, coal and petroleum coke – and convert
them into synthesis gas (product gas) that can be used to generate power, liquid fuels or other sustainable
sources of energy.
The Georgia Tech PARF lab conducted several tests [5] using their prototype plasma gasification units.
One of the units contained a 100 kW and the other a 240 kW plasma heating system. The plasma gas
was mainly air; however, Argon and Hydrogen were tested too. The main supplies of the furnaces were
artificial combination of materials to simulate typical average constituents of MSW based on US EPA.
For the Ex-Situ experiments the MSW constituents were used and for In Situ experiments, soil was added to the
MSW constituents to simulate a real landfill. The summary of the PARF lab experiment results are as follows:
1. The percentage weight loss of the MSW after plasmaprocessing is 84% for ex-situ experiment where the
MSW constituents alone wereused,and 59% for in-situ experiment where soil was added to MSW to
simulate a real landfill or dumpsite.And weight loss wassignificantly less than for ex-situ experiments, [5].
6. Environmentally friendly and Sustainable
www.ijesi.org 47 | Page
2. The percentage volume reduction of the MSW after plasma processing was 95.8% for ex-situ experiments
and 88.6% for in-situ experiment. Again, given that significant amount of soil was added to the mix in in-
situ experiment, obviously, the soil was melted (vitrified) but did not gasify (pyrolyze) and consequently
the volume reduction was reasonably different comparing with ex-situ experiment, [5].
3. Toxicity Leaching text results for heavy metals (Arsenic, Barium, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury,
Selenium and Silver) present after plasma gasification process are below detectable levels (BDL) in both
experiments, and also far below the permissible standards established by US EPA.[5].
4. Output Gas Composition: [5] Table-3 shows the output syngas compositions for experiment without soil
and with soil respectively in parts per million:
The rate of Carbon dioxide emission [17]per MWH of electricity produced from different processes is shown in
Fig.3
Each plasma gasification application will have a differing environmental profile, [3]but in general
terms a plasma gasification facility will have very low emissions of NOx, SOx, dioxins and furans. In
summary, when compared to conventional incineration or traditional gasification technologies, the WPC Plasma
Gasification technology and its plasma torch systems offer the following benefits listed in table 4:
7. Environmentally friendly and Sustainable
www.ijesi.org 48 | Page
4.1Plasma Gasification an environmentally friendly sustainable solution for Municipal Solid Waste
Management in Abuja
Abuja is made up of six municipal area councils for effective administration. The AEPB is the local
authority responsible for the proper management of the Municipal Solid Waste inAbuja.As at today, AEPB still
practice dumping of the MSW in the outskirt of the township. Open dumping creates huge Environmental
Problems. The quantity and composition of the waste contribute much for the selection of the management
solution. In fact, waste management is multi-disciplinary issue and involves various environmental, economic
and community aspects. Hence, certain criteria should be satisfied for any waste management method desired.
4.2Waste management criteria
There is an emerging global [18], [15]consensus to develop local level solutions and community
participation for better MSW management. Emphasis has been given to citizens’ awareness and involvement
for better [19]waste management. A number of studies were carried out in the past to compare different methods
of waste disposal and processing for different places. Study for the Netherlands[20]concluded that composting
was the best option of waste management. Study for the United Kingdom concluded that refused derived fuel
[21]was the best option. It can be inferred from the literature that no one method in isolation can solve the
problem of waste management. The present study is an attempt to establish the best feasible method of waste
management in Abuja by taking various factors in consideration.
The suitability of a particular technology for the treatment of MSW depends on a number of factors
which includes techno-economic viability, environmental factors, sustainability [22] and geophysical
background of the location. The Plasma Gasification [23] Process (PGP) seems to be a realistic solution for the
MSW disposal in the Abuja. It is a disposal process that can get rid of almost any kind of waste by eliminating
existing landfills, open dumps, and produce a clean energy for the city.
4.3Land requirement
The land and transportation facilities are basic requirement for MSW management. As per the
provisions of Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, the landfill site shallbe large
enough to last for 20-25 years[15]. It is the general experience that the land requirement for development
of the MSW landfill site is around 0.2 ha/MT of MSW generation per day with minimum requirement
of 2.0 ha land area. The projected minimum land requirement for Plasma Gasification Process (PGP), [3]is
dependent on the processing capacity of the plant and ancillary processes that maybe included in the overall
plant design. However, a standard IGCC configured plant having a capacity of 1000 MT per day would require
about 2.02 Hectares (5Acres) of land. Increasing the capacityof the plant to 3000 M.T. per day would increase
land requirement to about 4.04 Hectares (10 Acres).
4.4Sustainability
The sustainability of any project depends up on the capital cost, running & maintenance cost,
availability of raw materials and payback cost. Capital costs for a plasma gasification plant are similar to those
for a municipal solid waste incineration power plant, but plasma gasification plants are more economical
because the plant's inorganic byproduct can be sold to the market as bricks and concrete aggregate. Plasma
gasification plants also produce up to 50% more electricity than other gasification technologies,[17]) hence,
reducing the payback period.Nedcorp group plasma gasification system using Westinghouse Plasma
Corporation plasma touches [3] uses 2 to 5% of energy input to produce 80% of energy output. Typical plasma
gasification for waste to energy plant with a feedstock of 3,000 MT of MSWper dayis estimatedto cost over
8. Environmentally friendly and Sustainable
www.ijesi.org 49 | Page
$400 million for installation and will generate about 120 MW of electricity [5]. Estimation for a 2,000 MT
of MSW per day [4] is about $250 million. Most of the Plasma Gasification Plants require 120 Kwh of
energy for un-segregated per ton of MSW and 816 kwh electricity is generated from the process. It is also
projected [5]that each ton of MSW has the potential to produce 900 kWh. The same plant can produce
1,200 kWh for each ton of MSW if it is equipped with cogeneration auxiliaries i.e. steam turbine and gas turbine
in an integrated gasification combine circle (IGCC). This implies that similar to any other new technology, the
cost will decrease significantly after the commencement of mass production.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Municipal Solid Waste Management is a great challenge to the Town Planners, Waste
Managers, Scientists and Engineers. The quantity of Municipal Solid Waste generation is increasing and
availability of land for the landfills or open dump disposal in Abuja and elsewhere is decreasing day by day and
hence most of the latest efforts focus on ―Zero Waste‖ and/or ―Zero Land filling‖ disposal methods. It is
depicted from the data interpretation that;The average Municipal Solid Waste generation from the six municipal
area councils of Abujais about 1918MT/day (Table-1), due to lack of proper method of waste collection. When
it is properlyorganized,waste collection will exceed 5000MT/day for the fast growing city[8].The percentage of
plastic wastepresent in municipal solid waste is about 8% on average. The Plasma Gasification Process of
Municipal Solid Waste is a proven technology in which the weight is reduced by more than 88% and the volume
of organic matter reduced by more than 95%[17]. The vitrified glass generated as residue from Plasma
Gasification Process is alsoenvironmentally safe for toxicity leaching. The vitrified glass contains mainly
silica (sand, quartz), CaO, Fe2O3, and Al2O3 and can be used for the construction work. The reaction
processes inPGP produce mainly syngas (Hydrogen and Carbon monoxide). The PGP out-put gas is
environmentally safe. WPC Plasma Gasification technology and its plasma torch systems when compared to
incineration or traditional gasification offer unique environmental benefits.Operation is environmentally
responsible creating a product gas with very low quantities of NOx, SOx, dioxins and furans. Inorganic
components get converted to glassy slag safe for use as a construction aggregate.The fuel gas emissions are also
within prescribed limit, the process is environmentally safe in terms of rate of Carbon dioxide emission [17]per
MWH of electricity produced in comparison to different processes as depicted in Fig.3. The land requirement
for management of Municipal Solid Waste in the City through landfillswould be around 384ha for 1918MT/day.
However, processing of 3000MT/day by plasma gasification process will require only 4.02ha of land, [3]. The
reduction in the space required for un-segregated MSW management by PGP is very significant. This is positive
for the fast growing City ofAbuja where land space is diminishing by the day.The Plasma Gasification
Processing (PGP) plants will generate 320MW of electricity when 5000MT/day is processed[3]; [24]and this
will be used by the local utility through national grid. The PGP plants conserve fossil fuels by generating
electricity.One ton of MSW will reduce oil consumption of 132.50 liters or will save 0.25 MT of coal, [15]. It
has been estimated that one ton of MSW decomposed in a PGP rather than land filled reduces greenhouse gas
emissions by 1.2 MT of carbon dioxide [15]. Hence, there will be reduction of over 2300MT/day of land filled
greenhouse gas emissions with the technology proposed.
The Municipal Solid Waste management is a challenge due to its increasing quantity and limited land
resources. This is the reason that most ofthe latest efforts focus on ―Zero Waste‖ and/or ―Zero Landfilling‖
which is certainly expensive [25] for weaker economies. Developing countries, though poor should develop
area-specific solutions to their problems [26]in the MSW management. Application of Plasma Gasification
Process (PGP) in waste to energy, relieves the pressure on distressed landfills, and offers an environmentally
benign method [4] of disposing MSW. Municipal solid waste is considered as a source of renewable energy,
and plasma gasification technology is one of the leading-edge technologies available to harness this energy.
In recent years, the US government officially declared the MSW as a renewable source of energy, and power
generated through the use of MSW is considered green power and qualified for all eligible incentives.
Plasma technology purports to be an economic and abundant source of energy, and a reliable source of
power. Looking ahead to many applications of Plasma Gasification Process, the profit potential of plasma
conversion [4] is tremendous. Private companies could build facilities in developing countries and it would
naturally be in their financial best interest to develop the garbage collection infrastructure to support their
business, indirectly the collection system will be improved.
This is a perfect niche for theoil companies. Plasma converters represent the ultimate in recycling;
making virtually 100% of the waste a household normally produces into usable [4] and even valuable end
products. There would be no need to have two garbage pickups every week, one for trash and one for
recyclables that people have perhaps been conscientious enough to separate. The plasma gasification process of
MSW has all the merits of adoption, even though there are many disagreements among scientists and
policy makers on these matters, there is, however, consensus that alternative sources of energy that are
sustainable, environmental friendly and regionally available must be the best choice. However,
9. Environmentally friendly and Sustainable
www.ijesi.org 50 | Page
skepticism about the technology, lack of historical data, volatile price of crude oil, a mislabeling of plasma
gasification technology as another type of incineration and a lack of government sponsored development and
projects, have contributed to the lack of progress in development and utilization of this technology, [15].
The sustainability of any solid waste management system depends [27] on numerous factors; however,
the most important factor is the will of the people to change the existing system and develop something better.
For any waste management to be successful, the government should take the required initiatives. Even though
financial constraints arepart of the system, the government can make a formal and sincere commitment for
eliminating garbage from the City through a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to the staff of Abuja Environmental Protection Board (AEPB), and of the six municipal
area councils of Abuja who provided me with relevant information, without of which this study might not be
possible.
REFERENCES
[1] Camacho S. L., 1996), Plasma Pyrolysis and Vitrification of Municipal Waste, U.S. Patent No. 5,544,597, Aug. 1996.
[2] YoungchulByun, Moohyun Cho, Soon-Mo Hwang and Jaewoo Chung, (2012) Thermal Plasma Gasification of Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW). (www.intechopen.com/thermal_plasma_gasification_of_municipal_solid_waste)
[3] Nedcorp Group (2009) Environmentally Friendly Waste Destruction and Sustainable Renewable Energy. A feasibility
document of Nedcorp group, July 2009.
[4] Blees Tom, (2008), Prescription for the Planet, The Painless Remedy for our Energy & Environmental Crises, ISBN: 1-4196-
5582-5, ISBN-13: 9781419655821 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008905155.
[5] Pourali, M., (2010), Application of Plasma Gasification Technology in Waste to Energy—Challenges and Opportunities,
The IEEE Xplore digital library (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), 1(3), pp 125-130,
[6] Ogwuneleka, T. C, (2009), Municipal Solid Waste Characterization and Management In Nigeria. Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci.
Eng., 2009, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 173-180
[7] Abuja Environmental Protection Board (AEPB) website: abujaenvironmentalprotectionboard.gnbo.com.ng
[8] Ayaegbunam F.N.C, (2012), Feasibility Study for Plasma Power Project in Abuja. BPP publiccations, Jan; 2012.
[9] Zurbrugg, C., (2003). Urban solid waste management in low-income countries of Asia, How to cope with the Garbage crisis,
Available in the website: http;//www.sandec.ch.
[10] Hoornweg, D., Thomas, L., and Otten, L., (1999).Composting and its applicability in developing countries.Urban waste
management working paper series 8.Washington, DC; World Bank.
[11] Crookes Sir William, (1879), presented a lecture to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in Sheffield,
on Friday, 22 August 1879.
[12] Langmuir I. (1928), Oscillations in ionized gases, Proceeding of National academy of science, U.S. 14(8), pp 628.
[13] Chen, Francis F. (1984), Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. Plenum Press. ISBN 0306413329
[14] Evans Steve D, (2009), Plasma Gasification Plant Benefits for Municipal Waste Management, EzineArticles.com,
available at http://www.articlesbase.com/literaturearticles/plasma-gasification-plant-benefits-for-municipal-waste-management-
850915 . html, accessed during December 2011.
[15] Patel MunnaLal, ChauhanJanardan Singh (2012), Plasma Gasification: A Sustainable Solution for the Municipal Solid Waste
Management in the State of Madhya Pradesh, India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Volume 3, No 1, 2012
[16] Dighe, Shyam V. (2008), Westinghouse Plasma Corporation, Madison, Pennsylvania, USA, Plasma Gassification : a proven
technology, Proceedings of NAWTEC16, 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference, May 19-21, 2008,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
[17] Circeo L. J, (2012), Plasma Arc Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste. Georgia Tech Research Institute, Environmental
Science and Technology Program, Electro-Optical Systems laboratory.
[18] RathiSarika, (2007), Optimization model for integrated municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India,
Environment and Development Economics 12, pp 105-121.
[19] Beukering, (1999), Waste recovery in Bombay: a socio-economic and environmental assessment of different waste
management options, Third World Planning Review 19(2),pp 163–187.
[20] Maimone, M., (1985), An application of multi-criteria evaluation in assessing MSW treatment and disposal systems, Waste
Management and Research, 3, pp 217–231.
[21] Powell, J.C., (1996), The evaluation of waste management options, Waste Management and Research 14, pp 515–526,
reprinted in Powell et al. 2001.
[22] Varma, R. Ajayakumar, (2009),Technoligical Options for Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste with special reference to
Kerala, Workshop on Public Office Sanitation at State Municipal House on 25th Sept 2009, available at
sanitation.kerala.gov.in/pdf/workshop/techno_2.pdf, accessed during December 2011.
[23] Lisa Zyga, (2012), Plasma Gasification Transforms Garbage into Clean Energy, Science Blogger, InventorSpot.com, via:
Popular Science.
[24] Anyaegbunam F.N.C, JVL Capital (2012), Plasma Power Project Feasibility Report, prepared for Brain-Fintek Plasma Power
Limited. BPP publications, July 2012.
[25] Shekder Ashok V., (2009), Sustainable solid waste management: An integrated approach for Asian countries Waste
Management, 29(4), pp1438-1448.
[26] enry, (2006), Country report, Municipal solid waste management challenges in developing countries – Kenyan case study, Waste
Management, 26, 92–100.
[27] PradhanUpendra Mani, (2008), Sustainable Solid Waste Management in a Mountain Ecosystem: Darjeeling, WestBengal,
India, A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of
Master of Natural Resources Management, Faculty of Environment Earth and Resources Natural Resources Institute
University of Manitoba, November, 2008.