Waste Seggregation, Storage, Collection and Transport

Mumbai University
B.E. SEM VII (Civil Engineering)
DLOC: Municipal Solid waste and
Hazardous Waste Management
(SHWM)
Module 2
Waste Seggregation, Storage, Collection and Transport
By
Mrs. Puja Kadam
M.E. ( Civil and Environmental )
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering,
VCET, Vasai
Asst. Prof. Puja Kadam, Vidyavardhinis College pf Engineering
and Technology, Vasai
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What is Waste Seggregation?
• Waste segregation can be defined as the process of identifying, classifying,dividing and
sorting of garbage and waste products in an effort to reduce, reuse and recycle materials.
• In order to segregate waste appropriately, it is important to correctly identify the type waste
that is generated. For the purposes of waste segregation at source, waste is identified and
classified into the following categories depending on their biological, physical and
chemical properties.
• Dry Waste – Refers to all items that are not considered wet/soiled items. This includes
both recyclable and non-recyclable materials. Dry waste includes items such as bottles,
cans, clothing, plastic, wood, glass, metals and paper.
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• Wet Waste – Refers to all items that are organic like food items, soiled food wrappers, hygiene
products, yard waste, tissues and paper towels, as well as any other soiled item that would
contaminate the recyclables
• Sanitary Waste – Refers to all liquid or solid waste originating solely from humans and human
activities. (Can also include items from medical waste)
• Hazardous Household Waste – Refers to all household products that contain corrosive, toxic,
ignitable, or reactive ingredients, other than used oil.
• E-Waste – Refers to all kinds of electronic waste.
• Hazardous Waste – Refers to all items, products and by-products that contain corrosive, toxic,
ignitable or reactive ingredients.
• Inert Waste – Refers to waste items that are neither chemically or biologically reactive nor
decompose easily Asst. Prof. Puja Kadam, Vidyavardhinis College pf Engineering
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Significance of Waste Segregation
• Waste segregation is critical because of the fact that certain types of wastes can be hazardous and can
contaminate the environment if not managed correctly. (Some of these types of waste may also have
the potential to cause disease or get into water supplies or contaminate the land with different types of
leachates.)
• When waste is unsegregated, it may get contaminated with different types of waste being stored
together. Such waste cannot be treated or managed and most of the time end up being dumped into
local dump yards or landfills.
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• With waste segregation, management of different types of wastes becomes possible. This
directly results in reduced amounts of waste being dumped at dump yards or landfills.
• Waste Segregation is always step one for all types of waste management solutions that
may be implemented either on individual level or community level
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Here is the information you need to determine which kind of waste goes to which
colour-coded bin:
1. Green Bin
The green coloured bin is used to dump biodegradable waste. This bin could be used
to dispose off wet/organic material including cooked food/leftover food,
vegetable/fruit peels, egg shell, rotten eggs, chicken/fish bones, tea bags/coffee
grinds, coconut shells and garden waste including fallen leaves/twigs or the puja
flowers/garlands will all go into the green bin.
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2. Blue bin
• The blue coloured bin is used for segregating dry or recyclable left over. This category
includes waste like plastic covers, bottles, boxes, cups, toffee wrappers, soap or chocolate
wrapper and paper waste including magazines, newspapers, tetra packs, cardboard
cartons, pizza boxes or paper cups/plates will have to be thrown into the white bin. Metallic
items like tins/cans foil paper and containers and even the dry waste including cosmetics,
hair, rubber/thermocol (polystyrene), old mops/dusters/sponges.
3. Black bin
• Black bin, make up for the third category, which is used for domestic hazardous waste like
sanitary napkins, diapers, blades, bandages, CFL, tube light, printer cartridges, broken
thermometer, batteries, button cells, expired medicine etc.
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Storage of waste at source
• Storage of waste at source is the first essential step of Solid Waste Management. Every household, shop and
establishment generates solid waste on day to day basis.
• The waste should normally be stored at the source of waste generation till collected for its disposal. In India, such a
habit has not been formed and in the absence of system of storage of waste at source, the waste is thrown on the streets,
treating streets as receptacle of waste.
• If citizens show such apathy and keep on throwing waste on streets and expect that municipal sweepers should/would
clean the city, the cities will never remain clean.
• Even if local bodies make arrangements to remove all the waste disposed of by the citizens on the street on day to day
basis, the city will remain clean only for two to three hours and not beyond till the habit of throwing waste on the
streets is not changed.
• There is, therefore, a need to educate the people to store waste at source, dispose of the waste as per the directions of
the local bodies and effectively participate in the activities of the local bodies to keep the cities clean.
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MEASURES TO IMPROVE THE SYSTEM
• For keeping streets and public places clean through out the day, it is necessary that waste
producers co-operate and effectively participate in the waste management efforts of local bodies.
• People, therefore, may be educated to form a habit of storing waste at source in their personal
bin/bins and deposit such waste into the municipal system only, at specified times.
• Urban local bodies must, therefore, take concerted measures to ensure that citizens do not throw
any waste on the streets, footpaths, open spaces, drains or water bodies and instead store the
waste at source of waste generation in two bins/bags, one for food waste/bio-degradable waste
and another for recyclable waste such as papers, plastic, metal, glass, rags etc.
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• Municipal authorities shall establish and maintain storage facilities in such a manner, as they do not create
unhygienic and unsanitary conditions around it. Following criteria shall be taken into account while
establishing and maintaining storage facilities, namely:
• Storage facilities shall be created and established by taking into account quantities of waste generation in a
given area and the population densities. A storage facility shall be so placed that it is accessible to users.
• Storage facilities to be set up by municipal authorities or any other agency shall be so designed that wastes
stored are not exposed to open atmosphere and shall be aesthetically acceptable and user-friendly.
• Storage facilities or ‘bins’ shall have ‘easy to operate’ design for handling, transfer and transportation of
waste. Bins for storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be painted green, those for storage of recyclable
wastes shall be painted white and those for storage of other wastes shall be painted black.
• Manual handling of waste shall be prohibited. If unavoidable due to constraints, manual handling shall be
carried out under proper precaution with due care for safety of workers.
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Frequency of waste collection
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House to House Collection Services
In the house to house collection, refuse generated and stored in individual
premises is collected by several methods such as:
1. Curb service: The house owner is responsible for placing the refuse
containers at the curb on the scheduled day when the workmen from solid
waste collection vehicles collect and empty the containers in the collection
vehicle and place them back at the curb. The house owner is required to take
back the empty containers to their house
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2. Alley service:
The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked
up by workmen from solid waste collection vehicles who deposit back
the empty containers
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3. Set-out, Set-back service:
Set-out men go to individual houses, collect the containers and empty
them in the solid waste collection vehicle. Another group of persons
return them to house owner’s yard
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4. Set-out service: The workers of solid waste collection vehicles collect the
containers from individual houses and empty them in the collection vehicles.
The house owner is required to take back the empty containers.
5. Backyard service: Solid waste workers carry a bin, handcart or sack or
cloth to the yard and empty the solid waste container in 9t. The handcart or bin
is subsequently taken to solid waste collection vehicles where it is emptied.
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Types of Collection System
Collection systems have been classified according to their mode of operation into
two categories:
1. Hauled container systems (HCS) and
2. Stationary container systems (SCS)
In the former, the containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled to the disposal
site, emptied, and returned to either their original location or some other location. In
the latter, the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the point of
generation, except when they are moved to the curb or other location to be emptied.
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Hauled Container System
1.Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled to
the processing, transfer or disposal site, emptied and returned to either their original
location or some other location are defined as hauled container systems.
2.There are two main types of hauled container systems:
1) tilt frame container,
2) trash-trailer.
The collector is responsible for driving the vehicle, loading full containers and unloading
empty containers and emptying the contents of the container at the disposal site. In some
cases, for safety reasons, both a driver and helper are used
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• Systems that use tilt frame loaded vehicles and large containers, often called
drop boxes are ideally suited for the collection of all types of solid waste
and rubbish from locations where the generation rate warrants the use of
large containers.
• The application of trash-trailers is similar to that of frame container
systems. Trash trailers are better for the collection of especially heavy
rubbish and often are used for the collection of demolition wastes at
construction sites.
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Stationary Container System
• Container systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at
the point of waste generation, except when moved for collection are defined as
stationary container system
• Labour requirements for mechanically loaded stationary container systems are
essentially the same as for hauled container system.
• There are two main types of stationary container systems:
i) those in which self loading compactors are used.
ii) those in which manually loaded vehicles are used
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• Container size and utilization are not as critical in stationary container
systems using self loading collection vehicles equipped with a compaction
mechanism as they are in hauled container system.
• Trips to the disposal site, transfer station or processing station are made after
the contents of number of containers have been collected and compacted and
the collection vehicle is full. This system is used for the collection of all types
of wastes
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Collection Routes
• Once equipment and labor requirements have been determined, collection routes,
must be laid out so that both the collectors and equipment are used effectively.
• In general, the layout of collection routes involves a series of trials. There is no
universal set of rules that can be applied to all situations.
• Thus, collection vehicle routing remains today a heuristic process. Some
heuristic guidelines that should be taken into consideration when lying out routes
are as follows:
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1. Existing policies and regulations related to such items as the point of collection
and frequency of collection must be identified.
2. Existing system characteristics such as crew size and vehicle types must be
coordinated.
3. Wherever possible, routes should be laid out so that they begin and end near
arterial streets, using topographical and physical barriers as route boundaries.
4. In hilly area, routes should start at the top of the grade and proceed downhill as
the vehicle becomes loaded.
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5. Routes should be laid out so that the last container to be collected on the
route is located nearest to the disposal site.
6. Wastes generated at traffic-congested locations should be collected as early
in the day as possible.
7. Sources at which extremely large quantities of wastes are generated should
be serviced during the first part of the day.
8. Scattered pickup points(where small quantities of solid waste are
generated)that receive the same collection frequency should, if possible, be
serviced during one trip or on the same day
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Optimization of Transportation Routes
1.The vehicles move along various streets and collect the solid waste from several
collection points and when full, proceed to the transfer station/processing/disposal
site.
2.Presently, the routes of movement of these vehicles are arbitrarily fixed, usually by
the supervisor on the basis of his experience and convenience.
3.These routes are not necessarily the best routes and certainly not optimum and result
in underutilization of the vehicles and increased cost of transportation.
4.In this way, for proper utilization of the materials, optimization of collection routes is
necessary
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Heuristic Guide lines:
1.The old system of assigning routes based on experience and intuition is systematized by formulation
of some simple rules.
2.However, its effectiveness depends upon the experience of the user. The macro routing is to be done
first, followed by route balancing and micro routing.
3.In the macro routing, collection areas are assigned to disposal facilities. A fair day work is
determined in terms of kms to be travelled, trip made and tonnage to be hauled per day.
4.This helps in identifying blocks or areas that can be served by a vehicle and its crew every day.
5.Micro routing is than carried out by using heuristics when the originally identified blocks or areas
and their configuration may get changed.
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Transfer stations
Transfer stations are provided for the transfer of waste to large
transportation vehicles which transport it to processing or disposal site
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Transfer Station
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• The movement of refuse in these large vehicles is referred to as a secondary
collection. The large capacity secondary vehicles move over large distance
directly to processing and disposal site and are found to be economic to
operate. Although the transfer operation offers potential savings, it involves an
additional material handling step and the construction of the transfer facility.
• Before deciding the use of a transfer station the cost of bulk transportation to
the final disposal site, plus the cost of operating the transfer station should be
compared with the cost of conveying the refuse directly to the disposal site in
the collection vehicle
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• Limitations in hauling solid wastes are the main factors to be considered,
while evaluating the use of transfer stations. These include the additional
capital costs of purchasing trailers, building transfer stations and the extra
time, labour and energy required for transferring wastes from collection truck
to transfer trailer.
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Consider also the following factors that affect the selection of a transfer station:
• Types of waste received.
• Processes required in recovering material from wastes.
• Required capacity and amount of waste storage desired.
• Types of collection vehicles using the facility.
• Types of transfer vehicles that can be accommodated at the disposal facilities.
• Site topography and access.
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• The main problem in the establishment of a transfer station, however, is
securing a suitable site.
• Stored solid wastes and recyclable materials, if not properly handled, will
attract flies and other insect vectors.
• Odours from the transferred solid wastes will also be a nuisance, if not properly
controlled.
• In addition, the traffic and noise due to small and large collection vehicles,
collectors, drivers, etc., invite the resentment of the communities living in the
vicinity of transfer stations
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SETTING UP OF TRANSFER STATIONS
• In large cities where disposal sites are more than 10 km. away from the city boundary and smaller vehicles are used
for transportation of waste, it may prove economical to set up transfer stations to save transportation time and fuel
provided such cities have a good performance record of vehicle maintenance and adequate facilities to maintain large
size vehicles and containers.
• Large size 15 to 20 cu. m. containers could be kept at transfer stations to receive waste from small vehicles. A ramp
facility may be provided to facilitate unloading of vehicles or dumper places containers, directly into large containers
at transfer station.
• Construction of complicated and expensive transfer stations must be avoided. The requirements of large containers
and vehicles may be worked out on the basis of the total quantity of waste expected to be brought to the transfer
station and the number of trips the vehicles will be able to make in two shifts each day.
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Types of Transfer Stations
Depending on the size, transfer stations can be either of the following two types:
(i) Small to medium transfer stations:
• These are direct-discharge stations that provide no intermediate waste storage area. The capacities
are generally small (less than 100 tonnes/day) and medium (100 to 500 tonnes/day).
• Depending on weather, site aesthetics and environmental concerns, transfer operations of this size
may be located either indoor or outdoor. More complex small transfer stations are usually attended
during hours of operation and may include some simple waste and materials processing facilities.
• For example, it includes a recyclable material separation and processing centre. The required
overall station capacity (i.e., the number and size of containers) depends on the size and population
density of the area served and the frequency of collection.
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(ii) Large transfer stations:
• These are designed for heavy commercial use by private and municipal collection
vehicles.
• The typical operational procedure for a larger station is as follows: when collection
vehicles arrive at the site, they are checked in for billing, weighed and directed to the
appropriate dumping area; collection vehicles travel to the dumping area and empty the
wastes into a waiting trailer, a pit or a platform; after unloading, the collection vehicle
leaves the site, and there is no need to weigh the departing vehicle, if its weight (empty)
is known; Transfer vehicles are weighed either during or after loading.
• If weighed during loading, trailers can be more consistently loaded to just under
maximum legal weights and this maximises payloads and minimises weight violations.
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The short-range transfer stations are of two types:
1. Level Site
• The solid waste is transferred from smaller to a bigger vehicle at such sites where
the bigger vehicle is parked.
• The smaller vehicle unloads its contents on the ground, which is subsequently
transferred to the bigger vehicle either manually or by mechanical means.
• Due to this additional handling step, the site becomes littered and therefore the
operation requires enclosure.
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2. Split Level Site
• Split level site is preferred to achieve quick loading and transfer of waste
from primary vehicles to secondary vehicles.
• The loading platform is approached through a ramp built at a suitable
slope of1:12 to 1:15 and is usually 3-4 meters above the ground level.
• This arrangement allows the secondary vehicle at ground level to be
conveniently loaded from the smaller vehicle standing on the platform
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• The short-range primary vehicle climbs up the ramp, reverses on the
platform and unload its contents hydraulically into the vehicle
standing below.
• The unloading from the primary vehicle is completed by using rakes,
backhoe etc. After unloading, the primary vehicle climbs down the
ramp.
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Volume reduction at Transfer Stations
• In order to reduce the capacity of the secondary collection vehicles, the
volume of the waste is reduced at the transfer station. The reduction in
volume can be achieved by -
i) extraction of bulky and salvageable materials
ii) compression by bulldozer or similar equipment
iii) size reduction or compaction by static compactor or within the vehicle
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• Compaction of waste material helps increase the density so that a much
larger weight of refuse can be carried by the same secondary collection
vehicle. In such a transfer station, refuse from the incoming vehicles is
unloaded in a hopper which then falls into a chamber.
• The material in the chamber is forced by a hydraulic ram against a penstock
door. The secondary collection vehicle is anchored to the press and ram of
the static compactor. The compacted bale is pushed into the vehicle by the
hydraulic ram. Large capacity trailers having a volume of 45 to 60 m
capacity are filled in this manner
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Materials recovery facility
A materials recovery facility, materials reclamation facility, materials
recycling facility or Multi re-use facility (MRF, pronounced "murf") is a
specialized plant that receives, separates and prepares recyclable materials
for marketing to end-user manufacturers. Generally, there are two different
types: clean and dirty materials recovery facilities
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Process
• Waste enters a MRF when it is dumped onto the tipping floor by the collection trucks. The materials are then scooped up and placed onto conveyor
belts, which transports it to the pre-sorting area. Here, human workers remove some items that are not recyclable, which will either be sent to a
landfill or an incinerator. Potential hazards are also removed, such as lithium batteries, propane tanks, and aerosol cans, which can create fires.
Materials like plastic bags and hoses, which can entangle the recycling equipment, are also removed. From there, materials are transported via another
conveyer belt to the disk screen, which separates wide and flat materials like flattened cardboard boxes from items like cans, jars, paper, and bottles.
• Flattened boxes ride across the disk screen to the other side, while all other materials fall below, where paper is separated from the waste stream with
a blower. The stream of cardboard and paper is overseen by more human workers, who ensure no plastic, metal, or glass is present. Newer MRFs or
retrofitted ones may use industrial robots instead of humans for pre-sorting and for quality control. Metal is separated from plastics and glass first
with electromagnets, which removes ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals like aluminum are then removed with eddy current separators.
• The glass and plastic streams are separated by further disk screens. The glass is crushed into cullet for ease of transportation. The plastics are then
separated by polymer type, often using infrared technology (optical sorting). Infrared light reflects differently off different polymer types; once
identified, a jet of air shoots the plastic into the appropriate bin. MRFs might only collect and recycle a few polymers of plastic, sending the rest to
landfills or incinerators. The separated materials are baled and sent to the shipping dock of the facility
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Types of MRF
1. Clean
• A clean MRF accepts recyclable materials that have already been separated at the source from municipal
solid waste generated by either residential or commercial sources.
• There are a variety of clean MRFs. The most common are single stream where all recyclable material is
mixed, or dual stream MRFs, where source-separated recyclables are delivered in a mixed container
stream (typically glass, ferrous metal, aluminum and other non-ferrous metals, PET and HDPE plastics)
and a mixed paper stream including corrugated cardboard boxes, newspapers, magazines, office paper and
junk mail.
• Material is sorted to specifications, then baled, shredded, crushed, compacted, or otherwise prepared for
shipment to market
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2. Mixed-waste processing facility (MWPF) / Dirty MRF
• A mixed-waste processing system, sometimes referred to as a dirty MRF, accepts a mixed solid waste stream and
then proceeds to separate out designated recyclable materials through a combination of manual and mechanical
sorting.
• The sorted recyclable materials may undergo further processing required to meet technical specifications
established by end-markets while the balance of the mixed waste stream is sent to a disposal facility such as
a landfill.
• Today, MWPFs are attracting renewed interest as a way to address low participation rates for source-separated
recycling collection systems and prepare fuel products and/or feedstocks for conversion technologies.
• MWPFs can give communities the opportunity to recycle at much higher rates than has been demonstrated by
curbside or other waste collection systems.
• Advances in technology make today’s MWPF different and, in many respects better, than older versions
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3.Wet MRF
• Around 2004, new mechanical biological treatment technologies were
beginning to utilise wet MRFs.
• These combine a dirty MRF with water, which acts to densify, separate and
clean the output streams.
• It also hydrocrushes and dissolves biodegradable organics in solution to
make them suitable for anaerobic digestion.
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Waste Seggregation, Storage, Collection and Transport

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