The document outlines solid waste management (SWM), defining it as the discipline involving the control of waste generation, storage, collection, and disposal. It discusses the classification of solid waste, key global challenges, initiatives, and best practices in SWM, emphasizing the importance of integrated waste management and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle). Various stakeholders, including government, private sector, and communities play crucial roles in improving and implementing effective waste management strategies.

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•Introduction to Solid waste management Definition,
•Classification,
•Need and Global perspective of solid waste management.
•Policies and legislative frameworks
•Government initiatives on Solid waste management.
•Integrated solid waste management and concept of 3R’s
•Role of stakeholders.

2. Solid waste
Solid waste comprise all the wastes arising from
human activities and animal activities and are
normally solid that are discarded as unwanted
or useless.
Solid waste management may be defined as the
discipline associated with the control of
generation,storage,collection,tranfer and
transport, processing,and disposal of wastes in
proper manner
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4. • Residential
• Industrial
• Commercial
• Institutional
• Construction and Demolition Areas
• Municipal Services.
• Treatment Plants and Sites
• Agriculture.
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8.  Refuse
 Rubbish
 Food waste
 Ashes and residue
 Demolition and construction waste
 Special waste
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9. • Rubbish: Combustible and non combustible solid waste, excluding
food waste or other putrescible materials. Typically combustible
waste consist of materials such as paper, cardboard, plastics,
textiles, rubber leather, wood and garden trimmings. Non
combustible includes items such as glass, crockery, tincans, and
aluminum, ferrous and nonferrous metals.
• Refuse :All nonhazardous solid waste from a community that
requires collection and transport to a processing or disposal site is
called refuse
• Ashes and residues – materials remaining from burning of food
coke and other combustible wastes. Residues from power plants
normally are not included in this category. Ashes and residues are
normally composed of fine powdery materials, cinders cum
clinkers and small amount of burnt and unburnt materials.
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10. • Construction and demolition waste: Wastes from residential
building and other structures are classified as demolition waste.
Waste from remodeling and repairing of residential and
commercial and industrial building and similar structures are
classified as construction waste. These waste includes dirt,
stones,concrete, bricks, plasters and plumbering, heating and
electrical parts.
• Special wastes : Wastes such as street sweepings, road side
litters, catch basin debris, dead animals and abundant vehicles
are classified as special waste.
• Treatment plant waste: The solid and semi solid waste water,
waste water from industrial areas is included in this
classification.
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15.  The global average waste collection rate is 75 per
cent, the report titled Turning rubbish into a
resource:
 Global Waste Management Outlook 2024
(GWMO 2024) revealed.
 It also predicted that waste generated was set to
grow in volumes — from 2.3 billion tonnes in
2023 to 3.8 billion tonnes by 2050.
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16.  Solid waste management (SWM) is a critical
environmental and public health issue worldwide,
with varying challenges and strategies across
different regions. Here's a global perspective on
SWM:
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17.  Key Statistics:
 1. Global waste generation:
 2 billion tons/year (expected to increase to 3.4
billion tons by 2050)2. Waste per capita: 0.74
kg/day (varies from 0.3 kg/day in low-income to
4.4 kg/day in high-income countries)
 3. Waste composition: 44% organic, 31%
recyclables, 15% hazardous, 10% inert
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18.  Regional Challenges:1. Developing Countries: Inadequate
infrastructure, lack of regulations, and informal waste
management practices lead to open dumping and
environmental pollution
 .2. Developed Countries: High waste generation rates,
limited landfill space, and increasing public awareness
drive advanced recycling and waste-to-energy technologies.
 3. Small Island Nations: Limited land availability and
vulnerability to climate change exacerbate waste
management difficulties.
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19.  Global Best Practices:1. Integrated Waste
Management (IWM): Combines waste reduction,
recycling, composting, and disposal.
 2. Circular Economy: Encourages waste reduction,
reuse, and recycling.
 3. Waste-to-Energy: Converts waste into electricity,
heat, or biofuels.
 4. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Makes
manufacturers responsible for product waste.
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20.  International Cooperation and Policies:
 1. United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs): Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and
Communities) and Goal 12 (Responsible
Consumption and Production) address SWM.
 2. Basel Convention: Regulates trans boundary
movement of hazardous waste.
 3. European Union's Waste Framework Directive:
Sets recycling targets and waste reduction guidelines.
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21.  Emerging Trends:
 1. Digitalization: Leverages technology for waste tracking,
optimization, and citizen engagement.
 2. Biodegradable Materials: Develops biodegradable alternatives
to plastics.
 3. Climate Change Mitigation: Recognizes waste management's
role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
 Effective solid waste management requires a collaborative effort
from governments, industries, and individuals to adopt
sustainable practices, reduce waste generation, and promote a
circular economy.
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22.  Landfilling: The most common disposal method, though it can
lead to land and groundwater contamination.
 Incineration: Reduces waste volume but can produce harmful
emissions if not properly controlled.
 Recycling and Composting: Increasingly emphasized to reduce
waste and recover materials. Countries like Germany and Sweden
have robust recycling systems.
 Circular Economy: Promotes sustainability by designing systems
that minimize waste and encourage the reuse of materials.
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23.  International Policies and Agreements:
 1. Basel Convention (1989): Regulates transboundary
movement of hazardous waste.
 2. Stockholm Convention (2001): Aims to eliminate
persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
 3. United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
(2015): - Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities -
Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
 4. Paris Agreement (2015): Addresses climate change
mitigation, including waste management.
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24.  The source segregation of waste has been mandated to channelize the waste to
wealth by recovery, reuse and recycle.
 Responsibilities of Generators have been introduced to segregate waste in to
three streams, Wet (Biodegradable), Dry (Plastic, Paper, metal, wood, etc.) and
domestic hazardous wastes (diapers, napkins, empty containers of cleaning
agents, mosquito repellents, etc.) and handover segregated wastes to authorized
rag-pickers or waste collectors or local bodies.
 Integration of waste pickers/ rag pickers and waste dealers/ Kabadiwalas in the
formal system should be done by State Governments, and Self Help Group, or
any other group to be formed.
 No person should throw, burn, or bury the solid waste generated by him, on
streets, open public spaces outside his premises, or in the drain, or water bodies.
 Generator will have to pay ‘User Fee’ to waste collector and for ‘Spot Fine’ for
Littering and Non-segregation.
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25.  Used sanitary waste like diapers, sanitary pads should be wrapped
securely in pouches provided by manufacturers or brand owners of these
products or in a suitable wrapping material and shall place the same in the
bin meant for dry waste / non- bio-degradable waste.
 The concept of partnership in Swachh Bharat has been introduced. Bulk
and institutional generators, market associations, event organizers and
hotels and restaurants have been made directly responsible for segregation
and sorting the waste and manage in partnership with local bodies.
 All hotels and restaurants should segregate biodegradable waste and set
up a system of collection or follow the system of collection set up by local
body to ensure that such food waste is utilized for composting /bio-
methanation.
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26.  New townships and Group Housing Societies have been made responsible to
develop in-house waste handling, and processing arrangements for bio-
degradable waste.
 Every street vendor should keep suitable containers for storage of waste
generated during the course of his activity such as food waste, disposable
plates, cups, cans, wrappers, coconut shells, leftover food, vegetables, fruits
etc. and deposit such waste at waste storage depot or container or vehicle as
notified by the local authority.
 The developers of Special Economic Zone, industrial estate, industrial park to
earmark at least 5% of the total area of the plot or minimum 5 plots/ sheds for
recovery and recycling facility.
 All manufacturers of disposable products such as tin, glass, plastics packaging
etc. or brand owners who introduce such products in the market shall provide
necessary financial assistance to local authorities for the establishment of
waste management system.
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27.  High calorific wastes shall be used for co-processing in cement or
thermal power plants.
 Construction and demolition waste should be stored, separately
disposed off, as per the Construction and Demolition Waste
Management Rules, 2016
 Horticulture waste and garden waste generated from his premises
should be disposed as per the directions of local authority.
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28.  The Indian government has launched several initiatives to tackle solid waste
management.
 Key Initiatives:- Swachh Bharat Mission: Launched in 2014, this nationwide cleanup
effort aims to make India clean and free of open defecation
 Solid Waste Management Rules (2016): These rules mandate waste segregation at
source, inclusion of informal waste pickers, and responsible electronic waste
disposal
 Waste to Wealth Mission: This initiative promotes waste recycling and reuse, aiming
to convert waste into valuable resources
 Swaccha Survekshan: An annual survey ranking cities based on cleanliness and
waste management
 Swachhata Hi Sewa Campaign: A campaign promoting community involvement in
waste management
 Compost Program: Encourages composting of organic waste to reduce landfill waste
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29.  The 3R concept is a principle of solid waste management
that involves reducing, reusing, and recycling resources
and products
 Integrated solid waste management is a tool for
sustainable waste management practices.
 Exploring the three Rs of waste management — Reduce,
Reuse, Recycle. In order to keep as much material out of
the landfill as possible, it's important for each of us to do
our part.
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30.  Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a
comprehensive approach to managing solid waste in a
way that minimizes environmental impacts, conserves
natural resources, and promotes sustainable development
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31.  ISWM Principles:
1. Waste Hierarchy: Prioritize waste reduction, reuse, recycling, and
energy recovery over landfilling.
2. Polluter Pays Principle: Generators of waste bear the costs of
management.
3. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborative efforts between
government, private sector, and communities.
4. Community Engagement: Educate and involve stakeholders in
waste management decisions.5. Economic Efficiency: Optimize
waste management costs and benefits.
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32.  Benefits:
1. Environmental Protection: Reduces pollution, greenhouse gas
emissions, and conserves natural resources.
2. Public Health: Decreases disease transmission and improves
sanitation.
3. Economic Benefits: Creates jobs, stimulates innovation, and saves
resources.
4. Social Benefits: Enhances community well-being, quality of life,
and social justice.ISWM
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33.  Strategies:
1. Source Separation: Separate waste at generation point.
2. Door-to-Door Collection: Regular waste collection from
households.
3. Waste-to-Energy: Convert waste to electricity, heat, or biofuels.
4. Recycling Programs: Implement curbside recycling, drop-off
centers, and recycling facilities.
5. Composting: Convert organic waste to nutrient-rich soil
amendments.
6. Landfill Design: Engineer landfills to minimize environmental
impacts.
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34.  Stakeholders play a crucial role in solid waste management (SWM) by
contributing to the planning, implementation, and monitoring of waste
management activities. Here's an overview of the roles and responsibilities of
various stakeholders:
 Government:
1. Policy-making and regulation
2. Infrastructure development (landfills, recycling facilities)
3. Enforcement of waste management laws
4. Public education and awareness
5. Funding allocation
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35.  Private Sector:
1. Waste collection and transportation services
2. Recycling and composting operations
3. Waste-to-energy facilities
4. Technology innovation and investment
5. Partnership with government and communities
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36.  Communities and Residents:
 1. Waste reduction and segregation
 2. Participation in recycling programs
 3. Proper waste disposal practices
 4. Community-based waste management initiatives
 5. Feedback and participation in decision-making
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37.  Civil Society Organizations (CSOs):
1. Advocacy and awareness campaigns
2. Community engagement and education
3. Waste management research and analysis
4. Policy influence and lobbying
5. Collaboration with government and private
sector
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