IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document outlines a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using bagasse ash. It begins with an introduction on soil stabilization and properties of black cotton soil. The objectives are to determine the effectiveness of different percentages of bagasse ash on engineering properties of black cotton soil. The methodology involves tests on natural soil properties and treated soils. Literature discusses using bagasse ash and additives to improve soil strength. The results show 8% bagasse ash increases the CBR and UCS values of black cotton soil. The conclusion is that bagasse ash can be used to stabilize black cotton soil.
This document presents a major project report on comparing soil stabilization using sugar bagasse ash and rice husk ash. The project was submitted to Rajiv Gandhi Technology University in partial fulfillment of requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering. The project involved testing soil samples stabilized with different percentages of sugar bagasse ash and rice husk ash. Tests conducted included the standard Proctor test, liquid limit test, plastic limit test, and California bearing ratio test. The results of these tests were used to analyze the effectiveness of sugar bagasse ash and rice husk ash on soil stabilization.
Stabilization Analysis of Black Cotton Soil by using Groundnut Shell AshKrunal Thanki
Black Cotton soil is fertile and very good for agriculture, horticulture, sericulture and aquaculture. Though black cotton soils are very good for agricultural purposes, they are not so good for laying durable roads.The study is a potential stabilization of black cotton soils in Gujarat state using Groundnut Shell ash. Index properties of the natural soil showed that, the soil is a poor for engineering use. Liquid limit and Plasticity index values of 83.36 % and 89.32 % respectively for the natural soil suggest that the soil is highly plastic. There was gradual decrease in the free swell to a minimum value of 2.91% at 10% GSA (Groundnut Shell Ash) as compared to the natural value of 15.25%. The soaked CBR for the natural soil is 1.67% which increased to 2.17% at 10% GSA. This value fell short of specification requirement of the CBR value to be used as sub-base or base material. However, there was increase in strength for UCS of 21 days curing period from a value of 134kN/m2 as compared to 313kN/m2 for the unstabilized soil. This research is aimed at evaluating the possibility of utilizing groundnut shell ash (GSA) in the stabilization of black cotton soils.
IRJET- Comparative Study on Black Cotton Soil Bricks using Fly Ash and Cr...IRJET Journal
This study investigated producing bricks from locally available black cotton soil and industrial waste materials like fly ash. 54 brick specimens were made with varying proportions of black soil and fly ash. The bricks were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, efflorescence, and density. Test results found bricks with 60% black soil and 40% fly ash achieved the highest compressive strength at 3.82 N/mm2, exceeding standard bricks. Water absorption was highest at 12.32% for 20% black soil and 80% fly ash bricks. All brick compositions showed no efflorescence. The study concluded bricks made from black soil and fly ash have sufficient strength and properties for construction use.
Soil Stabilization using Industrial Waste (Wheat Husk and Sugarcane Straw Ash)IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that investigated using wheat husk ash (WHA) and sugarcane straw ash (SCSA) to improve the properties of expansive black cotton soil. Tests were conducted on soil samples with varying additions of WHA and SCSA, including Atterberg limit tests, unconfined compressive strength tests, and California bearing ratio tests. The results showed that adding WHA and SCSA increased the shear strength and decreased the compressibility of the treated soil samples compared to untreated soil. The study concluded that WHA and SCSA have potential for use as stabilizing materials to enhance the engineering properties of expansive soils.
Stabilization of soft soil with granulated blast furnace slag and fly asheSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the potential to stabilize soft soil using granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) and fly ash. Soft soil samples were collected and mixed with different combinations of GBS ranging from 3-9% and fly ash ranging from 3-12%. Compaction and CBR tests were performed to evaluate the mixtures. Results showed that optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased with higher fly ash-GBS content. Both soaked and unsoaked CBR values initially increased with fly ash-GBS content up to 3% fly ash and 6% GBS, then decreased, indicating this combination provided the best stabilization. The study concluded that soft soil can be effectively stabilized using fly ash-
Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Lime and Geo-gridAM Publications
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil blocks with lime and geo-grid reinforcement. Rectangular soil blocks were prepared with 5%, 10%, and 15% lime. Compressive strength tests found that blocks with 15% lime and geo-grid reinforcement had the highest strength, reaching 22.5 kg/cm2 after 28 days of curing. Adding lime and geo-grid significantly increased the compressive strength and stability of the black cotton soil blocks compared to unreinforced samples. The optimal treatment was found to be 15% lime with geo-grid reinforcement, making this a promising approach for improving the strength of black cotton soil for construction applications.
Utilization of Bamboo Fibers for Modification of Black Cotton Soil Propertiesijtsrd
Soil stabilization is the process which involves enhancing the physical properties of the soil in order to improve its strength, durability etc. by blending or mixing with additives. The different types of method used for soil stabilization are Soil stabilization with cement, Soil stabilization with lime, Soil stabilization using bitumen, Chemical stabilization and a new emerging technology of stabilization by Geo textiles and Geo synthetic fibers. In this study, we are making use of bamboo fibers as geo synthetic material for stabilization of soil. With the introduction of bamboo fibers to the soil the CBR values will improve and thickness of pavement layer also gets reduced. It also reduces the intensity of stress on subgrade. Bamboo fibers is such a geosynthetic material which is easily available, ecofriendly and also cost effective. With the application of soil stabilization method in construction the overall cost gets reduced when compared to the ordinary method of construction. The Highway Research Board HRB classification of the soil strata like black cotton soil and sedu soil is done using suitable sampling technique such as Core Cutter Method. To determine the characteristics like Grading by Sieve Analysis, Atterbergs Limits i.e Liquid limit using Cone Penetration Method and Casagrande Method, Plastic limit by rolling the sample to 3mm diameter thread, Shrinkage limit using Shrinkage apparatus, Optimum Moisture Content and Maximum Dry Density using Standard Proctor Test and also California Bearing Ratio by conducting CBR test. The pavement thickness was designed using pavement design catalogues published by IRC SP 20 2002. The estimation for the street is finished by considering the thing, for example, Earthwork Excavation for Roadway and Drains, Jungle Cutting, compacting and reviewing and so forth., according to SR 2016 17, PW, P and IWT circle Andhra Pradesh and proposing of particulars for the blend of Bamboo strands as Geo Synthetic material for adjustment. M. Anvesh Kumar | U. Swathi "Utilization of Bamboo Fibers for Modification of Black Cotton Soil Properties" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27831.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/27831/utilization-of-bamboo-fibers-for-modification-of-black-cotton-soil-properties/m-anvesh-kumar
This document outlines a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using bagasse ash. It begins with an introduction on soil stabilization and properties of black cotton soil. The objectives are to determine the effectiveness of different percentages of bagasse ash on engineering properties of black cotton soil. The methodology involves tests on natural soil properties and treated soils. Literature discusses using bagasse ash and additives to improve soil strength. The results show 8% bagasse ash increases the CBR and UCS values of black cotton soil. The conclusion is that bagasse ash can be used to stabilize black cotton soil.
This document presents a major project report on comparing soil stabilization using sugar bagasse ash and rice husk ash. The project was submitted to Rajiv Gandhi Technology University in partial fulfillment of requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering. The project involved testing soil samples stabilized with different percentages of sugar bagasse ash and rice husk ash. Tests conducted included the standard Proctor test, liquid limit test, plastic limit test, and California bearing ratio test. The results of these tests were used to analyze the effectiveness of sugar bagasse ash and rice husk ash on soil stabilization.
Stabilization Analysis of Black Cotton Soil by using Groundnut Shell AshKrunal Thanki
Black Cotton soil is fertile and very good for agriculture, horticulture, sericulture and aquaculture. Though black cotton soils are very good for agricultural purposes, they are not so good for laying durable roads.The study is a potential stabilization of black cotton soils in Gujarat state using Groundnut Shell ash. Index properties of the natural soil showed that, the soil is a poor for engineering use. Liquid limit and Plasticity index values of 83.36 % and 89.32 % respectively for the natural soil suggest that the soil is highly plastic. There was gradual decrease in the free swell to a minimum value of 2.91% at 10% GSA (Groundnut Shell Ash) as compared to the natural value of 15.25%. The soaked CBR for the natural soil is 1.67% which increased to 2.17% at 10% GSA. This value fell short of specification requirement of the CBR value to be used as sub-base or base material. However, there was increase in strength for UCS of 21 days curing period from a value of 134kN/m2 as compared to 313kN/m2 for the unstabilized soil. This research is aimed at evaluating the possibility of utilizing groundnut shell ash (GSA) in the stabilization of black cotton soils.
IRJET- Comparative Study on Black Cotton Soil Bricks using Fly Ash and Cr...IRJET Journal
This study investigated producing bricks from locally available black cotton soil and industrial waste materials like fly ash. 54 brick specimens were made with varying proportions of black soil and fly ash. The bricks were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, efflorescence, and density. Test results found bricks with 60% black soil and 40% fly ash achieved the highest compressive strength at 3.82 N/mm2, exceeding standard bricks. Water absorption was highest at 12.32% for 20% black soil and 80% fly ash bricks. All brick compositions showed no efflorescence. The study concluded bricks made from black soil and fly ash have sufficient strength and properties for construction use.
Soil Stabilization using Industrial Waste (Wheat Husk and Sugarcane Straw Ash)IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that investigated using wheat husk ash (WHA) and sugarcane straw ash (SCSA) to improve the properties of expansive black cotton soil. Tests were conducted on soil samples with varying additions of WHA and SCSA, including Atterberg limit tests, unconfined compressive strength tests, and California bearing ratio tests. The results showed that adding WHA and SCSA increased the shear strength and decreased the compressibility of the treated soil samples compared to untreated soil. The study concluded that WHA and SCSA have potential for use as stabilizing materials to enhance the engineering properties of expansive soils.
Stabilization of soft soil with granulated blast furnace slag and fly asheSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the potential to stabilize soft soil using granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) and fly ash. Soft soil samples were collected and mixed with different combinations of GBS ranging from 3-9% and fly ash ranging from 3-12%. Compaction and CBR tests were performed to evaluate the mixtures. Results showed that optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased with higher fly ash-GBS content. Both soaked and unsoaked CBR values initially increased with fly ash-GBS content up to 3% fly ash and 6% GBS, then decreased, indicating this combination provided the best stabilization. The study concluded that soft soil can be effectively stabilized using fly ash-
Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Lime and Geo-gridAM Publications
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil blocks with lime and geo-grid reinforcement. Rectangular soil blocks were prepared with 5%, 10%, and 15% lime. Compressive strength tests found that blocks with 15% lime and geo-grid reinforcement had the highest strength, reaching 22.5 kg/cm2 after 28 days of curing. Adding lime and geo-grid significantly increased the compressive strength and stability of the black cotton soil blocks compared to unreinforced samples. The optimal treatment was found to be 15% lime with geo-grid reinforcement, making this a promising approach for improving the strength of black cotton soil for construction applications.
Utilization of Bamboo Fibers for Modification of Black Cotton Soil Propertiesijtsrd
Soil stabilization is the process which involves enhancing the physical properties of the soil in order to improve its strength, durability etc. by blending or mixing with additives. The different types of method used for soil stabilization are Soil stabilization with cement, Soil stabilization with lime, Soil stabilization using bitumen, Chemical stabilization and a new emerging technology of stabilization by Geo textiles and Geo synthetic fibers. In this study, we are making use of bamboo fibers as geo synthetic material for stabilization of soil. With the introduction of bamboo fibers to the soil the CBR values will improve and thickness of pavement layer also gets reduced. It also reduces the intensity of stress on subgrade. Bamboo fibers is such a geosynthetic material which is easily available, ecofriendly and also cost effective. With the application of soil stabilization method in construction the overall cost gets reduced when compared to the ordinary method of construction. The Highway Research Board HRB classification of the soil strata like black cotton soil and sedu soil is done using suitable sampling technique such as Core Cutter Method. To determine the characteristics like Grading by Sieve Analysis, Atterbergs Limits i.e Liquid limit using Cone Penetration Method and Casagrande Method, Plastic limit by rolling the sample to 3mm diameter thread, Shrinkage limit using Shrinkage apparatus, Optimum Moisture Content and Maximum Dry Density using Standard Proctor Test and also California Bearing Ratio by conducting CBR test. The pavement thickness was designed using pavement design catalogues published by IRC SP 20 2002. The estimation for the street is finished by considering the thing, for example, Earthwork Excavation for Roadway and Drains, Jungle Cutting, compacting and reviewing and so forth., according to SR 2016 17, PW, P and IWT circle Andhra Pradesh and proposing of particulars for the blend of Bamboo strands as Geo Synthetic material for adjustment. M. Anvesh Kumar | U. Swathi "Utilization of Bamboo Fibers for Modification of Black Cotton Soil Properties" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27831.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/27831/utilization-of-bamboo-fibers-for-modification-of-black-cotton-soil-properties/m-anvesh-kumar
Stabilization of black cotton soil using wooden ashAFSAL
The document discusses the stabilization of black cotton soil using wooden ash. Black cotton soil has low strength and undergoes excessive volume changes, making it difficult to use for construction. The study aims to evaluate using wooden ash to increase the compressive strength of black cotton soil. Various laboratory tests were conducted on samples of black cotton soil with different percentages of added wooden ash, including specific gravity, particle size distribution, liquid limit, and standard proctor compaction tests. The results showed that adding 2-12% wooden ash to black cotton soil at the optimum moisture content increased the soil's strength and reduced changes in volume, showing potential for economic use in construction applications.
Black cotton soils are among a group of soils termed as problematic soils. These soils have
undesirable characteristics in relation to construction works and therefore need some form of improvement
when encountered in construction projects. Techniques for improvement of black cotton soils include
replacement, moisture control or adding a stabilizer. Cement and/or lime has been commonly used in soil
stabilization for ages. However, due to the associated cost, required quality control and the need to utilize waste
materials in construction, new stabilizing materials are emerging. This paper presents a study on application of
quarry dust for improving properties of black cotton soil in Mbeya region, Tanzania. The targeted improvement
was to achieve minimum acceptable characteristics for road subgrade as per Tanzania standards. It was
determined that 40% by weight of quarry dust added to the black cotton soil was able to improve the
characteristics by increasing CBR value from 3.8 to 15.7 and reducing PI from 32% to 15%. It will be worthy
studying the cost implication of the suggested improvement in relation to other techniques before application of
the study findings.
This document discusses a project to study the use of fly ash for soil stabilization. The objectives are to identify the local soil type, analyze its properties, determine the optimum moisture content, and compare the properties with and without fly ash addition. The methodology involves collecting soil samples, conducting tests like proctor compaction and CBR to establish baseline properties, adding varying amounts of fly ash, and re-testing after curing to find the optimum fly ash dosage. The literature review covers previous studies analyzing improvements to soil strength and compressibility from fly ash addition. The expected outcomes are a better understanding of soil stabilization methods and identification of additional materials to further boost soil strength.
STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH SAND AND CEMENT AS A SUBGRADE PAVEMENTIAEME Publication
The present work is done in stabilizing the black cotton soil by using cement and sand. the tests conducted for this work were atterberg limits, specific gravity , standard proctor test , unconfined compression test , California bearing ratio.
All construction should rest on the soil. So, the soil bearing capacity plays a vital role in constructions. All soils will not have good strength and bearing capacity. So there is a need to increase the soil strength and bearing capacity. The black cotton soils pose many problems in construction. So in this present work, the black soil collected from chintakommadinne mandal has been stabilized by using sand and cement.
IRJET- Stabilisation of Soil with Marble Dust and Rice Husk in Highway Su...IRJET Journal
This document discusses stabilizing soil for highway subgrades using marble dust and rice husk. It first provides background on the types and properties of different soils found in India. It then describes marble dust and rice husk as waste materials that can be used for soil stabilization. The document outlines different soil stabilization methods including mechanical, chemical, and geosynthetic approaches. It states the research aims to study the effects of mixing marble dust and rice husk into problematic soils like alluvial and clayey soils. The goal is to improve the engineering properties and bearing capacity of the soils to make them suitable for use in highway subgrades.
Experimental Study on ‘Manufacture of Black Cotton Soil Bricks’
Black cotton soil bricks, High compressive Strength Bricks, Low cost Bricks,
Black cotton soil
Rise husk
Coal powder
Salt
Black cotton soil bricks with addition of Rise husk Coal powder Salt
Effect of burnt brick dust on engineering properties on expansive soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This study assessed the effect of combining wood ash and lime on the engineering properties of expansive soil from Awgu, Nigeria. Natural soil samples had high plasticity and shrink-swell potential. Addition of wood ash alone improved soil properties up to an optimum of 78% soil and 18% wood ash. Further addition of lime up to an optimum of 78% soil, 18% wood ash and 4% lime further reduced plasticity, shrinkage, and swell potential while improving compaction and strength. Curing treated soil samples for 28 days led to further strength gains. The study concluded that combining wood ash and lime can successfully stabilize expansive soils to improve their use in construction while providing an environmentally-friendly use for wood ash
This document summarizes a study on the effects of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) on the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil. The study involved testing black cotton soil mixed with varying percentages of GGBS. Tests showed that adding GGBS increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content of the soil. It also significantly reduced swelling, and increased the unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio of the soil. Using 30% GGBS improved the engineering properties of the black cotton soil to meet specifications. Therefore, GGBS can effectively stabilize black cotton soil.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This study examined the effect of rice husk on soil properties. Tests were conducted on soil samples with 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% rice husk content. The following were observed:
- Liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index decreased with increased rice husk content up to 15% then increased.
- Maximum dry density decreased from 1.67 g/cc to 1.16 g/cc as rice husk content increased from 0% to 20%. Optimum moisture content increased with higher rice husk percentages.
- Cohesion decreased with higher rice husk content while angle of internal friction increased, indicating greater friction between particles.
- Shear strength initially increased with
THE ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK COTTON SOIL TREATED WITH CORN STRAW ASHEditorIJAERD
Black cotton soils (BCS) are found in extensive quantities in the North – East region of Nigeria specifically in
the northern parts of Adamawa State and southern parts of Borno State. This soil expands while it gets wet and shrinks as the
water dries out. On account of this high volumetric changes they are not directly suitable for construction. The excessive
swelling and shrinkage are sequel to the presence of fine particles of clay. Swelling and shrinkage of soil often results in
differential settlement of the structure. Black cotton soils must therefore be treated by using suitable admixtures to stabilize it
for use in civil engineering works. In this research work, stabilization of black cotton soil is done by using Corn Straw Ash
(CSA) as an admixture. The CSA reacts with clay particles from the black cotton soil to form a material of higher strength.
The physical and chemical properties of the soil were obtained. Other tests such Atterberg’s limits, California Bearing
Ratio(CBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength(UCS) were carried out at different percentage contents of CSA: at 0%, 4%,
6%, 8% and 10%. From the test results, it is observed that optimum value of CBR and UCS are at 8% of the ash. At this
percentage of the additive the following improvement occurred in the black cotton soil; CBR improved from 4.5% to 11.3%,
UCS 107.5KN/m2
to 140.5KN/m2
and plasticity index decreased from 24% to 11.2%. It is concluded that CSA has a great
potential in the improvement of the mechanical properties of black cotton soil.
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IRJET- Laterite Soil Stabilisation by using Terrazyme for Road ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on stabilizing laterite soil for road construction using the enzyme Terrazyme. The study aimed to determine the geotechnical properties of laterite soil, the effects of adding different dosages of Terrazyme, and how the soil properties change with curing time. Tests were conducted on untreated soil and soil treated with varying dosages of Terrazyme cured for 0, 7, 14, and 28 days. The tests analyzed properties like optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, and California Bearing Ratio. The results were used to identify the optimum Terrazyme dosage and evaluate how Terrazyme stabilization improves laterite soil strength over time for use in road construction.
A Study on Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Use of Fly Ash, Ferric Chlor...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document discusses improving the strength of soil by adding fly ash and polypropylene fiber. Fly ash is a waste product from coal combustion that is beneficial for soil stabilization by improving compressive and shearing strength. Polypropylene fiber also increases soil strength when added. The study aims to enhance the geotechnical properties of clayey soil by replacing it with these industrial wastes. Testing of the native soil found it had a liquid limit of 35%, plastic limit of 8%, and plasticity index of 27%. Standard proctor tests were conducted on soil mixed with varying amounts of fly ash, finding maximum dry density decreased as fly ash percentage increased.
This document summarizes a student report on soil stabilization using fly ash. The report acknowledges the assistance of the student's supervisor and others. It includes an abstract stating that the investigation evaluated the compaction and strength of black cotton soil stabilized with mixtures of fine and coarse fly ash. The report findings show that addition of fly ash improves the strength and compaction properties of the stabilized soil, with fine fly ash mixtures providing up to 25% higher peak strength than coarse fly ash mixtures.
Soil Stabilization using Natural Fiber CoirIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using coir fiber to stabilize soils. Two soil samples were collected and tested to determine their engineering properties before and after stabilization. Proctor compaction tests were conducted to determine optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the soils with different percentages of added coir fiber. Direct shear tests and unconfined compression tests were performed to evaluate the effect of coir fiber on shear strength parameters. The results showed that coir fiber significantly improved the shear strength and unconfined compressive strength of the weaker soil sample, indicating coir fiber reinforcement is an effective stabilization method for that type of soil.
IRJET- Soil Stabilization using Fly AshIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using fly ash to stabilize soil. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can improve soil properties when mixed in. The study tested various properties of soil mixed with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% fly ash content. Tests showed that fly ash reduced the plasticity index and increased the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of the soil. Specifically, adding 15% fly ash reduced the plasticity index to 0, meaning the soil became non-plastic. Fly ash addition also resulted in appreciable increases to the CBR, which can reduce required pavement thickness. Previous studies also found fly ash improves soil strength, reduces expansion, and lowers hydraulic conductivity. The research aims to utilize
IRJET- Study on Impact of Soil Stabilization using Lime, Brick Powder and Tam...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the effectiveness of natural materials like tamarind kernel powder, lime, and brick powder for soil stabilization. Black cotton soil samples were mixed with varying proportions of these materials and their engineering properties were tested. Results showed that adding 35% brick powder and 5% lime improved the soil's properties the most, increasing maximum dry density and decreasing optimum moisture content. Tamarind kernel powder on its own also improved the soil when added at 2-8%, but a combination of 8% tamarind kernel powder and 10% lime worked better than tamarind kernel powder alone. The study concluded that lime, brick powder, and tamarind kernel powder can effectively stabilize soil in an eco-friendly manner.
Bagasse ash as a partial replacement to cement. This replacement can improve the properties of cement as well as, it reduces the effects over the environment.
Utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash in concretesnehith devasani
This document discusses the utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete. It describes how bagasse ash is obtained through the carbonization of bagasse, and its crystal structures and particle sizes are analyzed. The chemical and physical properties of bagasse ash are provided. The document also outlines applications of bagasse ash in construction materials and its advantages. A case study examines the use of bagasse ash in partially replacing cement in concrete mixtures and the results of compressive strength tests. The conclusion is that cement can be replaced with bagasse ash by up to 10% while maintaining higher concrete strengths.
Stabilization of black cotton soil using wooden ashAFSAL
The document discusses the stabilization of black cotton soil using wooden ash. Black cotton soil has low strength and undergoes excessive volume changes, making it difficult to use for construction. The study aims to evaluate using wooden ash to increase the compressive strength of black cotton soil. Various laboratory tests were conducted on samples of black cotton soil with different percentages of added wooden ash, including specific gravity, particle size distribution, liquid limit, and standard proctor compaction tests. The results showed that adding 2-12% wooden ash to black cotton soil at the optimum moisture content increased the soil's strength and reduced changes in volume, showing potential for economic use in construction applications.
Black cotton soils are among a group of soils termed as problematic soils. These soils have
undesirable characteristics in relation to construction works and therefore need some form of improvement
when encountered in construction projects. Techniques for improvement of black cotton soils include
replacement, moisture control or adding a stabilizer. Cement and/or lime has been commonly used in soil
stabilization for ages. However, due to the associated cost, required quality control and the need to utilize waste
materials in construction, new stabilizing materials are emerging. This paper presents a study on application of
quarry dust for improving properties of black cotton soil in Mbeya region, Tanzania. The targeted improvement
was to achieve minimum acceptable characteristics for road subgrade as per Tanzania standards. It was
determined that 40% by weight of quarry dust added to the black cotton soil was able to improve the
characteristics by increasing CBR value from 3.8 to 15.7 and reducing PI from 32% to 15%. It will be worthy
studying the cost implication of the suggested improvement in relation to other techniques before application of
the study findings.
This document discusses a project to study the use of fly ash for soil stabilization. The objectives are to identify the local soil type, analyze its properties, determine the optimum moisture content, and compare the properties with and without fly ash addition. The methodology involves collecting soil samples, conducting tests like proctor compaction and CBR to establish baseline properties, adding varying amounts of fly ash, and re-testing after curing to find the optimum fly ash dosage. The literature review covers previous studies analyzing improvements to soil strength and compressibility from fly ash addition. The expected outcomes are a better understanding of soil stabilization methods and identification of additional materials to further boost soil strength.
STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH SAND AND CEMENT AS A SUBGRADE PAVEMENTIAEME Publication
The present work is done in stabilizing the black cotton soil by using cement and sand. the tests conducted for this work were atterberg limits, specific gravity , standard proctor test , unconfined compression test , California bearing ratio.
All construction should rest on the soil. So, the soil bearing capacity plays a vital role in constructions. All soils will not have good strength and bearing capacity. So there is a need to increase the soil strength and bearing capacity. The black cotton soils pose many problems in construction. So in this present work, the black soil collected from chintakommadinne mandal has been stabilized by using sand and cement.
IRJET- Stabilisation of Soil with Marble Dust and Rice Husk in Highway Su...IRJET Journal
This document discusses stabilizing soil for highway subgrades using marble dust and rice husk. It first provides background on the types and properties of different soils found in India. It then describes marble dust and rice husk as waste materials that can be used for soil stabilization. The document outlines different soil stabilization methods including mechanical, chemical, and geosynthetic approaches. It states the research aims to study the effects of mixing marble dust and rice husk into problematic soils like alluvial and clayey soils. The goal is to improve the engineering properties and bearing capacity of the soils to make them suitable for use in highway subgrades.
Experimental Study on ‘Manufacture of Black Cotton Soil Bricks’
Black cotton soil bricks, High compressive Strength Bricks, Low cost Bricks,
Black cotton soil
Rise husk
Coal powder
Salt
Black cotton soil bricks with addition of Rise husk Coal powder Salt
Effect of burnt brick dust on engineering properties on expansive soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This study assessed the effect of combining wood ash and lime on the engineering properties of expansive soil from Awgu, Nigeria. Natural soil samples had high plasticity and shrink-swell potential. Addition of wood ash alone improved soil properties up to an optimum of 78% soil and 18% wood ash. Further addition of lime up to an optimum of 78% soil, 18% wood ash and 4% lime further reduced plasticity, shrinkage, and swell potential while improving compaction and strength. Curing treated soil samples for 28 days led to further strength gains. The study concluded that combining wood ash and lime can successfully stabilize expansive soils to improve their use in construction while providing an environmentally-friendly use for wood ash
This document summarizes a study on the effects of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) on the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil. The study involved testing black cotton soil mixed with varying percentages of GGBS. Tests showed that adding GGBS increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content of the soil. It also significantly reduced swelling, and increased the unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio of the soil. Using 30% GGBS improved the engineering properties of the black cotton soil to meet specifications. Therefore, GGBS can effectively stabilize black cotton soil.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This study examined the effect of rice husk on soil properties. Tests were conducted on soil samples with 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% rice husk content. The following were observed:
- Liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index decreased with increased rice husk content up to 15% then increased.
- Maximum dry density decreased from 1.67 g/cc to 1.16 g/cc as rice husk content increased from 0% to 20%. Optimum moisture content increased with higher rice husk percentages.
- Cohesion decreased with higher rice husk content while angle of internal friction increased, indicating greater friction between particles.
- Shear strength initially increased with
THE ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK COTTON SOIL TREATED WITH CORN STRAW ASHEditorIJAERD
Black cotton soils (BCS) are found in extensive quantities in the North – East region of Nigeria specifically in
the northern parts of Adamawa State and southern parts of Borno State. This soil expands while it gets wet and shrinks as the
water dries out. On account of this high volumetric changes they are not directly suitable for construction. The excessive
swelling and shrinkage are sequel to the presence of fine particles of clay. Swelling and shrinkage of soil often results in
differential settlement of the structure. Black cotton soils must therefore be treated by using suitable admixtures to stabilize it
for use in civil engineering works. In this research work, stabilization of black cotton soil is done by using Corn Straw Ash
(CSA) as an admixture. The CSA reacts with clay particles from the black cotton soil to form a material of higher strength.
The physical and chemical properties of the soil were obtained. Other tests such Atterberg’s limits, California Bearing
Ratio(CBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength(UCS) were carried out at different percentage contents of CSA: at 0%, 4%,
6%, 8% and 10%. From the test results, it is observed that optimum value of CBR and UCS are at 8% of the ash. At this
percentage of the additive the following improvement occurred in the black cotton soil; CBR improved from 4.5% to 11.3%,
UCS 107.5KN/m2
to 140.5KN/m2
and plasticity index decreased from 24% to 11.2%. It is concluded that CSA has a great
potential in the improvement of the mechanical properties of black cotton soil.
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IRJET- Laterite Soil Stabilisation by using Terrazyme for Road ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on stabilizing laterite soil for road construction using the enzyme Terrazyme. The study aimed to determine the geotechnical properties of laterite soil, the effects of adding different dosages of Terrazyme, and how the soil properties change with curing time. Tests were conducted on untreated soil and soil treated with varying dosages of Terrazyme cured for 0, 7, 14, and 28 days. The tests analyzed properties like optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, and California Bearing Ratio. The results were used to identify the optimum Terrazyme dosage and evaluate how Terrazyme stabilization improves laterite soil strength over time for use in road construction.
A Study on Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Use of Fly Ash, Ferric Chlor...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document discusses improving the strength of soil by adding fly ash and polypropylene fiber. Fly ash is a waste product from coal combustion that is beneficial for soil stabilization by improving compressive and shearing strength. Polypropylene fiber also increases soil strength when added. The study aims to enhance the geotechnical properties of clayey soil by replacing it with these industrial wastes. Testing of the native soil found it had a liquid limit of 35%, plastic limit of 8%, and plasticity index of 27%. Standard proctor tests were conducted on soil mixed with varying amounts of fly ash, finding maximum dry density decreased as fly ash percentage increased.
This document summarizes a student report on soil stabilization using fly ash. The report acknowledges the assistance of the student's supervisor and others. It includes an abstract stating that the investigation evaluated the compaction and strength of black cotton soil stabilized with mixtures of fine and coarse fly ash. The report findings show that addition of fly ash improves the strength and compaction properties of the stabilized soil, with fine fly ash mixtures providing up to 25% higher peak strength than coarse fly ash mixtures.
Soil Stabilization using Natural Fiber CoirIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using coir fiber to stabilize soils. Two soil samples were collected and tested to determine their engineering properties before and after stabilization. Proctor compaction tests were conducted to determine optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the soils with different percentages of added coir fiber. Direct shear tests and unconfined compression tests were performed to evaluate the effect of coir fiber on shear strength parameters. The results showed that coir fiber significantly improved the shear strength and unconfined compressive strength of the weaker soil sample, indicating coir fiber reinforcement is an effective stabilization method for that type of soil.
IRJET- Soil Stabilization using Fly AshIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using fly ash to stabilize soil. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can improve soil properties when mixed in. The study tested various properties of soil mixed with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% fly ash content. Tests showed that fly ash reduced the plasticity index and increased the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of the soil. Specifically, adding 15% fly ash reduced the plasticity index to 0, meaning the soil became non-plastic. Fly ash addition also resulted in appreciable increases to the CBR, which can reduce required pavement thickness. Previous studies also found fly ash improves soil strength, reduces expansion, and lowers hydraulic conductivity. The research aims to utilize
IRJET- Study on Impact of Soil Stabilization using Lime, Brick Powder and Tam...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the effectiveness of natural materials like tamarind kernel powder, lime, and brick powder for soil stabilization. Black cotton soil samples were mixed with varying proportions of these materials and their engineering properties were tested. Results showed that adding 35% brick powder and 5% lime improved the soil's properties the most, increasing maximum dry density and decreasing optimum moisture content. Tamarind kernel powder on its own also improved the soil when added at 2-8%, but a combination of 8% tamarind kernel powder and 10% lime worked better than tamarind kernel powder alone. The study concluded that lime, brick powder, and tamarind kernel powder can effectively stabilize soil in an eco-friendly manner.
Bagasse ash as a partial replacement to cement. This replacement can improve the properties of cement as well as, it reduces the effects over the environment.
Utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash in concretesnehith devasani
This document discusses the utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete. It describes how bagasse ash is obtained through the carbonization of bagasse, and its crystal structures and particle sizes are analyzed. The chemical and physical properties of bagasse ash are provided. The document also outlines applications of bagasse ash in construction materials and its advantages. A case study examines the use of bagasse ash in partially replacing cement in concrete mixtures and the results of compressive strength tests. The conclusion is that cement can be replaced with bagasse ash by up to 10% while maintaining higher concrete strengths.
GGBS are added from 0% to 40% by dry weight of soil, first of all check the all
soil property at 0 % (no GGBS) and then compare after addition of GGBS from 10% to 40%. On
the basis of Standard Proctor test & Unconfined Compressive Strength test the optimum
percentage of GGBS is 10%. Investigations showed that generally the engineering properties
which improved with the addition of GGBS. The California bearing ratio of soil increases as the
percentage of GGBS replaced in increase.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of sugarcane bagasse ash on strength properties of concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The present study focuses on the utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as replacement material for cement in concrete production. Sugarcane Bagasse ash contains high amorphous silica content and aluminium ion. For experimental investigations, Sugarcane bagasse ash and its chemical properties are obtained from KCP sugar factory, Andhra Pradesh. Ordinary Portland cement was partly replaced by sugarcane bagasse ash in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight and the influence of Sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial replacement material has been examined on fresh concrete tests by Compaction factor test and Slump cone test as well as on hardened concrete with tests for Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Modulus of Elasticity. The results indicate that inclusion of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in concrete up to 20% level significantly enhanced the strength of concrete. The highest strength was obtained at 10% Sugarcane bagasse ash replacement level. Keywords: Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, By-Product, Amorphous Silica and Strength
BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE AGGREGATES Eswari Kasil
The document summarizes research on using coconut shells as a substitute for conventional coarse aggregates in reinforced concrete beams. Experiments were conducted by replacing gravel with 25%, 50%, and 75% coconut shells. Beams were tested for flexural strength, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and deflection. Results showed coconut shell concrete beams had similar or higher strengths than control beams without shells. For example, a 75% shell replacement beam failed at 70 kN versus 90 kN for the control. Overall, the study concluded coconut shells can be effectively used as a lightweight aggregate for small house construction.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Coupling the bionic surface friction contact performance and wear resistance ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document presents a novel two-step approach for skull stripping MRI brain images. The first step uses morphological reconstruction operations to generate a mask of the brain. The second step applies thresholding to the mask to extract the brain. The method was tested on axial PD and FLAIR MRI images. Results found Jaccard and Dice similarity scores above 0.8 and 0.9 respectively, indicating the method efficiently extracts the brain from the skull.
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Automatic identification of animal using visual and motion saliencyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
New electromagnetic force sensor measuring the density of liquidseSAT Publishing House
1. The document describes a new electromagnetic force sensor that can be used to measure the density of liquids.
2. The sensor works by measuring the induced voltage between two flat coils as the distance between them changes when a mass is attached. The voltage increases as the coils get closer together.
3. The sensor was used to measure the density of water-ethanol mixtures at different mole fractions. The measured densities agreed well with values found in literature.
Energy efficient routing used for wireless sensor networks exploitation in ge...eSAT Publishing House
The document proposes an Energy Efficient Routing and Fault Node Replacement (EERFNR) algorithm to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The algorithm uses Hierarchical Gradient Diffusion (HGD) routing to balance node loading and reduce energy consumption. When the number of non-functioning nodes exceeds a threshold, a genetic algorithm is used to replace the faulty nodes with functioning nodes and select the most efficient routing paths. The HGD routing creates gradient values, routing tables, and payload values for each node. If routing fails due to node failure, backup nodes and genetic algorithms are used to find new routes and replace minimum number of nodes.
Heat transfer augmentation in different geometries of dimpled surface under n...eSAT Publishing House
The document experimentally studies heat transfer augmentation through various dimpled surface geometries under natural convection. It tests aluminum and copper plates with square, circular, and triangular dimple shapes. It finds that heat transfer rate, coefficient, and Nusselt number all increase for dimpled surfaces compared to plain surfaces, and are highest for triangular dimples with the apex facing inlet air flow. Heat transfer generally increases more for aluminum with square and triangular base dimples, while copper performs better with circular and triangular apex dimples. The study concludes dimples enhance heat transfer under natural convection compared to plain surfaces.
This document summarizes a case study on using agricultural waste like wheat husk ash and sugarcane straw ash to stabilize soil. Wheat husk ash and sugarcane straw ash are produced from burning crop residues and sugarcane waste. These ashes were mixed with expansive black cotton soil at different proportions. Results showed that mixing 7% ash increased the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the soil, improving its load bearing capacity. Above 7% the soil stiffness decreased dry density and strength. The study demonstrated agricultural waste ashes can effectively stabilize expansive soils.
IRJET- Study on Soil Stabilization with Partial Replacement of Rice Husk ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on soil stabilization using partial replacement of rice husk in subgrade soil. The study involved testing the effects of adding rice husk at various percentages on the engineering properties of alluvial and clayey soils. Standard tests were conducted to determine the specific gravity, liquid limit, plastic limit, free swell index, optimum moisture content, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of the soils with rice husk additions. The results showed that the CBR values of both soils increased with the addition of rice husk, with the unsoaked CBR increasing more significantly than the soaked CBR. The liquid limit and plastic limit of the soils also decreased with the addition of rice husk. The
EFFECTS OF BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS ON CONCRETE PROPERTIESIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on the effects of biodegradable materials on the properties of concrete. Specifically, it examines replacing portions of fine aggregate in concrete blocks with sugarcane bagasse powder and egg shell powder. Tests were performed on the basic materials and different mix designs were prepared with replacements of 3%, 6%, and 9%. Concrete blocks were then cast and tested after 28 days of curing. The results showed that blocks with biodegradable material replacements had compression strengths up to 8% higher than conventional blocks without replacements. Therefore, these "green" blocks could potentially be used instead of conventional blocks to reduce environmental impacts from sand mining and waste disposal.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Unstabilized Clay Soil by Groundnut ...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigates the use of groundnut shell ash and bagasse ash to stabilize clay soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on clay soil samples with 0%, 2% and 4% additions of each ash, including liquid limit, plastic limit, standard Proctor compaction and unconfined compressive strength tests. The results showed that adding both ashes increased the maximum dry density and reduced the optimum moisture content in compaction tests. The unconfined compressive strength also increased with ash additions up to 2% bagasse ash. The study concludes that using these agricultural wastes can effectively improve the engineering properties of clay soil and provide environmental benefits by reducing waste.
IRJET- Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil using Different StabilizersIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using different stabilizers like lime, bagasse ash, and demolished waste concrete. Black cotton soil is problematic for construction due to its high swelling and shrinkage properties. The study aimed to investigate using agricultural and industrial waste to stabilize the soil. Various properties of the untreated black cotton soil and soil mixed with 5% lime and varying percentages (10%, 20%, 30%) of bagasse ash and demolished concrete were tested. The results showed that the liquid limit, plastic limit, and moisture content decreased while the dry density and unconfined compressive strength increased with the addition of stabilizers. Demolished concrete was found to be more effective at improving properties compared to bagasse
IRJET- Stabalization of Subgrade Soil using Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA)IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on stabilizing subgrade soil using sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). The research included a literature review on using SCBA and other wastes to improve soil properties. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted on natural soil mixed with varying ratios of SCBA powder. The experiments tested properties like grain size distribution, liquid limit, plastic limit, specific gravity, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, swelling pressure, and California bearing ratio for wet and dry conditions. The results showed SCBA improved properties like plasticity, swelling, and bearing capacity. Specifically, adding up to 30% SCBA increased the California bearing ratio, indicating improved soil strength. Therefore, the research concluded SCBA can effectively stabilize
Design of low cost roofing tile using agricultural and plastic wasteIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of low-cost roofing tiles using agricultural and plastic waste. The researchers conducted experiments replacing portions of cement and river sand with plastic waste and agricultural residues like rice husk ash and corn cob powder. Their goal was to produce an affordable and environmentally-friendly roofing tile. Their results showed that replacing 20% of cement with plastic and 11% of sand with agricultural waste produced tiles with comparable strength and water absorption to conventional clay tiles, at a lower production cost. This suggests agricultural and plastic waste can be utilized to create viable low-cost roofing tile alternatives.
Consolidation and rebound characteristics of expansive soil by using lime and...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Improvement of local subgrade soil for road constuction by the use of coconut...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Stabilization of black cotton soil using coir pithIRJET Journal
This document discusses the stabilization of black cotton soil using coir pith. Black cotton soil is an expansive soil that shrinks when dry and swells when wet. Coir pith, a byproduct of coconut processing, is used as an admixture to improve the properties of black cotton soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on black cotton soil mixed with 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, and 4% coir pith. The results showed that the plasticity index, maximum dry density, and unconfined compressive strength increased while the optimum moisture content decreased with the addition of 2-3% coir pith compared to untreated black cotton soil. California Bearing Ratio tests also indicated increased values
Effect of mill scale and fly ash waste on the performance of cement mortareSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper investigates effect of mill scale and fly ash wastes as a replacement of fine aggregate generally natural sand on the performance of cement mortar. Utilization of fly ash and mill scale in cement mortar production not only provides significant environmental benefits but also enhances performance of the cement mortar when used at optimum amounts. They may be used in the form of finely ground additive to replace part of aggregates in cement mortar. This study looked at the feasibility of mill scale and fly ash waste inclusion as partial aggregate replacement in normal cement mortar. Properties of cement mortar incorporating fly ash and mill scale waste as partial substitution for natural aggregate were investigated. The study involves six replacement levels of mill scale and fly ash wastes into cement mortar for each mix design. Mortar cubes are tested for strength, & water absorption. The partial replacement of fine aggregate by M(3,30), M(5,30), M(8,30), M(10,30), M(12,30), M(15,30) ( M-mix of mill scale & fly ash %) improves the properties of normal mortar. In the design mix of industrial wastes produced, percentage of fly ash is kept constant (30 %) and mill scale is varied from 0 to 15 % by weight of natural sand. The test results indicate that the mechanical properties of mill scale and fly ash modified mortar are improved to a great extent, whereas the water absorption is reduced as compared to that of plain mortar.
Keywords: Mill Scale, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Durability, Water Absorption, Density
Effect of Alternative Materials on Properties of Expansive Soil for Construct...ijtsrd
Pavement engineers have long recognized the long term benefits of improving the strength and durability of pavement soil by mixing in a cementitious binder during reconstruction or new construction. In lieu of these, this research was carried out to study the effects of coconut waste ash CWA on lime stabilized lateritic soil for road construction. Natural lateritic soil was collected from a borrow pit nearer location Preliminary tests such as natural moisture content, specific gravity, particle size distribution and Atterberg limits were carried out on the soil for classification and identification purposes according to BS 1377 part 2 1990 . Strength tests such as compaction, California bearing ratio and unconfined bearing ratio were also carried out on the natural lateritic soil and stabilized soil according to BS 1924 1990 . The soil sample was mixed with lime in the proportions of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 , and were each subjected to Atterberg limits tests and strengths to determine the optimum quantity of lime for stabilizing soil. The plastic index varied from 13.93 – 9.33 and 23.64 – 14.46 for lime stabilized soils with optimum values obtained at 8 and 6 respectively. Plastic index decreased as the percentages of lime and CWA increased for CWA of ratio 1 1, 3 2 and 2 3 i.e. PI varied from 8.63 to 11.91 . Notable improvements were also observed in the MDD, UCS, OMC and CBR values of stabilized soil therefore coconut waste ash can be used to stabilize lateritic soil. Hence, the use coconut waste ash CWA should be encouraged in the construction industry to reduce the cost Akkim Sridhar Reddy | P. Hanuma "Effect of Alternative Materials on Properties of Expansive Soil for Construction of Road Subgrade by using Cocnut Husk Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33469.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33469/effect-of-alternative-materials-on-properties-of-expansive-soil-for-construction-of-road-subgrade-by-using-cocnut-husk-ash/akkim-sridhar-reddy
IRJET- Soil Stabilization by using Waste Material - Brick DustIRJET Journal
This document discusses using brick dust to stabilize black cotton soil for construction purposes. Black cotton soil is problematic for construction due to its high shrink-swell potential and low strength. The authors investigate using brick dust as an additive to improve the engineering properties of black cotton soil. They describe the properties of the untreated black cotton soil and brick dust. Laboratory tests are conducted to determine if brick dust improves the strength and reduces the volume change of black cotton soil. The results indicate whether brick dust is effective at stabilizing black cotton soil for construction applications.
An Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cem...ijtsrd
Objectives There are increase in demand and utilization of cement and many scientists are in search for developing alternative binding materials that can be eco friendly. The use of agricultural and industrial waste produced can help in reduction of waste is our focus. Methods In this work one of the agricultural waste named sugarcane bagasse ash SCBA and industrial waste named glass powder has been used as partial replacement of cement. SCBA is produced by burning of sugarcane bagasse which is left after extraction of juice from sugarcane. At high temperature under controlled condition bagasse is burned to obtain ash which contains high amorphous silica. In this paper the cement by weight is replaced by 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 and 25 by SCBA in concrete. Findings A comparison is made for 0 and other percentages by conducting different tests named compressive strength test, flexural strength test and split tensile strength test for 7 days and 28 days. Improvements The test results shows that Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and glass powder can be utilized for partial replacement of cement up to 10 by weight of cement without any major loss in strength. Bharath V B | Kuldeep Singh Solanki | Abdirizak Ismail Jimale "An Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Glass Powder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33538.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33538/an-experimental-study-on-properties-of-concrete-by-partial-replacement-of-cement-with-sugarcane-bagasse-ash-and-glass-powder/bharath-v-b
IRJET - Production and Characterization of Biomass BriquettesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the production and characterization of biomass briquettes. Sawdust, rice husk, and groundnut shell were used as raw materials to produce briquettes through densification and a binding agent. The briquettes were then characterized to determine properties like volatile matter content, ash content, fixed carbon, calorific value, ignition time, and burning rate. The results showed that the briquettes had calorific values similar to coal and could serve as an alternative fuel. The production of biomass briquettes provides a renewable energy source and makes use of agricultural waste.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF AGRO WASTE...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of coconut shells as a coarse aggregate and wax curing. Coconut shells are an agricultural waste that is widely available in many tropical countries. The study involves casting concrete cubes with 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement of coarse aggregate with coconut shells and curing the cubes with wax. The objectives are to encourage use of agricultural waste in construction, reduce use of natural resources, and evaluate the compressive strength of concrete made with coconut shell aggregate and wax curing at 7, 14, and 28 days.
IRJET- Soil Stabilization using Tannery WasteIRJET Journal
The document discusses using tannery waste to stabilize black cotton soil. Black cotton soil has poor engineering properties like high swelling and shrinkage that make it unsuitable for foundations or embankments. Tannery waste was selected as a stabilizer due to the large amounts generated annually. Laboratory tests on black cotton soil with and without tannery waste addition showed that with stabilization, liquid limit and plasticity index decreased, indicating reduced swelling. California Bearing Ratio, a measure of strength, increased. Optimum moisture content also decreased, further demonstrating reduced swelling. The study concluded that tannery waste stabilization successfully improved the strength properties of black cotton soil.
IRJET- Fabrication and Investigation on Cooling Mosaic TilesIRJET Journal
The document describes a study on the fabrication and properties of "cooling mosaic tiles" made with waste materials to improve thermal performance. The tiles were made by mixing cement with marble powder, color chips, cow manure, and crusher sand. Tests found the tiles reduced internal temperatures after application to a building floor. Using waste materials to make the tiles provides an inexpensive way to lower indoor temperatures and reduce building energy costs for cooling.
IRJET - Study on Site Soil Treated with Bagasse Ash as a Liner MaterialIRJET Journal
The document studies the use of sugarcane bagasse ash, a byproduct of sugar production, as an additive to site soil to improve its properties for use as a liner material in waste containment facilities. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of bagasse ash addition to determine optimal moisture content, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and hydraulic conductivity. The results showed that bagasse ash improved the geotechnical properties of the soil, with hydraulic conductivity decreasing and strength increasing, indicating its potential as an effective and sustainable liner material.
IRJET- Effect of Random Mixing of Natural Fibers with Clayey SoilIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the effect of randomly mixing natural fibers like sugarcane, hemp, and sabai grass with clayey soil.
2) A series of standard Proctor and unsoaked CBR tests were conducted on soil mixed with varying lengths (0.5cm, 1cm, 2cm) and proportions (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) of natural fibers.
3) The results showed that mixing natural fibers with clayey soil increased the maximum dry density, reduced the optimum moisture content, and improved the CBR values compared to plain clayey soil, with the degree of improvement dependent on fiber type, length, and proportion.
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Waste product ‘bagasse ash’ from sugar industry can be used as stabilizing material for expansive soils
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 506
WASTE PRODUCT ‘BAGASSE ASH’ FROM SUGAR INDUSTRY CAN BE
USED AS STABILIZING MATERIAL FOR EXPANSIVE SOILS
Amit S. Kharade1
, Vishal V. Suryavanshi2
, Bhikaji S. Gujar3
, Rohankit R. Deshmukh4
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, TKIET, Warananagar, Maharashtra, India
2
B.E. Students, Department of Civil Engineering, TKIET, Warananagar, Maharashtra, India
3
B.E. Students, Department of Civil Engineering, TKIET, Warananagar, Maharashtra, India
4
B.E. Students, Department of Civil Engineering, TKIET, Warananagar, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Soil is a base of structure, which actually supports the structure from beneath and distributes the load effectively. If the stability of the
soil is not adequate then failure of structure occurs in form of settlement, cracks etc. Expansive soil also known as black cotton soil is
more responsible for such situations and this is due to presence of montmorillonite mineral in it, which has ability to undergo large
swelling and shrinkage. To overcome this, properties of soil must be improved by artificial means known as ‘Soil Stabilization’. It is a
technique which improvises one or more soil properties by mechanical, cementing and chemical use. Many research has been
conducted for stabilization of soil by using cementing, chemical materials e.g. Fly ash, cement, Calcium chloride, Sodium chloride
etc. Toady world is facing serious problem of disposal of agricultural waste. Western Maharashtra is popular for production of sugar
cane in large quantity. Sugar factories produces waste after extraction of sugar cane in machines that waste when burnt, the resultant
ash is known as ‘Bagasse Ash’. It is a fibrous material with presence of silica (SiO2) and can be used to improve the existing
properties of black cotton soil. In this study laboratory experiments were conducted on black cotton soil with partial replacement by
Bagasse Ash (3%, 6%, 9% and 12%). This paper highlights significant increase in properties of black cotton soil obtained at 6%
replacement of Bagasse Ash without any chemical or cementing material.
Keywords: Soil stabilization, black cotton soil, Bagasse Ash, CBR, unconfined compressive strength, MDD
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The foundation of a building or road is an essential part for
effective transmission of load to the subsoil present beneath it.
The quality of soil has large impact on type of structure and its
design. The expansive soils are examples of weak soils, which
encountered in foundation engineering for bridges, highways,
buildings, embankments etc. Expansive soil undergoes volume
changes when they come in contact with water. They show
alternate swelling and shrinkage properties. It expands during
rainy season and shrinks during summer season.
Expansive soil covers nearly 20% of the land mass in Indian.
In Maharashtra region the expansive soils are identified by
name „Black Cotton‟ soil. These soils possess weak properties
due to presence of clay minerals known as „Montmorillonite‟.
Typical behavior of soil results into failure of structure in form
of settlements cracks etc. Therefore it is important to remove
the existing weal soil and replaced it with a non expansive soil
or improves the properties of weak soil by stabilization.
Soil stabilization is a procedure in which existing properties of
soil are improved by means of addition of cementing materials
or chemicals. One of the more common methods of
stabilization includes the mixing of natural coarse grained soil
and fine grained soil to obtain a mixture that develops
adequate internal friction and cohesion and thereby provides a
material that is workable during placement. Stabilization of
soil can be carried out by using mechanical stabilization,
cementing stabilization and chemical stabilization.
Rearrangement of soil particles by some of mechanical
compaction is referred as „Mechanical Stabilization‟, use of
cementing material such as cement, lime, bitumen/asphalt etc
is added to soil is „Cementing Stabilization‟ and use of
chemicals in soil such as calcium chloride; sodium chloride
etc is „Chemical Stabilization‟.
Today, world faces a serious problem in disposing the large
quantity of agricultural waste. The disposal of agricultural
waste without proper attention creates impact on
environmental health. It disturbs ecosystem, causes air
pollution, water pollution etc. The engineers have to take
challenge for safe disposal of agricultural waste. This research
undertakes use of agricultural waste in stabilizing black cotton
soil, various attempts have been made to improve the strength
of soil using different chemical additives in combination with
lime and cement, but research work has to focus more on use
of cheaper and locally available material.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 507
Bagasse ash is a fibrous material obtained from sugar cane
plant after the extraction of sugar cane juice. Sugar factory
waste bagasse is used as bio fuel and in manufacturing of
paper. Sugar industry produces 30% bagasse for each lot of
crushed sugar cane, when this bagasse is burnt the resultant
ash is known as „Bagasse Ash‟. Bagasse shows the presence of
amorphous silica, which is an indication of pozolonic
properties, responsible in holding the soil grains together for
better shear strength. The use of bagasse ash as stabilizing
material for black cotton soil can be checked under various
tests such as standard proctor test, unconfined compression
test, California bearing ratio, aterbergs limit etc
1.1 Objectives of study
1) To use agricultural waste bagasse ash as a stabilizing
material and to solve the problem of waste disposal.
2) To evaluate the strength characteristics of black
cotton soil for different proportions of bagasse ash in
replacement of 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%
3) To study the results of replacement and concentration
on future use.
1.2 Requirement of soil stabilization
The main requirement of soil stabilization is adequate strength
and it depends on character of soil. In case of cohessionless
soils the strength could be improved by providing confinement
or by adding cohesion with a cementing or binding agent. In
case of cohesive soil the strength could be increased by
drying, making soil moisture resistant, altering the clay
electrolyte concentration, increasing cohesion with a
cementing agent and adding frictional properties. Black cotton
soil swells during rainy season and shrinks during summer
season. This alternate swelling and shrinkage creates cracks in
the black cotton soil. These shrinkage cracks are 100 mm to
150 mm wide and 0.5 to 2 m deep. Swelling creates upward
pressure on structure and shrinkage creates downward pull. It
results into cracks or damage in the foundations.
1.2.1 Black Cotton Soil
Black cotton soil is the Indian name given to the expansive
soil deposit in the central part of the country. Black cotton Soil
is a residual soil, which have been formed from basalt or trap
and contain the clay mineral montmorillonite that causes
excessive swelling and shrinkage characteristics of the soil.
The swelling behavior of the soil would depend largely on the
type of clay minerals that are present in these soils and
proportions in which they are present. The swelling and
shrinkage of the black cotton soil can lead to damage the
foundations of the buildings and road pavements. This results
in difficulty of construct of foundation on such soil, so this
soil needs special care. This soil produces excessive settlement
of the foundation due to high compressibility. So it is
important to improve the geotechnical properties of the black
cotton soil.
1.2.2 Bagasse Ash
Bagasse is a residue obtained from the burning of bagasse in
sugar producing factories. Bagasse is the cellular fibrous waste
product after the extraction of the sugar juice from cane mills.
It is currently used as a bio fuel and in the manufacture of pulp
and paper products and building materials. For each 10 tons of
sugarcane crushed, a sugar factory produces nearly 3 tons of
wet bagasse which is a by-product of the sugar cane industry.
When this bagasse is burnt the resultant ash is bagasse ash.
Western Maharashtra is having maximum number of sugar
factories, these factories faces a disposal problem of large
quantity bagasse. The effective utilization of these waste
products is a challenging task for a researcher through
economical and environmental impact. This material contains
amorphous silica which is indication of cementing properties,
which can develop good bonding between soil grains in case
of weak soil.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Many researchers attempt to stabilize the black cotton soil
with use of cementious materials and agricultural waste as a
combination; here we discuss some of works based on use of
bagasse Ash which used in combination with cement or any
other material.
M. Chittaranjan, M. Vijay, D. Keerthi studied the
‘Agricultural wastes as soil stabilizers’. In this study
Agricultural wastes such as sugar cane bagasse ash, rice husk
ash and groundnut shell ash are used to stabilize the weak sub
grade soil. The weak sub grade soil is treated with the above
three wastes separately at 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%,12%and 15% and
CBR test is carried out for each per cent .The results of these
tests showed improvement in CBR value with the increase in
percentage of waste
Ken C. Onyelowe studied ‘Cement Stabilized Akwuete
Lateritic Soil and the Use of Bagasse Ash was collected at a
depth below 1.5m to avoid the top soil. This Soil was
stabilized using 4% and 6% cement with variations of bagasse
ash ranging from 0%(control), 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% by
weight of the dry soil. The OMC, MDD, and CBR tests were
carried out on the mixture of soil with cement and with
bagasse ash as admixture. The results of the optimum moisture
content, maximum dry density and California bearing ratio for
the 4% and 6% cement content for the varying percentages of
bagasse ash are as at 4% cement content, with bagasse ash as
admixture, there is a general reduction in the maximum dry
density while there is an increase in the maximum dry density
with increase in bagasse ash content at 6% cement content.
The optimum moisture content generally increased with
increase in the bagasse ash content. There was also a
tremendous improvement in the CBR with Bagasse Ash
compared to the natural soil.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 508
Kiran R. G., Kiran L had studied ‘The analysis of Strength
Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil Using Bagasse Ash and
Additives as Stabilizer‟. In this study the black cotton soil is
taken from Harihara, Davanagere district, Karnataka. Under
this study laboratory experiments are carried out for different
percentages (4%, 8% and 12%) of bagasse ash and additive
mix proportions. The strength parameters like CBR, UCS are
determined. It is observed that,the blend results of bagasse ash
with different percentage of cement for black cotton soil gave
change in density, CBR and UCS values. The density values
got increased from 15.16 KN/m3 to 16.5 KN/m3 for addition
of 8% bagasse ash with 8% cement, Then CBR values got
increased from 2.12 to 5.43 for addition of 4% bagasse ash
with 8% cement and UCS values got increased to 174.91
KN/m2 from 84.92 KN/m2 for addition of 8% bagasse ash
with 8% cement.
Moses G., K. J. Osinubi studied the ‘Influence of
Compactive Efforts on Cement-Bagasse Ash Treatment on
Expansive Black Cotton Soil’ The dark grey soil used in this
study was obtained along Gombe-Biu road in Yamatu Deba
Local Government Area of Gombe State using the method of
disturbed sampling. The index properties were determined on
the natural and treated soils with Stepped percentages of
cement (i.e., 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) were admixed with 0, 2, 4, 6
and 8% of bagasse ash by dry weight of soil. All the
compactions involving moisture-density relationships, CBR
and UCS tests were carried out by using energies derived from
the standard Proctor (SP), West African Standard (WAS) and
modified Proctor (MP) energies. Finally An optimal blend of
is 8% OPC/4% BA is recommended for treatment of
expansive black cotton soil for use as a sub-base material.
In our research mechanism we are going to use Bagasse ash
alone to stabilize the soil. The attempt gives an idea weather
use of any cementing material in addition to bagasse Ash is
essential or not.
3 LABORATORY SET UP
3.1 Material Collection
3.1.1 Black Cotton Soil
The black cotton soil was collected from East zone of Kodoli,
Tal-Hatkanangle, Dist- Kolhapur, Maharashtra (INDIA), near
„Patil Mala‟, by using technique of disturbed sampling. Fig. 1
shows the location and Fig. 2 shows sample of collected black
cotton soil. The laboratory experiments are conducted on pure
black cotton soil in semi solid state and there results are shown
in table 1.
Fig -1: Sampling of BC soil on location
3.1.2 Bagasse Ash
The bagasse ash was collected from „Tatyasaheb Kore Sugar
Factory Pvt. Ltd, Warananagar, Tal – Panhala, Dist –
Kolhapur, near TKIET College. The Fig. 3 shows the bagasse
sample. The chemical properties of bagasse ash were obtained
and shown in table 2. The laboratory test results on bagasse
ash are as follow,
Colour – Black
Specific gravity – 1.306
Fig -2: Collected black cotton soil sample
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 509
Table -1: Laboratory evaluated properties of pure Black
cotton soil
Table -2: Chemical properties of Bagasse Ash
Fig -3: Collected bagasse ash sample
3.2 Methodology
Basic laboratory tests (Attenberg‟s limit, compaction, CBR,
UCC) were carried out on black cotton soil sample, and on
combination of soil and bagasse ash to determine the basic
properties of soil sample.
Then the stabilization of black cotton soil with
bagasse is carried out by blending the soil with
different percentages of bagasse ash (3%, 6%, 9%
and 12%) and then optimum percentage of bagasse
Ash can be added have determined.
To determine the strength behaviour of black cotton
soil with bagasse ash waste, the laboratory tests
(compaction, California bearing ratio, unconfined
compressive strength) are carried.
The strength tests are carried out on each percentage
of blends. By getting the results of all these blends
the comparison of the best suitable additive mix will
be carried out.
The results are concluded suitably IS 2720
3.3 Sample Preparation
Collected soil sample is first dried in direct sunlight; the clods
are broken to get a uniform sample. The organic matters, small
aggregates, broken wooden material, pieces of glasses are
removed carefully from soil sample. Sample is kept in oven
for drying to use in test at temperature 105 C for 24 hrs. The
prepared sample is then used for the test specified in 3.2. The
weight of soil sample taken for test is replaced by percentage
of weight of bagasse ash. Four different blends are prepared
for replacement of soil in varying proportion of (3%, 6%, 9%
and 12%)
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
1. The initial laboratory results of black cotton soil
sample showed, soil is a solid or stiff (as consistency
index is more than 1 and Liquidity index is less than
zero), Ic = 1.05 and IL = -0.05
2. Collected black cotton soil is highly plastic (as
plasticity index more than 17), Ip=44.42
3. The results of Attenberg‟s limit, standard proctor
test, unconfined compression test and California
bearing ratio test are tabulated in table 1with
reference to IS
4. Specific gravity of bagasse ash is found to be very
less (1.306), this may be due to its fibrous nature and
very light in weight.
Results of blend in selected proportions are tabulated in
graphical presentation
Sr.
No
Description of Properties
Obtained
Results in
Laboratory
1. Colour Grey-Black
2. Specific gravity 2.57
3. Water content (w) 28.35%
4. Liquid Limit (WL) 75%
5. Plastic Limit (Wp) 30.58%
6. Shrinkage Limit (Ws) 19.25%
7. Plasticity Index (Ip) 44.42%
8. Consistency Index (Ic) 1.05
9. Liquidity Index (IL) -0.05
10. Maximum dry density (KN/m3) 1.305
11. Optimum moisture content (OMC) 30.50%
12. Unconfined compressive strength
(KN/m2)
138.58
13. California bearing ratio (CBR)
Unsoaked
12.88
Sr. No Description of Properties Percentage (%)
1. Silica (SiO2) 64.38
2. Magnesium (MgO) 0.85
3. Calcium (CaO) 10.26
4. Iron (Fe2O3) 4.56
5. Sodium (Na2O) 1.05
6. Potassium (K2O) 3.57
7. Alumina (Al2O3) 11.67
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4.1 Results of MDD and OMC for Black Cotton Soil
Stabilized with Bagasse Ash
Table -3: Results of MDD and OMC
Fig -4: Maximum dry density variations with % replacement
of Bagasse ash
Fig -5: Variation in optimum moisture content
Improvement in the maximum dry density was observed
slowly for 3% and 6% replacement of bagasse ash, but then
after further increase in blend MDD decreases. This decrease
may be due to low specific gravity bagasse ash replaces higher
specific gravity soil and it is fibrous in nature. It was observed
that as % of bagasse ash increases the optimum moisture
content decreases.
4.2 Results of CBR test for Black Cotton Soil
Stabilized with Bagasse Ash
Table -4: Results of California bearing ratio test
%
Replacement
Black cotton soil + % Bagasse ash
CBR Values
0 12.88
3 15.93
6 22.04
9 17.39
12 12.58
Fig -6: CBR Variation with % replacement of Bagasse ash
The unsoaked CBR values give the idea about the strength and
bearing ability of soil. The result shows that, CBR values
increase rapidly for 3% and 6% replacement of bagasse ash,
but then after suddenly drop to lower values. We have seen, as
% of bagasse ash increase OMC decreases, which somehow
responsible for decrease in CBR values. At low energy levels
less water is available for controlling the process of hydration,
which leads to form weal bonds and resulted in less strength.
The maximum increase was observed for 6% replacement of
bagasse ash.
4.3 Results of UCS test for Black Cotton Soil
Stabilized with Bagasse Ash
The results of compressive strength variation are shown in
Fig. 7. The sample prepared is tested after 24 hrs of curing in
unconfined compression testing machine. The strength
increase slowly with increase of % of bagasse ash, maximum
strength obtained for 6% bagasse ash. Compressive strength
then decrease with increase of % bagasse ash. This may be
due to grain size effect, specific gravity of both material etc.
%
Replacement
Pure Black
Cotton Soil
Black cotton soil + %
Bagasse ash
MDD OMC MDD OMC
0 1.305 30.50% Nil Nil
3 - - 1.34 35.05%
6 - - 1.38 34.50%
9 - - 1.29 28.10%
12 - - 1.23 27.40&
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Table -5: Results of Unconfined Compression test
Fig -7: Compressive Stress values with % replacement of
Bagasse ash
5. CONCLUSIONS
The use of agricultural waste slightly improves the properties
of expansive soils, bagasse can be used as replacement in
black cotton soil up to certain limits. The properties which
improves are discussed here,
1. The initial laboratory test showed that collected black
cotton soil is solid and stiff. It has low permeability,
high compressibility and low bearing capacity.
2. The effective percentage replacement of bagasse ash
was found to be 6%
3. The results improved at 6% replacement are as
follows – The maximum dry density increased by
5.8%, California bearing ratio (CBR) increased by
41.52% and Compressive strength increase by
43.58%
4. The observations showed that, due to addition of
bagasse ash CBR and Compressive strength increases
almost by 40%, but density shows only significant
change.
5. The blend suggested from this research is Black
cotton soil + 6% replacement by bagasse ash, without
any addition of cementing or chemical material, this
would be an economic approach
6. Further more if any cementing material is added in
suggested blend, then there will be definitely more
improvisation in properties of expansive soils.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors can acknowledge The Warana Sugar Factory for
supplying the Bagasse ash for research; also we would like to
acknowledge the TKIET, college for proving all facilities
during research work.
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BIOGRAPHIE
Amit Suryakant Kharade is Assistant
Professor in Civil Engineering
Department, Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of
Engineering and Technology,
Warananagar, affiliated to Shivaji
University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra,
INDIA. The author received B.E. (Civil)
in 2009 from Shivaji University,
Kolhapur and M Tech (Structure) in 2012 from NIT Surat.
Author secured a GOLD MEDAL in his M Tech for research
work in Tsunami. He has 2 years of teaching experience in
same Institute and published 10 International Journal papers in
structural, earthquake and geotechnical engineering field. He
taught and guided number of undergraduate students in his
carries.