The Ningbo Museum in China was designed by architect Wang Shu to honor local vernacular architecture traditions. It incorporates sustainable materials and spatial planning strategies from traditional Chinese architecture, such as thin tile walls that keep the building naturally cool. The museum was built using local artisans in a way that preserves traditional construction methods. It combines these traditions with modern industry to allow the urban vernacular style to evolve while maintaining cultural roots.
Asian Architecture: Ningbo Historic MuseumEuxuan Ong
The document discusses the use of the traditional Chinese Wapan tiling technique in the construction of the Ningbo Historic Museum in Ningbo, China. The museum facade was built using over 20 types of recycled bricks, stones, and tiles collected from demolished villages. This revived a traditional method that was disappearing due to modernization. The Wapan technique allowed for quick rebuilding after natural disasters and reflected the local culture and memories embedded in the materials.
The document discusses the Ningbo History Museum in Ningbo, China, designed by architect Wang Shu. It summarizes the museum's cultural context and design influences as follows:
- Inspired by traditional Chinese landscape paintings, the museum resembles an inverted mountain surrounded by skyscrapers, using local materials like tiles from demolished villages.
- The design aims to preserve Ningbo's cultural heritage through the use of traditional wapan construction techniques and a combination of modern and local materials, such as imprinting bamboo textures onto concrete.
- The low-rise, asymmetrical form of the museum creates a contrast within the city and draws attention to Ningbo's history in the modern era.
The document provides details about Ningbo's History Museum in Ningbo, China, including its design concept and approaches to preserving local cultural heritage. The museum's architect, Wang Shu, designed the building to resemble surrounding mountains and incorporate local materials like tiles from demolished villages. This was done to emphasize Ningbo's history and culture amid urban development that threatened local traditions. The irregular facade and use of traditional construction techniques help connect the museum physically and conceptually to the region's past.
Geoffrey Bawa was a Sri Lankan architect known as the "Father of Tropical Modernism". He fused vernacular architecture with modern concepts to design buildings suited for Sri Lanka's climate and culture. One of his most famous works is the Seema Malaka Temple, built on three overwater platforms connected by boardwalks in the middle of a lake. Inspired by ancient Sri Lankan forest monasteries, the temple provides a serene environment for meditation with its open plan, white and grey colors, and positioning overlooking the water.
Jean Nouvel is a renowned French architect born in 1945. Some of his most notable projects include the Arab World Institute in Paris, the Copenhagen Concert Hall, and the Guthrie Theater. Nouvel is known for breaking conventions and creating unique designs that harmonize with their surroundings. He emphasizes light, materiality, and blending built forms with landscapes. Some of Nouvel's acclaimed housing projects include 100 11th Avenue and 40 Mercer in New York, and the conversion of gasometers into apartments in Vienna called Gasometer A.
This presentation is an attempt of a comprehensive study about the man behind some of the greatest Modern Architecture marvels of this age, Architect Renzo Piano.
The Ningbo Museum in China was designed by architect Wang Shu to honor local vernacular architecture traditions. It incorporates sustainable materials and spatial planning strategies from traditional Chinese architecture, such as thin tile walls that keep the building naturally cool. The museum was built using local artisans in a way that preserves traditional construction methods. It combines these traditions with modern industry to allow the urban vernacular style to evolve while maintaining cultural roots.
Asian Architecture: Ningbo Historic MuseumEuxuan Ong
The document discusses the use of the traditional Chinese Wapan tiling technique in the construction of the Ningbo Historic Museum in Ningbo, China. The museum facade was built using over 20 types of recycled bricks, stones, and tiles collected from demolished villages. This revived a traditional method that was disappearing due to modernization. The Wapan technique allowed for quick rebuilding after natural disasters and reflected the local culture and memories embedded in the materials.
The document discusses the Ningbo History Museum in Ningbo, China, designed by architect Wang Shu. It summarizes the museum's cultural context and design influences as follows:
- Inspired by traditional Chinese landscape paintings, the museum resembles an inverted mountain surrounded by skyscrapers, using local materials like tiles from demolished villages.
- The design aims to preserve Ningbo's cultural heritage through the use of traditional wapan construction techniques and a combination of modern and local materials, such as imprinting bamboo textures onto concrete.
- The low-rise, asymmetrical form of the museum creates a contrast within the city and draws attention to Ningbo's history in the modern era.
The document provides details about Ningbo's History Museum in Ningbo, China, including its design concept and approaches to preserving local cultural heritage. The museum's architect, Wang Shu, designed the building to resemble surrounding mountains and incorporate local materials like tiles from demolished villages. This was done to emphasize Ningbo's history and culture amid urban development that threatened local traditions. The irregular facade and use of traditional construction techniques help connect the museum physically and conceptually to the region's past.
Geoffrey Bawa was a Sri Lankan architect known as the "Father of Tropical Modernism". He fused vernacular architecture with modern concepts to design buildings suited for Sri Lanka's climate and culture. One of his most famous works is the Seema Malaka Temple, built on three overwater platforms connected by boardwalks in the middle of a lake. Inspired by ancient Sri Lankan forest monasteries, the temple provides a serene environment for meditation with its open plan, white and grey colors, and positioning overlooking the water.
Jean Nouvel is a renowned French architect born in 1945. Some of his most notable projects include the Arab World Institute in Paris, the Copenhagen Concert Hall, and the Guthrie Theater. Nouvel is known for breaking conventions and creating unique designs that harmonize with their surroundings. He emphasizes light, materiality, and blending built forms with landscapes. Some of Nouvel's acclaimed housing projects include 100 11th Avenue and 40 Mercer in New York, and the conversion of gasometers into apartments in Vienna called Gasometer A.
This presentation is an attempt of a comprehensive study about the man behind some of the greatest Modern Architecture marvels of this age, Architect Renzo Piano.
I.M. Pei is a Chinese-American architect known for designing notable structures like the Louvre Pyramid in Paris. The document discusses Pei's background and education, providing details on some of his most famous works such as the Louvre Pyramid, Museum of Islamic Art in Doha, and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland. It also summarizes Pei's design process and how he drew influence from modernist architects while incorporating elements of different cultures and time periods into his buildings.
The Jewish Museum in Berlin was designed by Daniel Libeskind and constructed between 1992-1999. The museum's design uses three axes - the Axis of Continuity, Axis of Exile, and Axis of Death - to represent and explore the German-Jewish history through the visitor's journey. The zigzagging structure is derived from a dislocated Star of David symbol and features voids that symbolize the continuous suffering of the Jewish people.
Renzo Piano is an Italian architect born in 1937 in Genoa. In 1971, he won a competition to design the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris with Richard Rogers, which turned the typical museum design inside out with its exposed colored pipes and ducts. One of Piano's notable designs is the Paul Klee Center in Bern, Switzerland, which takes the form of three grass-covered hills of different sizes that house the museum's functions. Piano's style is defined by solid construction using excellent materials and designs that integrate with nature.
Renzo Piano and some of his works (ENGLISH)Rohit Arora
Renzo Piano was born in 1937 in Genoa, Italy into a family of construction companies. He taught at the Milan Polytechnic and Architectural Association School in London. In 1971, he won a contest to design the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, which broke with traditional architecture. Notable projects include the Pompidou Centre, Garrone House, and Centro Paul Klee museum. Piano's architecture is characterized by solid construction using excellent materials and taking advantage of topography in the relationship between interior and exterior spaces.
This document provides information on three case study museums:
The He Art Museum in China designed by Tadao Ando as a round structure to preserve regional Lingnan culture.
The Museum of Art and Photography in India by Mathew and Ghosh Architects that echoes functionality and openness.
The Independence Museum in Bangladesh by Marina Tabassum Kashef Mahmoob Chowdhury commemorating the country's independence through its form resembling upturned hands.
Menara Mesiniaga is located on a major highway from the airport to Kuala Lampur. It is in a highly visible location
with few buildings within the surrounding context.Subang Jaya is near Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. The climate is considered tropical. The year round temperature, heat and humidity are fairly similar throughout the year. The Menara Mesiniaga is a built work that utilizes a basis of traditional Malaysian building
models and their transition or evolution into modern principles.
The Church of Light is located outside Osaka, Japan. It was designed between 1987 and 1988 and is an example of outstanding architecture integrated into the urban fabric. The church uses light and a simple design to create a place of retreat and emphasize nature, beckoning simplicity. It features a main chapel with seating facing a focal point of penetrating light, as well as a Sunday school and minister's home.
This document contains a proposal for the adaptive reuse of the Kedah Historical Museum building. It includes sections on the building's historical and architectural background, a dilapidation survey identifying issues like concrete spalling and metal corrosion, an analysis of the building's architectural style and elements which draw from Malay vernacular design, measured drawings of the building, and a proposal for adapting the building for a new use while preserving its heritage features. A group of 6 students from the School of Architecture, Building & Design prepared the proposal as a class project under the guidance of their tutor.
The Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, France was designed by architects Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano. They won the competition to design the building in 1977 despite not being famous architects at the time. The building features a colour-coded exterior displaying its functional mechanical systems. It has an open floor plan interior and a large glass and steel superstructure supported by a reinforced concrete structure.
This document discusses aspects of digital architecture and computational design processes. It covers topics like topological spaces, isomorphic surfaces, motion kinematics, parametric design, and how these digital approaches are used to generate complex architectural forms that were not possible before advances in computational design tools. Examples discussed include Gehry's Guggenheim Museum, which used CATIA software to design its intricate titanium curves, and the Kunsthaus Graz museum, whose blob-like form was generated digitally using NURBS modeling techniques.
The Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre in Baku, Azerbaijan was designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. It features a continuously curved roof that forms the ceilings, walls, and stairs of the building. The complex houses a concert hall, museum, and library under one seamless roof made of 970,000 square feet of curved steel segments. The building had to withstand Baku's harsh environment of high winds, earthquakes, and pollution. Its unique design and advanced structural system allow it to blend with the landscape while remaining durable in the extreme conditions.
Zaha Hadid was an Iraqi-British architect known for her innovative deconstructivist designs featuring fluid curves and non-orthogonal angles. She was the first woman to receive the Pritzker Architecture Prize and designed several landmark buildings around the world. Some of her most notable works included the Guangzhou Opera House, Heydar Aliyev Center, and Leeza Soho Tower. Hadid passed away in 2016 but left behind a revolutionary legacy that pushed the boundaries of architectural design.
Ahmedabad ni Gufa is an underground art gallery in Ahmedabad, India designed by architect B.V. Doshi and commissioned by artist M.F. Hussain between 1992-1995. The cave-like structure has a roof made of interconnected domes covered with mosaic tiles, supported inside by irregular tree-like columns. It exhibits works by Hussain inspired by Paleolithic cave art and is entered through a hidden staircase opening into a circular door into the cave-like gallery space, which has no straight walls but continues the curved dome structure down to the floor.
This document provides an overview of postmodern architecture. It discusses key postmodern theorists like Robert Venturi and Charles Jencks who reacted against modernism. Jencks identified different types of postmodernism like straight revivalism, neo-vernacular, and radical eclecticism. Notable postmodern architects and projects are also presented, such as Philip Johnson's PPG Place and Michael Graves' Portland Building. The document examines postmodern approaches to space, ornament, and symbolism through examples like Venturi's Vanna Venturi House.
Lectures; theory of architecture iv arch 246 iahmed osman
Contemporary Architecture as part of series of lectures by
Dr Ahmed Osman Ibrahim
Associate Professor,
Architectural Theory and Criticism,
College of Architecture and Planning,
Head of Department of Interior Design and
College Quality Manager,
Qassim University,
Saudi Arabia.
Mob: +966 549562614
Email: AO.MOHAMED@qu.edu.sa
The London Aquatics Center is an indoor facility with two 50-metre (164-foot) swimming pools and a 25-metre (82-foot) diving pool in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stafford, London.
Richard Rogers is a renowned British architect born in Italy in 1933. Some of his notable works include the Pompidou Centre in Paris, the Lloyd's building in London, and the Millennium Dome. He is known for his flexible, open-ended designs and emphasis on public space and social well-being in architecture. Rogers has received several prestigious awards over his career.
1. The document analyzes the internal forces of a roof truss through calculating the reaction forces and analyzing each joint.
2. It is calculated that the reaction forces are 218.75 kN, 31.25 kN, and 200 kN.
3. Each joint is then analyzed by applying equilibrium equations to calculate the internal tensile and compressive forces. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the analysis.
Building Services in Public Buildings | Elderly CentreJoyce Wee
The document provides an overview of the building services systems proposed for an elderly care centre, including fire protection, air conditioning, mechanical ventilation, and mechanical transportation systems. It discusses active and passive fire protection, various air conditioning system types, supply, exhaust and balanced ventilation systems, and vertical transportation via elevators. The proposed fire protection includes detection, alarms, sprinklers and extinguishers. A variable refrigerant flow split unit air conditioning system is recommended.
I.M. Pei is a Chinese-American architect known for designing notable structures like the Louvre Pyramid in Paris. The document discusses Pei's background and education, providing details on some of his most famous works such as the Louvre Pyramid, Museum of Islamic Art in Doha, and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland. It also summarizes Pei's design process and how he drew influence from modernist architects while incorporating elements of different cultures and time periods into his buildings.
The Jewish Museum in Berlin was designed by Daniel Libeskind and constructed between 1992-1999. The museum's design uses three axes - the Axis of Continuity, Axis of Exile, and Axis of Death - to represent and explore the German-Jewish history through the visitor's journey. The zigzagging structure is derived from a dislocated Star of David symbol and features voids that symbolize the continuous suffering of the Jewish people.
Renzo Piano is an Italian architect born in 1937 in Genoa. In 1971, he won a competition to design the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris with Richard Rogers, which turned the typical museum design inside out with its exposed colored pipes and ducts. One of Piano's notable designs is the Paul Klee Center in Bern, Switzerland, which takes the form of three grass-covered hills of different sizes that house the museum's functions. Piano's style is defined by solid construction using excellent materials and designs that integrate with nature.
Renzo Piano and some of his works (ENGLISH)Rohit Arora
Renzo Piano was born in 1937 in Genoa, Italy into a family of construction companies. He taught at the Milan Polytechnic and Architectural Association School in London. In 1971, he won a contest to design the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, which broke with traditional architecture. Notable projects include the Pompidou Centre, Garrone House, and Centro Paul Klee museum. Piano's architecture is characterized by solid construction using excellent materials and taking advantage of topography in the relationship between interior and exterior spaces.
This document provides information on three case study museums:
The He Art Museum in China designed by Tadao Ando as a round structure to preserve regional Lingnan culture.
The Museum of Art and Photography in India by Mathew and Ghosh Architects that echoes functionality and openness.
The Independence Museum in Bangladesh by Marina Tabassum Kashef Mahmoob Chowdhury commemorating the country's independence through its form resembling upturned hands.
Menara Mesiniaga is located on a major highway from the airport to Kuala Lampur. It is in a highly visible location
with few buildings within the surrounding context.Subang Jaya is near Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. The climate is considered tropical. The year round temperature, heat and humidity are fairly similar throughout the year. The Menara Mesiniaga is a built work that utilizes a basis of traditional Malaysian building
models and their transition or evolution into modern principles.
The Church of Light is located outside Osaka, Japan. It was designed between 1987 and 1988 and is an example of outstanding architecture integrated into the urban fabric. The church uses light and a simple design to create a place of retreat and emphasize nature, beckoning simplicity. It features a main chapel with seating facing a focal point of penetrating light, as well as a Sunday school and minister's home.
This document contains a proposal for the adaptive reuse of the Kedah Historical Museum building. It includes sections on the building's historical and architectural background, a dilapidation survey identifying issues like concrete spalling and metal corrosion, an analysis of the building's architectural style and elements which draw from Malay vernacular design, measured drawings of the building, and a proposal for adapting the building for a new use while preserving its heritage features. A group of 6 students from the School of Architecture, Building & Design prepared the proposal as a class project under the guidance of their tutor.
The Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, France was designed by architects Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano. They won the competition to design the building in 1977 despite not being famous architects at the time. The building features a colour-coded exterior displaying its functional mechanical systems. It has an open floor plan interior and a large glass and steel superstructure supported by a reinforced concrete structure.
This document discusses aspects of digital architecture and computational design processes. It covers topics like topological spaces, isomorphic surfaces, motion kinematics, parametric design, and how these digital approaches are used to generate complex architectural forms that were not possible before advances in computational design tools. Examples discussed include Gehry's Guggenheim Museum, which used CATIA software to design its intricate titanium curves, and the Kunsthaus Graz museum, whose blob-like form was generated digitally using NURBS modeling techniques.
The Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre in Baku, Azerbaijan was designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. It features a continuously curved roof that forms the ceilings, walls, and stairs of the building. The complex houses a concert hall, museum, and library under one seamless roof made of 970,000 square feet of curved steel segments. The building had to withstand Baku's harsh environment of high winds, earthquakes, and pollution. Its unique design and advanced structural system allow it to blend with the landscape while remaining durable in the extreme conditions.
Zaha Hadid was an Iraqi-British architect known for her innovative deconstructivist designs featuring fluid curves and non-orthogonal angles. She was the first woman to receive the Pritzker Architecture Prize and designed several landmark buildings around the world. Some of her most notable works included the Guangzhou Opera House, Heydar Aliyev Center, and Leeza Soho Tower. Hadid passed away in 2016 but left behind a revolutionary legacy that pushed the boundaries of architectural design.
Ahmedabad ni Gufa is an underground art gallery in Ahmedabad, India designed by architect B.V. Doshi and commissioned by artist M.F. Hussain between 1992-1995. The cave-like structure has a roof made of interconnected domes covered with mosaic tiles, supported inside by irregular tree-like columns. It exhibits works by Hussain inspired by Paleolithic cave art and is entered through a hidden staircase opening into a circular door into the cave-like gallery space, which has no straight walls but continues the curved dome structure down to the floor.
This document provides an overview of postmodern architecture. It discusses key postmodern theorists like Robert Venturi and Charles Jencks who reacted against modernism. Jencks identified different types of postmodernism like straight revivalism, neo-vernacular, and radical eclecticism. Notable postmodern architects and projects are also presented, such as Philip Johnson's PPG Place and Michael Graves' Portland Building. The document examines postmodern approaches to space, ornament, and symbolism through examples like Venturi's Vanna Venturi House.
Lectures; theory of architecture iv arch 246 iahmed osman
Contemporary Architecture as part of series of lectures by
Dr Ahmed Osman Ibrahim
Associate Professor,
Architectural Theory and Criticism,
College of Architecture and Planning,
Head of Department of Interior Design and
College Quality Manager,
Qassim University,
Saudi Arabia.
Mob: +966 549562614
Email: AO.MOHAMED@qu.edu.sa
The London Aquatics Center is an indoor facility with two 50-metre (164-foot) swimming pools and a 25-metre (82-foot) diving pool in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stafford, London.
Richard Rogers is a renowned British architect born in Italy in 1933. Some of his notable works include the Pompidou Centre in Paris, the Lloyd's building in London, and the Millennium Dome. He is known for his flexible, open-ended designs and emphasis on public space and social well-being in architecture. Rogers has received several prestigious awards over his career.
1. The document analyzes the internal forces of a roof truss through calculating the reaction forces and analyzing each joint.
2. It is calculated that the reaction forces are 218.75 kN, 31.25 kN, and 200 kN.
3. Each joint is then analyzed by applying equilibrium equations to calculate the internal tensile and compressive forces. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the analysis.
Building Services in Public Buildings | Elderly CentreJoyce Wee
The document provides an overview of the building services systems proposed for an elderly care centre, including fire protection, air conditioning, mechanical ventilation, and mechanical transportation systems. It discusses active and passive fire protection, various air conditioning system types, supply, exhaust and balanced ventilation systems, and vertical transportation via elevators. The proposed fire protection includes detection, alarms, sprinklers and extinguishers. A variable refrigerant flow split unit air conditioning system is recommended.
Beam and Column Analysis | Individual ComponentJoyce Wee
This document provides calculations for the dead loads, live loads, and ultimate loads on several beams in a building structure. For beam A-B/4, the total dead load is 13.34kN/m and total live load is 4.24kN/m, resulting in an ultimate load of 25.46kN/m. The reaction forces at supports A and B are calculated to be 39.46kN and 39.5kN respectively. Similar load calculations are provided for several other beams.
Beam and Column Analysis | Group ComponentJoyce Wee
This document presents the structural analysis of a double-storey bungalow conducted by a group of students. It includes architectural plans, structural plans, analysis of the slab and tributary area, assumptions of dead and live loads, and the distribution of beams and columns among group members. Calculations will be performed to analyze individual beam and column components based on the load assumptions and distributions.
The document summarizes the student's 8-week internship experience at aLM Architects. During this time, the student assisted with various projects including residential, commercial and institutional buildings. Tasks involved design work, drafting, attending meetings, and participating in a site visit. The student gained exposure to different stages of design and regulatory requirements. Overall, the internship provided valuable hands-on experience of an architectural practice.
The document discusses the use of the traditional Chinese Wapan tiling technique in the construction of the Ningbo Historic Museum in Ningbo, China. The technique originally involved stacking recycled bricks and tiles from demolished villages to quickly rebuild after natural disasters. For the museum, architect Wang Shu collected over 20 types of old bricks, stones, and tiles from demolished villages to construct the facade and revive the forgotten technique. The random arrangement of different recycled materials gives the museum walls texture and connects it to the local cultural heritage of Ningbo.
The document proposes a green space redesign of an empty balcony at Block D Level 5 to create a stress-relieving garden space called ReggieGarden. Key features include planting trees and fragrant plants to provide shade and calm the senses. Water features and seating areas with benches and bean bags will be added to create a relaxing atmosphere. A concept plan, master plan, perspective views, planting plan, and cost estimates are provided for the redesign of the 10m x 10m balcony space to benefit medical students.
The document compares two hair salons - 77 Unisex located in Sungai Way and GC Hair Studio & Academy with locations in Cheras and Puchong. 77 Unisex is a home-based salon started in 1985, while GC Hair Studio is a commercial salon started in 1998 with two locations. While both offer similar hair services, GC Hair has more advanced facilities, products, and training programs. The document analyzes the businesses' histories, operations, strategies, and differences to compare business models.
Ningbo Kingdom Home Fashion Product Catalog 2016 NEWJOHN XU
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document provides information about NingBo Bonny E-Home Co., LTD. It summarizes that the company has over 200 employees and 15,000 square meters of factory space. It exports 700 containers per year and reached $20 million in sales in 2011. The company has over 10 years of experience producing plastic products and exports items worldwide.
The document outlines a research report comparing two hair salons - 77 Unisex Saloon, a home-based business founded 30 years ago in Sungai Way, and GC Hair Studio and Academy, a commercial business with locations in Cheras and Puchong founded 15 years ago. It provides details on the history, services offered, pricing, competitors, and strategies of each business. It then analyzes the differences between the two salons, including their founders, locations, workers, future plans, and strategies for competing in the market.
The Chapel of Reconciliation in Berlin, Germany was established in 1999 on the site of a previous Reconciliation Church. It uses ecological materials like raw wood, clay, and rubble. The exterior features wood slits that allow interaction between the architecture and context while evoking contrast for users. The interior has clean earth tones representing "the power of whiteness" and allowing recollection of past events. Natural light penetrates through the wood slits and skylight, minimizing energy usage. The central space has transitional areas and a 360-degree interior walkway creating interaction between users and the architecture. The hierarchy moves from the connecting walkway to the central gathering space. Asymmetry is created through differing alignments, forming an imbalanced visual
This document is a compare and contrast essay analyzing the horror film genres of Dark Waters (2005) and The Mothman Prophecies (2002). It summarizes the plots of both films and analyzes how they use common horror conventions like isolated settings, nonlinear narratives, and iconography to develop thrills and frighten audiences. While both films effectively use conventions, The Mothman Prophecies breaks from norms by setting the story in a West Virginia town rather than a typical isolated location. Overall, the essay examines how the films employ genre conventions to create unsettling atmospheres and scare viewers.
Cape Rachado Reserve Forest Site AnalysisJoyce Wee
This document provides an analysis of existing structures at Cape Rachado site in Port Dickson, Malaysia. It describes various pathways, stairs, railings, retaining walls, gazebos, signboards, benches, observatory decks, picnic tables, and a beach gazebo. For each structure, it details materials used, dimensions, strengths, and weaknesses. Concrete and reinforced concrete are common materials used due to durability. Structures blend into the natural surroundings using materials like wood and adopting traditional Malay design elements. The document evaluates each structure's suitability for the site and visitors.
The document contains a list of architectural drawings for a building project. It includes 28 drawings organized into categories like plans, elevations, sections, schedules, and details. The plans include site plans, floor plans, roof plans, and reflected ceiling plans. The elevations include north/south and east/west exterior views. The sections show various cut views of the building. Schedules list doors, windows, and other building elements. Details provide closer views of items like columns, staircases, and pediments. Dimensions and notes are included in many of the drawings.
This document summarizes a design workshop that was held on January 22nd, 2014 for the redevelopment of Island School in Hong Kong. It introduces the project team led by Thomas Chow Architects and schmidt hammer lassen architects. It then discusses the team's experience with similar educational projects. The workshop explored understanding the learning environment, philosophy and needs of Island School. Different conceptual designs and options were presented and discussed, with a focus on the student experience and co-creation process with staff and students.
This document provides a site analysis of Taman Botani Negara in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. It includes a location plan, key plan, contour and topography plans, sections, strengths/weaknesses/opportunities/threats analyses, circulation plans, existing structure analyses, and landscape analyses. Detailed plans and diagrams are provided mapping out the various areas, structures, vegetation and features of the botanical garden site.
Building Construction: Experiencing ConstructionJoyce Wee
The document provides information about a low density housing development called Ramal Villa located in Kajang, Malaysia. It consists of 71 units including single detached homes and semi-detached homes. The development emphasizes modern design with flat roofs and simple facades. Each unit also has a rooftop garden. The site is well connected to major highways near LDP and Sungai Besi Highway, making it easily accessible. The document includes a location plan and site plan showing the layout of the different housing types.
The document discusses the Ningbo Museum in Ningbo, China. It aims to accentuate local cultural values through sustainable building materials and spatial planning strategies. The museum employs traditional local construction methods like using salvaged bricks and tiles in its Wapan wall construction. This honors traditional materials and vernacular methods while making the structure sustainable through recycled materials. The museum was also built by local artisans as a way to preserve construction methods and comment on erasure of the past in modern Chinese cities. It combines tradition with modernity to allow urban vernacular culture to evolve innovatively while maintaining traditions.
The document provides details about Ningbo Museum in Ningbo, China, designed by Wang Shu. It discusses:
1) The museum's design incorporates local cultural values through the use of salvaged materials and vernacular construction methods.
2) Salvaged bricks, tiles and other materials were used to construct thick Wapan walls, preserving traditional techniques.
3) Modern technologies like concrete panels were integrated to support the high walls while maintaining the handcrafted appearance.
This document outlines a research proposal on Ningbo's History Museum in China. The proposal explores how the museum's design relates to the cultural context and site identity of Ningbo, and how the materials used and construction techniques help preserve Ningbo's heritage. Specifically, the proposal examines how the museum's form draws from Ningbo's art and history, and the impact the museum has on heritage preservation. It provides research questions on the cultural design influences, how the site shaped the design, how materials and traditional construction methods preserve heritage, and how the museum influences heritage preservation in Ningbo.
The fusionoftraditionaltaiwanesecourtyarddwellingsandmodernbioclimatictechnol...Schani B
The document summarizes a case study on the Spring House in Tainan, Taiwan. The house blends traditional Taiwanese courtyard dwelling elements with modern bioclimatic design. It preserves the traditional layout, materials like brick, and spatial hierarchy. The design considers the local context and incorporates sustainability features like rainwater collection and solar power generation. The house demonstrates how traditional and modern approaches can be seamlessly combined to create culturally sensitive and environmentally responsive architecture.
The conservation of the Shri Govindji Temple in Manipur was needed to preserve an important example of terracotta architecture and culture. The temple, built in 1846, had deteriorated over time due to weathering, earthquakes, and vegetation growth. The conservation project involved dismantling and rebuilding damaged sections like the collapsed roof and cracked walls. Original materials like bricks and teak wood were reused when possible. Conservation techniques like using epoxy seals and replacing deteriorated wood helped restore the temple's structure while maintaining its historic character. The project promoted local crafts and spread awareness of Manipur's cultural heritage.
The document provides an abstract and index for a case study on the Suzhou Museum in China. It discusses the traditional Chinese courtyard housing typology known as siheyuan and its elements. It then examines how vernacular elements of the siheyuan were adapted in the modern courtyard design of the Suzhou Museum, designed by I.M. Pei. Key findings include how the museum incorporated a central courtyard like traditional siheyuan homes, used local materials to fit the context, and maximized natural light through the design. The study aims to show how traditional elements can be fused with modern architecture.
The document provides an abstract and index for a case study on the Suzhou Museum in China. It discusses the traditional Chinese courtyard housing typology known as siheyuan, including its history, elements, and role in Chinese culture. It then presents the methodology, limitations, and case study of the Suzhou Museum designed by I.M. Pei. Key findings include how the siheyuan layout has been adapted for Chinese museums, exemplified by the Shaanxi History Museum, and how the Suzhou Museum successfully integrated vernacular elements into its modern design to fit within the historical context.
Museum of architecture pre-thesis synopsisahed sohail
This document proposes the design of a Museum of Architecture in Delhi, India. It would showcase the works of important national architects to educate students and the public about architecture and its evolution. The museum would display drawings, models, photographs and other materials from architects throughout history. It would be located on a 3.2 acre plot donated by the Delhi Development Authority. The museum aims to celebrate architecture and provide a space to study building designs, materials, urban planning issues and more. It would partner with organizations like the Council of Architecture to create an educational resource for architects and the community.
This document provides information about the Indian architect Achyut Prakash Kanvinde and his works, including projects at IIT Campus in Kanpur and Darshana Academy of Performing Arts in Ahmedabad. It discusses Kanvinde's influences from the Bauhaus style under Walter Gropius and his principles of treating buildings with "Vastushastra" and using a grid of columns to give structures spatial aspects. Specific features of the IIT Kanpur campus are highlighted, including its academic buildings, hostels, and landscaping designed to encourage interaction. Details are also given about the P.K. Kelkar Library building at IIT Kanpur, focusing on its structural design, orientation, and sustainable
1. The document discusses different architectural projects that utilize specific materials in their design. It describes Terunobu Fujimori's Teahouse Tetsu, a minimalist treehouse in Japan supported by a single cypress trunk.
2. The teahouse is made of natural materials like wood, earth, and stone. It provides a small 5.6 square meter interior space elevated 4 meters above the ground, with expansive views through its sliding wooden doors and shutters.
3. Fujimori is known for his eccentric treehouses in Japan that incorporate natural materials available and are designed in harmony with nature.
The Old Dispensary in Zanzibar was built in 1887 and originally housed a dispensary, pharmacy, and doctor's quarters. It fell into disrepair after 1964. The Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) restored the building between 1991-1997, respecting the historic fabric while making it habitable. Surveys documented the building phases and conditions. The restoration aimed to reinforce original materials and techniques, generating local skills. It was adapted for retail, cultural, and office spaces as the Stone Town Cultural Centre. The project set restoration standards and was the first of AKTC's efforts to conserve Zanzibar's historic Stone Town.
ME8491 ENGINEERING METALLURGY - UNIT 1karthi keyan
The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the different phases that appear on it. It defines the common structures seen on the diagram including ferrite, pearlite, austenite, cementite, martensite, and ledeburite. It provides details on their composition, crystal structure, properties, and how they form based on the cooling process. Understanding these structures is fundamental to materials science and engineering as the microstructure of steels and cast irons determines their overall properties and applications.
The document discusses the transformation from Modern to Postmodern architecture. Modernism emphasized form following function and simplicity, while Postmodernism featured diverse aesthetics and contextualism. Some key characteristics of Postmodernism included sculptural forms, ornamentation, and meaning through pluralism and irony. Influential Postmodern architects included Aldo Rossi, Frank Gehry, and Cesar Pelli, whose Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur featured Islamic-inspired designs and innovative engineering.
The document discusses various architectural materials throughout history and their uses. It covers stone, which was used in ancient structures like Stonehenge, and its continued use by architects. Bricks are one of the oldest building materials dating back 7,000 years, while concrete allows for sculptural designs and mud is commonly used in parts of Africa and Asia. Bamboo, steel, and other modern materials are also discussed along with specific architectural examples to illustrate the properties and applications of different materials.
Asakusa Cullture & Tourism Information CenterAndy Heng
Kengo Kuma designed the Asakusa Culture Tourism Information Center (ACTIC) in Tokyo to address the loss of vernacular identity in the city's architecture. He drew inspiration from traditional Machiya townhouses, stacking individual Machiya to form a tower. Each floor has a unique layout, height, and function inspired by Machiya. Materials and textures also reference surrounding traditional architecture. By revitalizing Machiya typology into a tower, Kuma established a new form that respects vernacular identity while meeting modern needs.
Kengo Kuma designed the Asakusa Culture Tourism Information Center (ACTIC) in Tokyo to address the loss of vernacular identity in the city's architecture. He drew inspiration from traditional Machiya townhouses, stacking individual Machiya to form a tower. Each floor has a unique layout, height, and function inspired by Machiya. Materials and textures also reference surrounding traditional architecture. By revitalizing Machiya typology into a tower, Kuma established a new form that respects vernacular identity while meeting modern needs.
This document summarizes the design process for regenerating Carnsew Quarry Park in Cornwall, England. The site has a long history of granite extraction. The designer explored precedents that addressed environmental reclamation and public engagement with natural landscapes. A proposed exhibition center would promote artistic collaboration and experimentation. Key elements include a tower, park/garden, and facilities to support various art forms. The next steps are further research and developing the massing and plans.
Similar to Wapan Technique used in Ningbo Historic Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques (20)
[MGT60403] Project Management Final Report Joyce Wee
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document is an architectural design project report for a proposed Food Discovery Centre in Taman Tasik Titiwangsa, Kuala Lumpur. It includes an introduction to the project, site analysis, design intentions and strategies. The project aims to create a platform for the local community to rediscover food cultures and slow down their pace of life. The report outlines the site context, program requirements, spatial layout, and environmental strategies including orientation, shading and sustainability concepts. The design intends to tell the story of the place through interconnected spaces and revive the history of the lake through exhibitions on tin mining.
The document discusses a design strategy to direct visitors to proposed new buildings at sites B and C. It aims to study patterns of pedestrian traffic to best utilize existing passages and direct foot traffic to the new structures. References are provided for other artist residency and cultural center projects.
This research proposal examines the evolution of food culture in Malaysian night markets. It will compare traditional night market stalls to newer food trucks that have entered the market. The research aims to explore how differences in food presentation and preparation attract different target groups. It will also question whether food trucks are just a passing trend or will significantly impact Malaysia's food culture over time by potentially causing the loss of originality in traditional dishes. The research will be conducted through observation of food stalls and trucks as well as interviews with consumers.
The document provides details about the acoustic design of an auditorium for the Sidang Injil Borneo Kuala Lumpur church. It discusses the building and auditorium layout, sound absorption and finishing materials used, the sound system and sources, and how sound propagates through the space. Absorptive materials like carpet, fabric, and timber are used on floors, walls and ceilings to reduce reverberation. The sound system includes various speaker types to distribute sound evenly. Potential noise intrusion areas are also identified.
The document describes an auditorium with a fan-shaped volume of 11393 cubic meters and total floor area of 2120 square meters, with a seating capacity of 1500 people. It is designed for both speech and music with various acoustic paneling and speaker configurations to properly treat and distribute sound throughout the large, irregularly shaped space.
The document summarizes a reaction paper about the text "Towards a Critical Regionalism" by Kenneth Frampton. Frampton discusses balancing modern techniques with traditional forms and consideration of the surrounding natural environment to create buildings with a unique sense of place. The student agrees that critical regionalism requires moderate adaptation of modern designs with consideration of tangible context. Additionally, the student believes that architecture should engage more than just sight and should incorporate how spaces make the body and mind react through tactility. Bridging tectonics and tactility is seen as essential to forming buildings with both a universal and cultural identity.
The document discusses the importance of architecture that evokes emotion and memory in people. It summarizes a text arguing that architecture should fulfill human needs and feelings contextually rather than just having a distinctive formal design. The author believes architecture should provoke memories through spatial details and ambience. A reaction is given agreeing that good architecture can remind people of their past experiences and memories in a way that art does. The conclusion is that successful architecture achieves emotional resonance by interacting with people's memories in a dynamic yet expressive way.
The document discusses a reaction paper analyzing the text "Learning from Las Vegas" by Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour. The paper argues that while architects focus on spatial characteristics as defining architecture, the authors correctly point out the importance of symbolism and iconology. This is evidenced by the Las Vegas Strip, where large symbolic signs provide orientation in the vast desert spaces and have become the unifying architectural style. In conclusion, the paper finds that architecture and symbolism are inseparable and relevant, with symbols enhancing rather than diminishing the spatial aspects of design.
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used by Mesoamerican cultures before being introduced to Europe, where it became popular in drinks and confections. The document also notes that modern chocolate production methods were established in the 19th century to allow chocolate to be consumed on a larger scale worldwide.
Stadium Negara is the first indoor stadium built in Malaysia, located in Kuala Lumpur. It was designed by the Public Works Department and constructed between 1960-1962 at a cost of RM34 million. The original roof structure spanned 300 feet without columns, but it was replaced in the 1980s with a domed roof. The stadium has hosted many sporting and cultural events over the years and was designated a national heritage building in 2003 for its architectural and historical significance.
The document provides research on aspects of ancient Roman culture and history. It discusses movies and characters related to Julius Caesar and the Roman Empire, such as key events in Caesar's assassination. It also covers Roman traditions like the Dies Lustricus purification ceremony and Poena Cullei capital punishment. Traditional Roman clothing for men and women is described. Important characters in Roman history are also outlined, such as Caesar, Calpurnia, Brutus, and Augustus Caesar.
A Wishing Tree is a space designed to improve prosocial behavior by bringing the simple wishes of children in need directly to the public. It features a wishing tree installation where children's request cards are displayed. Passersby can anonymously fulfill wishes by selecting a card and donating goods or money at a gift counter. In return, the children send small gifts of gratitude to spread happiness. The space aims to make helping feel easy and joyful through its bright design, soothing music, and displays of children's art. It is located in an area with steady pedestrian traffic to maximize exposure of the children's wishes.
This document provides a 229-word analysis of an advertisement from Kookai, an internationally known clothing brand for women. The advertisement shows a man dressed in women's clothes holding a baby in an awkward position with an impatient facial expression. This stereotypes men as unsuitable for childcare typically portrayed as women's work. It also stereotypes women as softer and more nurturing for childrearing and housekeeping roles, while men are stereotyped as tough breadwinners. The advertisement thus reflects gender stereotyping of both men and women's traditional roles.
The advertisement uses gender stereotypes by showing a man holding a baby awkwardly while looking bored and impatient, implying that caring for babies is women's work. Society typically views women as gentle caregivers and men as tough breadwinners. The ad suggests men are unsuitable for women's domestic roles. Additionally, the phrase "What would the world be without women" implies that women play important roles like childcare that keep society orderly, though men are starting to take on more domestic duties.
Food photography has become a popular social behavior where photos of food are taken before eating. Many view it as a way to attract attention by posting what they eat daily on social media. However, some take detailed photos of meals as part of their job running a food blog, to get appealing shots for reviews. The document examines this labeled social group called "foodographers" and how some are stereotyped as attention seekers, though freelance food reviewers have valid reasons for thorough photo documentation of meals.
The document discusses Lake Gardens, a 230-acre botanical garden in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was proposed in 1888 by Alfred Venning to turn a swampy valley into a botanical garden. It now features various gardens and attractions, including a National Monument, Deer Park, Hibiscus Garden, Butterfly Park, Bird Park, and Orchid Garden. The gardens host recreational activities, musical performances, and exhibitions.
Joyce Wee Yi Qin gave an oral presentation on 29 January 2015 about the Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris. The cathedral has served as the cathedral of the city of Paris since 1000 AD. It has undergone several reconstruction periods, most notably from 1163-1345 AD and again from 1845-1868 AD following damage during the French Revolution in 1793. Some key features of the Gothic structure include flying buttresses, rose windows containing beautiful 13th century artwork, and 7,374 pipe organs. Materials used include stone walls, wooden beams, lead roofs and stained glass windows.
Fashionista Chic Couture Maze & Coloring Adventures is a coloring and activity book filled with many maze games and coloring activities designed to delight and engage young fashion enthusiasts. Each page offers a unique blend of fashion-themed mazes and stylish illustrations to color, inspiring creativity and problem-solving skills in children.
This tutorial offers a step-by-step guide on how to effectively use Pinterest. It covers the basics such as account creation and navigation, as well as advanced techniques including creating eye-catching pins and optimizing your profile. The tutorial also explores collaboration and networking on the platform. With visual illustrations and clear instructions, this tutorial will equip you with the skills to navigate Pinterest confidently and achieve your goals.
The cherry: beauty, softness, its heart-shaped plastic has inspired artists since Antiquity. Cherries and strawberries were considered the fruits of paradise and thus represented the souls of men.
Boudoir photography, a genre that captures intimate and sensual images of individuals, has experienced significant transformation over the years, particularly in New York City (NYC). Known for its diversity and vibrant arts scene, NYC has been a hub for the evolution of various art forms, including boudoir photography. This article delves into the historical background, cultural significance, technological advancements, and the contemporary landscape of boudoir photography in NYC.
Hadj Ounis's most notable work is his sculpture titled "Metamorphosis." This piece showcases Ounis's mastery of form and texture, as he seamlessly combines metal and wood to create a dynamic and visually striking composition. The juxtaposition of the two materials creates a sense of tension and harmony, inviting viewers to contemplate the relationship between nature and industry.
Wapan Technique used in Ningbo Historic Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
1. ASIAN ARCHITECTURE
ARC60403/ARC2234
PROJECT: CASE STUDY PAPER
Wapan Technique used in Ningbo Historic Museum
to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
School of Architecture, Building & Design
Taylor’s University
Tutor : Mr. Nicholas Ng
Group: Canisius Bong Wei Pheng 0318914
Joyce Wee Yi Qin 0319602
Kan Sook San 0319326
Ong Eu Xuan 0319050
Ricco Soh Zheng Wei 0319890
Tan Wing Hoe 0319333
2. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
2
Table of Contents
Abstract
1.0 Overview
1.1 Building Overview: Ningbo Historic Museum, Zhejiang, China
1.2 Building Construction Method: Wapan Tiling Technique
2.0 Origin of Wapan Technique
2.1 Historical Factors
2.2 Contextual Factors
3.0 Materiality
3.1 Use of Materials
3.2 Evolution of Materials (Culture and History)
3.3 Memories
4.0 Construction Technique
4.1 Original
4.2 Modified
5.0 Significance of WaPan Technique in the Urban Context
5.1 Slow Architecture
5.2 Sustainability
6.0 Conclusion
7.0 References
3. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
3
Abstract
This paper dwells on the use of a traditional construction technique that was once used
successively in indigent villages and has been discontinued in modern day China due to the
development of the country, causing traditional and cultural techniques to be eliminated and
forgotten. (issue)
With China being such a great influence to many countries, its traditional culture should be
revived and preserved. The traditional techniques, like the Wapan tiling technique should be
further explored with modern technology and present day methods. (objectives)
Literature reviews and comparative studies on chinese traditional construction techniques are
conducted, and further analyzed to supply for our research. (methodology)
The use of Wapan tiling technique has been forgone for many years since the modernization
in China, until Chinese architect Wang Shu decided to take on the technique in his facade
design for the Ningbo Historic Museum. (case study)
Furthermore, to relate our case study building to the topic, we have also deliberated on other
case studies of similar context, culture and construction techniques. Similar techniques
explored includes slow architecture. Other architectural examples were referred to, countries
like Canada and Ireland displayed development on the architecture approach, many
architecture in these countries were cultivated gradually, combined with ecological and
sustainable approach. (case study) (findings)
This paper would cover subtopics related to the Wapan tiling technique, which may include
materials and its origins, factors that led to building of Wapan walls, as well as the
significance of these walls to urban Ningbo.
In a nutshell, this paper will focus on the Wa Pan technique used in the Ningbo Historic
Museum. Wang Shu implied that due to the increasing modernization in the area, the Wa Pan
technique is slowly being forgotten. In this paper, an analysis on the information of this
technique will capture how it shaped the Ningbo culture, and how the technique was
abandoned and gradually discontinued in Ningbo. (discussions and conclusions)
4. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
4
1.0 Building Overview
1.1 Building Overview
The Ningbo Historic Museum, Zhejiang, China
The Ningbo Historic Museum is located in the Yinzhou District of Zhejiang, a district of
administrative and commercial land use. The surrounding site is occupied with buildings that
are tall, boxy and symmetrical in typical style of municipal architecture in China.
The museum is designed by Pritzker Architecture Prize winning Chinese architect Wang Shu,
and was opened in 2008. Inspired by the influence of the East China Sea in Ningbo history,
the museum design is shaped from the concepts of mountains, water and oceans. Its form is
also morphed out of shapes of boats and lands, making the building an icon to Ningbo culture
and history.
It is an asymmetrical construction, measured at 144m long, 65m wide and 24m high. The
museum’s main facade is composed of various traditional historical customs of Ningbo, as
Wang Shu has sought to continue and recover the tradition of old Chinese village construction
techniques.
5. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
5
1.2 Building ConstructionMethod
Wapan Tiling Technique
Traditional Chinese construction methods are used on the Ningbo Historic Museum. The
Wapan tiling technique, with the aid of modern technology, gives the building a statement
look. The stacking tiles that make up the outer skin of the building reflects the memory
Ningbo.
Wang Shu constructed these walls mainly by using old, used raw materials collected from the
demolition of traditional Ningbo villages. He perfected a mixed system with these materials
and steel, concrete beams to construct a modern day Wapan wall.
Over twenty different types of brick, stones and tiles were collected from the demolition of
the fifteen villages destroyed in the Ningbo region, and were reused to construct the museum
using the Wapan tiling technique, that was first used in the region to quickly rebuild the
villages after natural disasters that frequent the area.
The recycled tiles, stones and bricks were arranged by the craftsmen without being planned
by the architect.
6. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
6
2.0 Origin of Wapan Technique
2.1 Historical Factors
During the late of Qing Dynasty, the glory of China’s Imperial Era no longer exist as the
intruders took advantages of unstable political condition of China where the war occurred.
Ci Cheng, a small ancient town of Zhejiang with hundreds acres was destroyed by a fire
during the war. The wealthy families with official statuses and businessmen who escaped
from the war were in straitened circumstances; therefore they did not have the ability to
rebuild their fame and wealth from the past.
As time goes by, Ci Cheng was replaced by small houses and rooms, In the midst of hardship,
the craftsmen’ wisdom and abilities had revived the damaged town by using the remaining
rubble and debris caused by the war.
Thus, they initiated the Wapan tiling technique in China. After the liberation, the town had no
property to be cultivated because of the abandoned county town and undeveloped traffic way.
As a result of the enclosed town, up until the 1970s when the contemporary building did not
exist, the traditional ancient buildings were survived from the demolition.
7. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
7
1.2 Contextual Factors
The northeast of Zhejiang Province is one of the most typhoon prone areas in China. The
traditional villages that were located by the sea were easily destroyed by the strong wind of
nature.
Within a short period of time, the villages were able to recycle the available debris from the
aftermath of the natural disaster to repair their destroyed homes. The mixed use of recycled
bricks and tiles in the construction had initiated a technique called Wapan.
8. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
8
3.0 Materials
3.1 Use of Materials
Wapan applies the stacking method in its construction. It may be composed of various types
of material, ranging from recycled brick to rocks. As for Ningbo Historic Museum, Wang Shu
mainly took on bricks and clay tiles that were found among the debris of Ningbo villages.
After a brief appraisal, Wang Shu encountered a standard sized grey brick that was
approximately 20cm wide at the site. He stated that the brick was produced 400 years ago
during the Ming Dynasty.
Following that, he discovered various types of stone, some of which are from the Qing
Dynasty and Tang Dynasty. The oldest brick is from the Tang Dynasty approximately 1500
years ago. Millions of tiles were collected, they were commonly used as decorations in
economic constructions like Wapan tiling technique in the past.
3.2 (Evolutionof Materials)
Culture & History
The Wapan tiling technique strives to bring both nature and heritage into a building through
its use of materials. Clay tiles in particular are tied to the earth, and tend to evoke designs of
ancient Chinese structures. The use of Wapan wall was initially developed to cope with
natural disasters in the region using used materials like brick and tiles.
The Wapan masonry facade of the Ningbo Historic Museum was mainly constructed with
reclaimed materials, collected from local village demolitions. These materials include roof
tiles, different brick pebbles, bamboo cane molded with concrete, and more than thirty types
of brick and tiles that would eventually shape the unique pattern of the museum. It reflects the
sustainable advanced culture tendency and the theme of ecology, as well as culture
amalgation.
9. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
9
Wangshu devised a new creation of Wapan technique for the Ningbo Historic Museum,
calling it “bamboo cane molded concrete’. Bamboo was used due to it being a characteristic
local plant in the Ningbo region. The nature of bamboos’ random cracking can be clearly seen
through its texture on the concrete.
To ensure that the materials were aligned perfectly straight as the exact execution of the
design was extremely tough. However the undesirable feature managed to show the beauty of
handmade nature, which embodies the traditional construction system with the materials’
natural color and texture.
The Wapan wall was mainly constructed using tiles. However the entire Wapan wall of
Ningbo Historic Museum was constructed using old materials that reflect the culture tendency
of the village.
3.2 Memories of Material
In the past, Wapan was once considered as a lowly material and technique of the poor, but in
present day this technique has been reinforced in a manner that permits it to function on a
scale demanded by contemporary Chinese standards.
However, the application of the technique in Ningbo Historic Museum is distinctive. Its
facade is composed of grey conglomerate, along with terracotta roof tiles and grey stacked
pebbles that were intentionally adapted by the local artisans of Ningbo. It creates shows traces
of Ningbo’s historical past, and reveals a collage effect that shows invitation to allow visitors
to come upon the place to explore its past.
In an interview, Wang Shu revealed that the materials used for the walls are not merely debris
of the village demolitions, but also history, time and experience. Over the decade, people who
touched the bricks were experiencing a nostalgic trip through the usage of materials.
10. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
10
4.0 Construction Technique
Throughout the years, the function of Wapan tiling has evolved multiple times. In order to
suit the different functions, the construction technique is modified for additional strength and
stability.
4.1 Original
The emergence of Wapan tiling is a demonstration of skills owned by the artisans to create
strong yet aesthetic walls. It is a symbol of social status as it requires patience and a special
skillset, and it involves a large amount of time to produce.
The construction of the outer wall starts from a strip of stones (放墙角) at the base of the wall
to be built. The dirt on the base is removed and replaced with stones arranged neatly and flat
below a layer of crushed tiles that serves as fillers. The wall is then built by layering broken
tiles and bricks that are reinforced by a thin layer of lime. The gaps between the tiles allow
better ventilation. The inner wall is further reinforced with the application of a full layer of
husk or gluten mixed with mud. Upon drying, another layer of hempcrete and lime is applied
to give the wall a white wash.
Per an artisan that had been in the field since his younger days, there are a lot of tricks in
making a great Wapan wall. “When I just started to pick up this skill, we were told that
Wapan is an art of inner peace and should be experienced. But we could not comprehend the
skills taught by our seniors. Thus, everything was a as we made uneven walls with uneven
layering.
4.2 Modified
In places that are prone to typhoons, such as Ningbo, the Wapan tiling is implemented in
villages as an instant restoration method after the destruction. Wapan tiling technique is used
in small areas of the walls and roofs that are broken during the typhoon using the broken tiles
that were blown away. Due to the speed of reconstruction, the tiling is less reinforced and are
prone to be broken again.
In the context of the Ningbo museum, the function of the Wapan wall is brought back to its
original function which is as a façade with hints of restoring the society that is destroyed due
to urbanization.
The construction of the Wapan wall is a fusion of ancient techniques and modern building
systems. In the Ningbo museum, the Wapan wall is a thin facade layer of approximately
240mm. Functionally, it is designed as a form of wall cladding rather than a structural wall
due to its poor compressive strength. Its reduced thickness accommodates building systems
such asinsulation layer, air conditioning and piping systems.
Another major factor that caused the modification of the Wapan masonry in the Ningbo
Historic Museum was the height vs the compressive strength of the Wapan wall.
The facade of the Ningbo Historic Museum reaches a height of 24 metres, exceeding the
height of Wapan walls constructed in traditional dwellings. Due to the nature of the materials
11. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
11
and the building technique, the great increase in height highlights the poor compressive
strength and stability of the Wapan masonry in the context of the Ningbo Historic Museum.
To solve the issue, the total height of Ningbo History Museum is divided into independent
wall blocks of 3 metres to distribute the huge load. Many wall testings were carried out on
site with final prototypes producing a facade system from Wapan masonry and mortar,
combined with a concrete linear panel.
The Final Wapan masonry consist of four components that are the Wapan wall masonry,
concrete linear panel, mortar and reinforced concrete structure. Due to low compressive
strength of the masonry, it requires the periodic support of invisible concrete ledgers
integrated horizontally into panel every 3 metres. The entire masonry facade system is then
tied back to the concrete linear panel, joined tightly together using tie bars to form one whole
unit. This help to improve the structural safety of the wall. The 15 centimetres reinforced
concrete linear panel is the main load carrying structure.
12. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
12
5.0 Significance of the Wapan Technique in an Urban Context
5.1 Slow Architecture
Slow architecture refers to architecture that is created and grew gradually instead of being
built for short term goals, and often shows ecological and environmentally sustainable
qualities.
Due to China’s frequent effort to upgrade towns and cities in metropolitan Ningbo to improve
living standards of the residents in a short amount of time, the use of Slow architecture is
extremely scarce in modern China.
Wang Shu is known to be described as “China’s champion of Slow architecture”. Many of his
designs tend to recall China’s older cities, densely packed and holds qualities of traditional
China’s narrow streets and courtyards. In an interview, Wang Shu expressed his worries on
the cities today, implying that they are growing too quickly and have become too large.
From afar, the Ningbo Historic Museum resembles an ancient Chinese fortress, walled up
with tilting thick walls that look weathered by centuries. But up close, the coarse, uneven
facade surface reveals to be assembled of salvaged, worn natural recycled materials. Grey
tiles and rocks and bright orange terracotta alternate the walls. On the inside of the building
lined angled walls and narrow corridors that open to wide, grand atriums, resembling qualities
of China’s Hutong.
An important aspect of slow architecture include reusing existing structures and objects, as
opposed to producing new ones.
Slow architects like Wang Shu, tend to prefer filling in existing urban spaces with traditional,
lesser developed methods and materials. He explored creative uses of old objects in the
Ningbo Historic Museum, by reusing recycled building parts, constructing the structure of the
building using a traditional method, the Wapan tiling technique that was greatly abandoned in
the Ningbo region.
Wang Shu implied that he was interested in the revival of Chinese traditions, but in
contemporary form, as well as the reuse and recycling of old building materials. He
acknowledged that construction would be infinitely improved as the result of working by
hand, traditionally.
13. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
13
5.2 Sustainability
The traditional Wapan tiling technique is known to be much more sustainable than the
modern construction methods being used today in modern day China. Despite its needs of
labors and time, the Wapan wall is proven to have reduced the material cost by a lot. Most of
the material, salvaged from village demolitions, are cost free, and the Wapan tiling technique
is also highly energy saving, as they operate using manual labors.
14. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
14
Conclusion
Over the years, the upgrade that had been over years in China has significantly modernized
and improved the lifestyle of the people in the country. Various projects initiated to tear down
older buildings in Ningbo, to make way for modern skyscrapers and large building
developments.
Traditional Chinese construction methods have been long abandoned in the past recent
decades, up until award winning architect Wang Shu decided to take upon the chance to
design and construct the iconic Ningbo Historic Museum using the traditional Wapan tiling
technique. Wang Shu commemorates the history of old Ningbo, whether in its designs,
showcases and materials used, but most importantly in its method of construction.
The Wapan tiling technique is the utmost representation of Ningbo, reflecting the history that
made up the city. It successfully captured the memories that was once held dearly in the
villages of Ningbo.
In a nutshell, this paper collates the information that made up the traditional Wapan tiling
technique, and what caused the use of this construction technique to dwindle in such drastic
amount. It guides through the history and fallout of Wapan, and its revival and regeneration
upon the design of the Ningbo Historic Museum. It shows Wang Shu’s Wang Shu’s foremost
intention to revive the spirits and culture that was diminished when the Chinese government
sought to demolish the villages of Ningbo.
Through this paper, we are able to understand the significance of the traditional tiling
technique, and how it impacts the urban Ningbo better. We are able to trace back the origins
of this technique, analyze them and propose ways that would proliferate the use of traditional,
abandoned construction techniques.
15. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
15
References
Ningbo Historic Museum. (n.d.). Retrieved November 25, 2016, from
https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Ningbo_Historic_Museum
Wang Shu's Ningbo History Museum built from the remains of demolished villages. (2016).
Retrieved October 9, 2016, from
https://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/18/video-interview-wang-shu-amateur-architecture-studio-
ningbo-history-museum-movie/
Ningbo Historic Museum / Wang Shu, Amateur Architecture Studio. (2009). Retrieved
October 10, 2016, from
http://www.archdaily.com/14623/ningbo-historic-museum-wang-shu-architect
中國建築師王澍設計. (2009,February 23). Retrieved October 10, 2016, from
http://forgemind.net/phpbb/viewtopic.php?t=15424
翔, 郑. (2013, February 5). 寻找瓦爿墙. Retrieved October 22, 2016, from
http://zh.cnnb.com.cn/zhnews4073/mskd/mskd_news/201302/20130205064908.asp
耿, 晶. (2012, May 26). 瓦片墙设计”灵感来自慈城. Retrieved October 26,2016, from
http://sports.163.com/12/0526/01/82D51CF40005227R.html
中國當代建築之光 千年萬瓦的寧波博物館-欣中國-欣傳媒旅遊頻道.(2015). Retrieved
October 22, 2016, from http://solomo.xinmedia.com/china/57295-NingpoMuseum
翔, 郑. (2013, February 5). 寻找瓦爿墙. Retrieved October 22, 2016, from
http://zh.cnnb.com.cn/zhnews4073/mskd/mskd_news/201302/20130205064908.asp
争艳, 徐. (2015, December 5). 瓦爿墙砌筑工艺. Retrieved November 5,2016 from
http://www.zhxww.net/zhnews405/zhgjz/qiangti/20051205143903.htm
Turnitin Plagirism Check
16. Wapan Technique usedinNingboHistoric Museum to Revive Traditional Chinese Construction Techniques
ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
16
Similarity: 2%