Sound is a form of energy that propagates as mechanical waves, requiring a medium such as air, water or solid material to transmit energy. It is caused by vibrations which create pressure variations that propagate outward as a wave at the speed of sound. The speed of sound depends on factors like the density, elasticity and temperature of the medium, being fastest in solids and slowest in gases. Sound exhibits properties like reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference as it travels and interacts with surfaces and other sounds.
To know that sound can be reflected, refracted, diffracted, and produces interference effects.
Know that sound is a wave because it can be reflected and refracted as with particles, diffraction and interference only occur with waves
Sound waves are produced by the vibration of material objects. A disturbance in the form of a longitudinal wave travels away from the vibrating source. High-pitched sounds are produced by sources vibrating at high frequency, while low-pitched sounds are produced by low-frequency sources Sound waves consist of traveling pulses of high-pressure zones, or compression, alternating with pulses of low-pressures zones, or rarefaction. Sound can travel through gases, liquids, and solid, but not through a vacuum.
To know that sound can be reflected, refracted, diffracted, and produces interference effects.
Know that sound is a wave because it can be reflected and refracted as with particles, diffraction and interference only occur with waves
Sound waves are produced by the vibration of material objects. A disturbance in the form of a longitudinal wave travels away from the vibrating source. High-pitched sounds are produced by sources vibrating at high frequency, while low-pitched sounds are produced by low-frequency sources Sound waves consist of traveling pulses of high-pressure zones, or compression, alternating with pulses of low-pressures zones, or rarefaction. Sound can travel through gases, liquids, and solid, but not through a vacuum.
we hear many type of sound from various sources like humans, birds, bells, machines, vehicles, televisions, radios, etc. Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears.
The presentation which increases your knowledge about sound.
by Mohammad Ali.
Learn about various motion graphs through interesting graphics.This ppt also includes questions from past papers.It is ideal for educators and students alike who can learn the concepts and their application at the ame time.
we hear many type of sound from various sources like humans, birds, bells, machines, vehicles, televisions, radios, etc. Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears.
The presentation which increases your knowledge about sound.
by Mohammad Ali.
Learn about various motion graphs through interesting graphics.This ppt also includes questions from past papers.It is ideal for educators and students alike who can learn the concepts and their application at the ame time.
It is a very useful ppt for studying students .I have made with very much hard work it will surely help you. I have made it with an attractive way and do not trust on me ,first see and you sill yourself like it.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. Objectives:
● Determine the propagation of sound in different
mediums.
● Differentiate of the different properties of sound
waves: refraction, reflection, diffraction and
interference.
4. What is Sound?
Sound is a form of ENERGY that behaves in a predictable way
What Causes Sound?
Sound is made because of VIBRATIONS.
What are Vibrations?
These are the back-and-forth motions as a WAVE.
Waves
In physics, a wave travels through matter transferring energy from one place to
another.
Therefore…
5. SOUND is a form of energy caused by
vibration that is passed from one
point to another as a wave.
● Sound is an example of a mechanical wave and of a
longitudinal wave.
● It simply follow an orderly pattern or coherence of
motion.
6. ● It is composed of waves of compression and rarefaction in
which the human ear is sensitive. the size of a compression
indicates how much energy the sound wave has.
8. Human voice uses several types of sound
production and modification of mechanisms
The vocal cords located in the in the throat
primarily produces the sound for singing and for
spoken vowels.
Sounds produced differ because of the
differences in SHAPE of the air cavities in the throat,
mouth and nasal region
9. Speed of Sound
The speed of sound is defined as the dynamic
propagation of sound waves. This depends on
the characteristics of the medium through
which the propagation takes place. Speed of
sound is used for describing the speed of
sound waves in an elastic medium.
10. Speed of Sound
1. Type of Medium -travels through liquids, solids and gas
but can’t travel through a vacuum.
2. Temperature of Medium - can also travel in lower or
higher temperature.
3. Density -sound moves well through dense materials.
4. Elasticity -sound waves move fast through elastic
materials.
11. DOPPLER EFFECT
change in wave frequency caused by a moving
wave source moving toward you - pitch sounds
higher moving away from you - pitch sounds
lower
14. Solids are significantly denser than liquids or
gases. This means that the molecules are closer
to each other in solids than in liquids and in
liquids than in gases. This closeness due to
density means that they can collide very quickly.
Due to this advantage, the speed of sound in a
solid is larger than in a gas.
Speed of Sound in Solid
15. The density of a liquid is greater than of a
gas. Therefore the distances between molecules
are more in liquids than in solids but are less
than in gases. Hence the speed of sound in
liquids lies in between the speed of sound in
solids and gases.
Speed of Sound in Liquid
16. We should remember that the speed of sound
is independent of the density of the medium when
it enters a liquid or solid. Since gases expand to
fill the given space, density is quite uniform
irrespective of the type of gas. This clearly isn’t
the case with solids and liquids.
Speed of Sound in Gas
17. Speed of Sound in Vacuum
The speed of sound in a vacuum is zero meters per
second, as there are no particles present in the vacuum.
The sound waves travel in a medium when there are
particles for the propagation of these sound waves. Since
the vacuum is an empty space, there is no propagation of
sound waves.
21. Properties
of Sound
A. Refraction of Sound
- change in direction, as
the wave moves from one
medium to another. It
bends or refracts as they
move through air.
22. B. Reflection of
Sound
- when a sound
wave strikes a
hard surface, it
changes its
direction and goes
back to the same
medium. Echo is
an example.
23. C. Diffraction of Sound
- sound waves bend or diffract around
corners or barriers like doors and walls.
25. ● Constructive
interference -the sound
waves arrive at the same
time and phase
● Destructive
interference -waves
arrive at interval and are
out of phase
Types of
Interference
26. Characteristics of Sound
1. PITCH
-highness or lowness of a sound.
a. Frequency
- number of sound waves that passes
through a point in a certain amount of
time, such as one second. -the greater
the frequency, the higher the pitch.
27. Hertz (Hz)- unit to measure frequency
and pitch
Audio frequency range -Frequency
ranging 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz -Sounds
that human ear can hear is an
example.
INFRASONICS -Frequency below 20 Hz.
28. 1. Pure tone- simplest waveform, it has
a soft, pleasant tone quality and
sinusoidal
2. Complex tone- nearly sinusoidal
Different waveforms
29. 2. LOUDNESS or INTENSITY
- description of how high or low the sound seems
to a person -determined mainly by the
amplitude of the sound wave
a. Decibel (dB)- unit used to measure sound intensity or
loudness. LOUDNESS OF SOUND IN DECIBEL
30. LOUDNESS OF
SOUND IN
DECIBELS
Sound Loudness
(dbs)
Hearing
Damage
Average
Home
40-50 - - - - - -
Loud
Music
90-100 After long
exposure
Rock
Concert
115-120 Progressiv
e
Jet
Engine
120-170 Pain
31. 3. TIMBRE
- tone color or tone quality
- used to distinguished between
two different sounds that have
the same pitch and loudness
- It helps to identify what
produced the sound
32. Basic element of music
1. Pitch- highness or lowness of the note
2. Intensity- loudness of the note
3. Rhythm- repeating pattern of beats and it keeps the
time to the music
4. Melody- series of pitches 5. Harmony- three or more
notes played together.
Characteristics of Musical Sounds Note
33. Noise
unwanted sound and a
subtle pollutant which
can threaten the Health
or well being of an
individual
34. Sound Energy Vibrations Waves
Speed of Sound
➢ Medium - Solid, Liquid, Gas,
Vacuum
➢ Temperature - Hot and Cold
Properties of
Sound Energy
➢ Refraction
➢ Reflection
➢ Diffraction
➢ Interference
Doppler Effect Hertz (Hz)- unit to measure frequency
and pitch
Decibel (dB)- unit used to measure
sound intensity or loudness
NOISE - unwanted sound
