The document describes a project submitted by 4 students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree, focusing on developing a voice operated robot under the supervision of Loknath Reddy. It includes certificates, declarations, acknowledgements and an abstract describing the robot's ability to perform functions through voice commands by interpreting human language and converting it to machine commands.
It consisting Mobile app, Arduino, Bluetooth Receiver module, L293D ic etc. The movement of robot is controlled by the voice which catch by the microphone inside the mobile.
Li-Fi is a wireless communication technology that uses visible light communication (VLC) to transmit data using LED light bulbs. By switching LED bulbs on and off faster than the human eye can detect, digital data can be encoded and transmitted through the light. Li-Fi provides several advantages over traditional Wi-Fi including much higher speeds, no interference with other wireless devices, and the ability to be used in places where radio signals are restricted. Researchers have achieved speeds over 500 megabytes per second in labs. Li-Fi has the potential to help solve the worldwide shortage of wireless spectrum and enable new applications for wireless connectivity through light.
The document describes a project to create a robot that is controlled by an Android application using Bluetooth connectivity. A group of five students created the robot under the guidance of a project guide. The robot uses a microcontroller and Bluetooth module to receive commands from an Android phone app and control two DC motors. The goal is to allow remote control of the robot's movement in four directions using an Android phone as a wireless remote control via Bluetooth.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation on Li-Fi technology. It introduces Li-Fi as a visible light communication system that can provide wireless internet access using LED bulbs. The presentation explains that Li-Fi uses LED bulbs that rapidly switch on and off to transmit digital signals, allows for faster data transfer than Wi-Fi, and provides several advantages like free spectrum and more secure communication. It also discusses the principles, construction, applications and comparisons of Li-Fi and highlights some challenges like light not passing through obstacles.
This document provides an overview of Li-Fi technology. It discusses how Li-Fi works by using visible light communication through LED bulbs to transmit data. The LEDs rapidly flicker on and off, encoding data that can be received and interpreted at high speeds comparable or exceeding Wi-Fi. Li-Fi was developed by researchers including Dr. Harald Haas and provides several advantages over radio-based Wi-Fi, including much higher available bandwidth, more localized coverage area, and ability to be used in places where Wi-Fi poses problems. The document outlines the history and development of Li-Fi, how it compares to Wi-Fi, and potential applications across various industries.
This document is a seminar report on Li-fi technology submitted by Dhabekar Roshan Vitthalrao in partial fulfillment of a master's degree. It includes an abstract describing Li-fi technology, which uses visible light communication through LED bulbs to transmit data. The report covers the genesis of Li-fi from Dr. Harald Haas's initial demonstration in 2011. It explains how Li-fi works by modulating LED light intensity and discusses applications like use in airports and hospitals free from radio bandwidth limitations. The conclusion is that Li-fi could provide a wireless alternative if practical challenges around line-of-sight transmission can be addressed.
This document discusses free space laser communication. It begins with an introduction to lasers and their basic principles. Free space laser communication works by transmitting information such as video, data, and sound via modulated laser beams through the atmosphere. Key components of the system include a transmitter with a laser and modulator, and a receiver with a telescope and detector. Laser communication has applications in areas where radio frequency and fiber optic links are not practical, and offers advantages like higher bandwidth and directivity compared to RF. However, atmospheric effects can cause attenuation and limitations for terrestrial applications.
It consisting Mobile app, Arduino, Bluetooth Receiver module, L293D ic etc. The movement of robot is controlled by the voice which catch by the microphone inside the mobile.
Li-Fi is a wireless communication technology that uses visible light communication (VLC) to transmit data using LED light bulbs. By switching LED bulbs on and off faster than the human eye can detect, digital data can be encoded and transmitted through the light. Li-Fi provides several advantages over traditional Wi-Fi including much higher speeds, no interference with other wireless devices, and the ability to be used in places where radio signals are restricted. Researchers have achieved speeds over 500 megabytes per second in labs. Li-Fi has the potential to help solve the worldwide shortage of wireless spectrum and enable new applications for wireless connectivity through light.
The document describes a project to create a robot that is controlled by an Android application using Bluetooth connectivity. A group of five students created the robot under the guidance of a project guide. The robot uses a microcontroller and Bluetooth module to receive commands from an Android phone app and control two DC motors. The goal is to allow remote control of the robot's movement in four directions using an Android phone as a wireless remote control via Bluetooth.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation on Li-Fi technology. It introduces Li-Fi as a visible light communication system that can provide wireless internet access using LED bulbs. The presentation explains that Li-Fi uses LED bulbs that rapidly switch on and off to transmit digital signals, allows for faster data transfer than Wi-Fi, and provides several advantages like free spectrum and more secure communication. It also discusses the principles, construction, applications and comparisons of Li-Fi and highlights some challenges like light not passing through obstacles.
This document provides an overview of Li-Fi technology. It discusses how Li-Fi works by using visible light communication through LED bulbs to transmit data. The LEDs rapidly flicker on and off, encoding data that can be received and interpreted at high speeds comparable or exceeding Wi-Fi. Li-Fi was developed by researchers including Dr. Harald Haas and provides several advantages over radio-based Wi-Fi, including much higher available bandwidth, more localized coverage area, and ability to be used in places where Wi-Fi poses problems. The document outlines the history and development of Li-Fi, how it compares to Wi-Fi, and potential applications across various industries.
This document is a seminar report on Li-fi technology submitted by Dhabekar Roshan Vitthalrao in partial fulfillment of a master's degree. It includes an abstract describing Li-fi technology, which uses visible light communication through LED bulbs to transmit data. The report covers the genesis of Li-fi from Dr. Harald Haas's initial demonstration in 2011. It explains how Li-fi works by modulating LED light intensity and discusses applications like use in airports and hospitals free from radio bandwidth limitations. The conclusion is that Li-fi could provide a wireless alternative if practical challenges around line-of-sight transmission can be addressed.
This document discusses free space laser communication. It begins with an introduction to lasers and their basic principles. Free space laser communication works by transmitting information such as video, data, and sound via modulated laser beams through the atmosphere. Key components of the system include a transmitter with a laser and modulator, and a receiver with a telescope and detector. Laser communication has applications in areas where radio frequency and fiber optic links are not practical, and offers advantages like higher bandwidth and directivity compared to RF. However, atmospheric effects can cause attenuation and limitations for terrestrial applications.
This document is a seminar report on Bluetooth network security submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses Bluetooth technology, including its architecture and classes/ranges. It covers security aspects at the link and application layers and tools that can be used to attack Bluetooth networks, like Bluejacking and Bluesnarfing. It also lists advantages like low cost and wireless capability, disadvantages like short range and hackability. Applications discussed include wireless headphones, mobile device connectivity, and medical sensors.
Li-Fi is a wireless optical networking technology that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for data transmission.Li-Fi is designed to use LED light bulbs similar to those currently in use in many energy-conscious homes and offices.
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defense company established in 1954. It manufactures advanced electronics for India's defense sector, including radar systems, communications equipment, antennas, and microwave components. BEL has over 12,000 employees spread across 9 manufacturing units in India. The document discusses BEL's history and founding, product ranges, manufacturing units, and services in defense and non-defense sectors.
5G technology will offer speeds 10 times faster than 4G networks, providing up to 1 Gbps connectivity. It will feature widespread availability, ultra-low latency, and support for new applications through its unified global standard. 5G aims to enable a true wireless world with no limitations on access or location through technologies like smart antennas, software-defined networking, and virtualized infrastructure.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on plastic solar cells. It begins with an introduction to plastic solar cells, which were first introduced in 1986 and use conducting plastics and flexible substrates. It then describes conventional solar cells made from semiconductors, which have high efficiency but are expensive to produce. The working principle of a basic p-n junction solar cell is explained. The document then discusses the device architectures, working principles, advantages and drawbacks of plastic solar cells, which use organic semiconductors and conjugated polymers. It concludes by stating that while plastic solar cells are more compact and effective than conventional cells, their current high cost is a major drawback that may be solved in the future.
Dr. A.T. Kalghatgi gave a seminar on Ultra Wideband (UWB) technology and its applications. He discussed how UWB uses very short pulse transmissions which provide advantages like being immune to multipath fading, having high data transfer potential, and allowing many devices to operate simultaneously without interference. He then explained key UWB concepts, compared it to other wireless technologies, reviewed its regulatory definition and applications in areas like communications, radar, and asset tracking. Challenges in UWB design and adoption were also summarized such as coexistence with other systems, receiver complexity, and global spectrum harmonization.
This document is a seminar report on introduction to robotics submitted by a student for their bachelor's degree. It includes an abstract summarizing trends in automation and industrial robots. The report acknowledges those who helped and provides a table of contents. It then discusses the history of robots, types of robots including mobile and rolling robots, and applications in areas like autonomous robots. It also covers problems and advantages/disadvantages of robotics. In conclusion, it provides references used in the report.
GI-FI (Gigabit Fidelity) or Giga bit wireless refers to wireless communication at a data rate of more than one billion bits (gigabits) per second. GI-FI offers some advantages over WI-FI, a similar wireless technology. In that it offers faster information rate in GBPS, less power consumption and low cost for short range transmission as compare to current technology. GI-FI consists of a chip which has facility to deliver short-range multi gigabit data transfer in a local environment and compared to other technologies in the market it is ten times faster. GI-FI has the data transfer speed up to 5 GBPS within a short-range of 10 metres. It operates in 60 GHZ frequency band. GI-FI is developed on an integrated wireless transceiver chip. It has both transmitter and receiver, integrated on a single chip which is fabricated using the CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process and it also consists of a small antenna. GI-FI allows transferring large videos, audio files, data files etc. within few seconds.
This document discusses Wi-Fi technology and its components. Wi-Fi allows wireless connectivity between devices using radio waves instead of wires. It uses IEEE 802.11 standards for wireless local area networks (WLANs). Key components of a Wi-Fi network include an access point connected to a wired internet connection, Wi-Fi cards or adapters in devices, and Wi-Fi configuration. Wi-Fi provides mobility, ease of installation, and flexibility but has limitations such as range and potential interference.
Li-Fi is a visible light communication system that uses LED light bulbs to transmit data wirelessly. It was coined by Professor Harald Haas in 2011 and provides high-speed communication similar to Wi-Fi but using light instead of radio waves. Li-Fi has several applications such as in traffic lights, airplanes, hospitals, and street lamps. It provides more secure and faster communication than Wi-Fi but has limitations like the need for line of sight and interference from other light sources. Current companies developing Li-Fi technology include pureLIFI and LIFI-X.
Seminar Report On Implementation Of Li-FI TechnologyAnjeet Kumar
Li-Fi is a wireless communication technology that uses light from LED bulbs to transmit data. The document discusses the history and development of Li-Fi technology. It provides details on how Li-Fi works by rapidly varying the intensity of LED light to transmit binary data. The document also discusses applications of Li-Fi technology in various sectors like hospitals, vehicles, and power plants.
Gi-Fi is a new wireless technology that was developed at the National Information and Communication Technology Research center in Australia. It allows for wireless transfer of audio and video data at speeds of up to 5 gigabits per second, which is 10 times faster than current wireless transfer rates. Gi-Fi operates at 60GHz on a single chip using CMOS process and can transfer large files like videos within seconds. It provides higher data transfer speeds than Wi-Fi and WiMax, along with lower power consumption and cost for short range indoor transmissions.
The document discusses the economic impact and benefits of 5G technology. It estimates that 5G will boost the U.S. GDP by $500 billion and create 3 million new jobs. Additionally, 5G solutions applied to vehicle traffic and electrical grids could produce $160 billion in benefits and savings for local communities. The major challenges of 5G include developing the necessary hardware and software to enable speeds over 1 Gbps and connecting billions of devices globally with low latency.
The aim of this project is to control the electrical appliances through a personal computer (PC). With this system, one can control the electrical appliances ON/OFF by just being seated at one place using a PC.
Free space optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data through the air between two points without fiber. FSO can transmit at speeds up to 2.5 Gbps currently and is expected to reach 10 Gbps soon. It uses infrared lasers and photo detectors for full duplex communication. FSO provides a cost-effective solution for the "last mile" problem of connecting buildings to high-speed fiber backbone networks when laying new fiber is not feasible or affordable. Major advantages of FSO include low costs, high security, and no licensing requirements compared to other wireless technologies.
Smart wheel chair based on voice recognition for handicappedSagar Bayas
This project aims to develop a voice controlled wheelchair system using a speech recognition module. The goal is to allow disabled or elderly people who have difficulty moving to control a wheelchair independently using their voice. The system uses a microcontroller and DC motors to move the wheelchair based on voice commands detected by the microphone. The voice commands will allow the user to move the wheelchair forward, backward, left, right, or stop. This aims to give users more independence and a better quality of life without relying on caregivers for mobility assistance.
This was one of my Diploma in Engineering Projects.
It's a Voice controlled Home Automation System which works with the Internet. Which means you can control your home appliances from anywhere.
I did the Presentation for the Home Automation System. I was also one of the core team members who made it happen.
Here are the complete powerpoint slides.
Thank You
1. The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on the key features and capabilities of each generation including speed, bandwidth, applications supported, and more.
2. 5G is expected to offer speeds up to 1Gbps, support new applications with low latency, and provide seamless connectivity through a single unified standard. It will enable technologies like virtual and augmented reality.
3. The document compares each generation in terms of their years of development, supported data speeds, standards used, technologies employed, services offered, and more. This provides an overview of the major enhancements introduced in each iteration of cellular network technology.
This document provides details about a voice operated robot project created by students LOKNATH REDDY, D. SREE HARINI, P. MOHIT V S K, HEMANTH KUMAR, and A. SAMPOORNA. The project aims to give assistance to people with disabilities through a robot that can be operated with voice commands. The robot uses a microcontroller, Bluetooth module, voice recorder, motor driver, and power supply circuit. It has applications in military and industrial fields and can help the physically handicapped, though it also risks encouraging laziness.
This robotic wheelchair operated by human speech commands. The system operates with the use of a android device which is transmits voice commands to an 8051 microcontroller to achieve this functionally. The transmitter consists of the Bluetooth devices . The voice commands recognized by the module are transmitted by through the Bluetooth transmitter . This commands are detected by the robotic wheelchair in order to move it in left , right ,backward and front direction
This document is a seminar report on Bluetooth network security submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses Bluetooth technology, including its architecture and classes/ranges. It covers security aspects at the link and application layers and tools that can be used to attack Bluetooth networks, like Bluejacking and Bluesnarfing. It also lists advantages like low cost and wireless capability, disadvantages like short range and hackability. Applications discussed include wireless headphones, mobile device connectivity, and medical sensors.
Li-Fi is a wireless optical networking technology that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for data transmission.Li-Fi is designed to use LED light bulbs similar to those currently in use in many energy-conscious homes and offices.
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defense company established in 1954. It manufactures advanced electronics for India's defense sector, including radar systems, communications equipment, antennas, and microwave components. BEL has over 12,000 employees spread across 9 manufacturing units in India. The document discusses BEL's history and founding, product ranges, manufacturing units, and services in defense and non-defense sectors.
5G technology will offer speeds 10 times faster than 4G networks, providing up to 1 Gbps connectivity. It will feature widespread availability, ultra-low latency, and support for new applications through its unified global standard. 5G aims to enable a true wireless world with no limitations on access or location through technologies like smart antennas, software-defined networking, and virtualized infrastructure.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on plastic solar cells. It begins with an introduction to plastic solar cells, which were first introduced in 1986 and use conducting plastics and flexible substrates. It then describes conventional solar cells made from semiconductors, which have high efficiency but are expensive to produce. The working principle of a basic p-n junction solar cell is explained. The document then discusses the device architectures, working principles, advantages and drawbacks of plastic solar cells, which use organic semiconductors and conjugated polymers. It concludes by stating that while plastic solar cells are more compact and effective than conventional cells, their current high cost is a major drawback that may be solved in the future.
Dr. A.T. Kalghatgi gave a seminar on Ultra Wideband (UWB) technology and its applications. He discussed how UWB uses very short pulse transmissions which provide advantages like being immune to multipath fading, having high data transfer potential, and allowing many devices to operate simultaneously without interference. He then explained key UWB concepts, compared it to other wireless technologies, reviewed its regulatory definition and applications in areas like communications, radar, and asset tracking. Challenges in UWB design and adoption were also summarized such as coexistence with other systems, receiver complexity, and global spectrum harmonization.
This document is a seminar report on introduction to robotics submitted by a student for their bachelor's degree. It includes an abstract summarizing trends in automation and industrial robots. The report acknowledges those who helped and provides a table of contents. It then discusses the history of robots, types of robots including mobile and rolling robots, and applications in areas like autonomous robots. It also covers problems and advantages/disadvantages of robotics. In conclusion, it provides references used in the report.
GI-FI (Gigabit Fidelity) or Giga bit wireless refers to wireless communication at a data rate of more than one billion bits (gigabits) per second. GI-FI offers some advantages over WI-FI, a similar wireless technology. In that it offers faster information rate in GBPS, less power consumption and low cost for short range transmission as compare to current technology. GI-FI consists of a chip which has facility to deliver short-range multi gigabit data transfer in a local environment and compared to other technologies in the market it is ten times faster. GI-FI has the data transfer speed up to 5 GBPS within a short-range of 10 metres. It operates in 60 GHZ frequency band. GI-FI is developed on an integrated wireless transceiver chip. It has both transmitter and receiver, integrated on a single chip which is fabricated using the CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process and it also consists of a small antenna. GI-FI allows transferring large videos, audio files, data files etc. within few seconds.
This document discusses Wi-Fi technology and its components. Wi-Fi allows wireless connectivity between devices using radio waves instead of wires. It uses IEEE 802.11 standards for wireless local area networks (WLANs). Key components of a Wi-Fi network include an access point connected to a wired internet connection, Wi-Fi cards or adapters in devices, and Wi-Fi configuration. Wi-Fi provides mobility, ease of installation, and flexibility but has limitations such as range and potential interference.
Li-Fi is a visible light communication system that uses LED light bulbs to transmit data wirelessly. It was coined by Professor Harald Haas in 2011 and provides high-speed communication similar to Wi-Fi but using light instead of radio waves. Li-Fi has several applications such as in traffic lights, airplanes, hospitals, and street lamps. It provides more secure and faster communication than Wi-Fi but has limitations like the need for line of sight and interference from other light sources. Current companies developing Li-Fi technology include pureLIFI and LIFI-X.
Seminar Report On Implementation Of Li-FI TechnologyAnjeet Kumar
Li-Fi is a wireless communication technology that uses light from LED bulbs to transmit data. The document discusses the history and development of Li-Fi technology. It provides details on how Li-Fi works by rapidly varying the intensity of LED light to transmit binary data. The document also discusses applications of Li-Fi technology in various sectors like hospitals, vehicles, and power plants.
Gi-Fi is a new wireless technology that was developed at the National Information and Communication Technology Research center in Australia. It allows for wireless transfer of audio and video data at speeds of up to 5 gigabits per second, which is 10 times faster than current wireless transfer rates. Gi-Fi operates at 60GHz on a single chip using CMOS process and can transfer large files like videos within seconds. It provides higher data transfer speeds than Wi-Fi and WiMax, along with lower power consumption and cost for short range indoor transmissions.
The document discusses the economic impact and benefits of 5G technology. It estimates that 5G will boost the U.S. GDP by $500 billion and create 3 million new jobs. Additionally, 5G solutions applied to vehicle traffic and electrical grids could produce $160 billion in benefits and savings for local communities. The major challenges of 5G include developing the necessary hardware and software to enable speeds over 1 Gbps and connecting billions of devices globally with low latency.
The aim of this project is to control the electrical appliances through a personal computer (PC). With this system, one can control the electrical appliances ON/OFF by just being seated at one place using a PC.
Free space optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data through the air between two points without fiber. FSO can transmit at speeds up to 2.5 Gbps currently and is expected to reach 10 Gbps soon. It uses infrared lasers and photo detectors for full duplex communication. FSO provides a cost-effective solution for the "last mile" problem of connecting buildings to high-speed fiber backbone networks when laying new fiber is not feasible or affordable. Major advantages of FSO include low costs, high security, and no licensing requirements compared to other wireless technologies.
Smart wheel chair based on voice recognition for handicappedSagar Bayas
This project aims to develop a voice controlled wheelchair system using a speech recognition module. The goal is to allow disabled or elderly people who have difficulty moving to control a wheelchair independently using their voice. The system uses a microcontroller and DC motors to move the wheelchair based on voice commands detected by the microphone. The voice commands will allow the user to move the wheelchair forward, backward, left, right, or stop. This aims to give users more independence and a better quality of life without relying on caregivers for mobility assistance.
This was one of my Diploma in Engineering Projects.
It's a Voice controlled Home Automation System which works with the Internet. Which means you can control your home appliances from anywhere.
I did the Presentation for the Home Automation System. I was also one of the core team members who made it happen.
Here are the complete powerpoint slides.
Thank You
1. The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on the key features and capabilities of each generation including speed, bandwidth, applications supported, and more.
2. 5G is expected to offer speeds up to 1Gbps, support new applications with low latency, and provide seamless connectivity through a single unified standard. It will enable technologies like virtual and augmented reality.
3. The document compares each generation in terms of their years of development, supported data speeds, standards used, technologies employed, services offered, and more. This provides an overview of the major enhancements introduced in each iteration of cellular network technology.
This document provides details about a voice operated robot project created by students LOKNATH REDDY, D. SREE HARINI, P. MOHIT V S K, HEMANTH KUMAR, and A. SAMPOORNA. The project aims to give assistance to people with disabilities through a robot that can be operated with voice commands. The robot uses a microcontroller, Bluetooth module, voice recorder, motor driver, and power supply circuit. It has applications in military and industrial fields and can help the physically handicapped, though it also risks encouraging laziness.
This robotic wheelchair operated by human speech commands. The system operates with the use of a android device which is transmits voice commands to an 8051 microcontroller to achieve this functionally. The transmitter consists of the Bluetooth devices . The voice commands recognized by the module are transmitted by through the Bluetooth transmitter . This commands are detected by the robotic wheelchair in order to move it in left , right ,backward and front direction
This document describes a voice-controlled spy robot for security systems. The robot uses voice recognition technology to be controlled by voice commands and contains a wireless camera to capture audio and video up to 80 meters away. It has two main sections - a voice control section that recognizes and processes voice commands to control motors, and a video transmission section that sends captured audio and video to a remote receiver like a computer. The robot is intended to provide surveillance and security while keeping humans out of dangerous situations.
Main project (touch screen based robotic vehicle)VK RM
This document summarizes a project report on a touch screen remote controlled robotic vehicle for store management. The system uses a touch screen transmitter that sends RF control signals to a receiver connected to a robotic vehicle. The receiver controls motors via an 8051 microcontroller. The touch screen interface allows remote operation and control of vehicle movement and functions. The system has applications in store inventory management and monitoring.
project presentation on cell phone operated land roversunanda kothari
The objective of this project is to enable the users to control a robot by a mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile phone attached to the robot. The operations performed by the cell phone operated land rover includes forward, backward, stop, left and right turn.
This document provides a synopsis for a project titled "Cell Phone Operated Land Rover". The project aims to control a land rover using a mobile phone. A mobile phone would be connected to a microcontroller and DTMF decoder onboard the rover. When buttons are pressed on the calling phone, DTMF tones are generated and received by the rover, decoded into instructions for the microcontroller to drive motors accordingly. The synopsis outlines the motivation, objectives, methodology, expected timeline and potential impact of using mobile phone control for remote vehicles in academics and industry.
This document discusses an Android controlled device project. It presents an introduction to controlling a bot's movements and receiving live video feeds from the bot's camera using an Android phone application. It describes the operating environment including software like Java and hardware like Arduino boards. It also surveys traditional surveillance bots and Android controlled devices, discussing advantages and disadvantages of each. The architecture involves an Android app controlling a microcontroller via Bluetooth. Potential applications are discussed like surveillance, home automation, wheelchairs and military uses. Advantages include live video streaming, voice and motion control, and low cost. The future scope envisions a soldier controlling a robot with camera using a headset and mission control center.
This document describes an Android-controlled robot project. An Android application allows a user to remotely control a robot vehicle via Bluetooth. The application sends throttle and steering commands to a microcontroller via a Bluetooth modem. The microcontroller controls DC motors through a motor driver to drive the robot. Sensors, advanced motion control, obstacle avoidance, and vision-based capabilities are proposed for future extensions. The project was a learning experience in mobile app development, electronics integration, and bringing a design from concept to implementation.
This document outlines a plan to create a bot that follows speech instructions. The bot will initially follow simple instructions like "go", "stop", "left", "right", and "back" using Google Speech for voice recognition and an Arduino board and motor circuit for movement. The plan is to eventually expand the bot to understand more complex commands.
This project report summarizes a student project to build a cell phone operated robot using dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) technology. The robot is designed to be controlled remotely using a cell phone by dialing DTMF tones. The report describes the technology used, including the DTMF standard. It provides block and circuit diagrams of the design, and discusses the software and tools used. It also outlines applications and suggests areas for further improvement, such as adding sensors and security features.
This document is a project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. The project is on designing an automatic metro train that can shuttle between stations without a driver. The report describes the background and motivation for the project, the hardware and software implementations, working of the system, results and conclusions. It also acknowledges the support and guidance received from faculty members.
The present condition in Industry is that they are using the crane system to carry the parcels from one place to another, including harbors. Some times the lifting of big weights may cause the breakage of lifting materials and will cause damage to the parcels too. Application of the proposed system is for industries. The robot movement depends on the track. Use of this robot is to transport the materials from one place to another place in the industry.
A robot is a machine designed to execute one or more tasks repeatedly, with speed and precision. There are as many different types of robots as there are tasks for them to perform. A robot can be controlled by a human operator, sometimes from a great distance. In such type of applications wireless communication is more important.
In robotic applications, generally we need a remote device to control. If we use IR remote device, it is just limited to meters distance and also if any obstacle is in between its path then there will be no communication. If we consider, RF modules for remote operations there is no objection whether an obstacle is present in its path. So that it is very helpful to control robot.
RF modules itself can generates its carrier frequency which is around 2.4 GHz. We need to generate serial data using micro controller and fed to the RF transmitting module. On other side RF receiver receives sent data as RF signals and given to another micro controller. Here, RF receiver itself demodulates the data from carrier signal and generate serial data as output.
This document describes a major project submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication. The project is about designing a TV remote to function as a cordless mouse for a computer. The remote would send infrared signals that are received by an IR sensor connected to a microcontroller. The microcontroller would then send the signals to the computer through a serial port to control mouse functions like cursor movement and clicks. The project aims to allow wireless mouse operation without sitting near the computer.
My thesis work on Cognitive automation of Electric appliancesAkhil Reddy Rondla
Throwback everyone felt anxious and perilous towards the home appliances switching to overcome these complications, in past days we had ample technologies are came into the market like person detector sensor, remote operation and clap to on the appliances etc. even though the lot of members are felt atrocious towards the operation of home appliances to mitigate all those issues, we came up with an outstanding technology at present the world is being like an instant work and instant output and comes to our project is voice controlling home automation system using Bluetooth technology through this application we should sound off commands like TV is on or TV is off likewise all the appliances using 8051 family microcontroller. Bluetooth modules are more reliable, secure and low power modules and these modules do not require line of sight also. We can use mobile Bluetooth by developing some applications or we can use normal USB Bluetooth dongles by connecting to PC.
A collision prevention warning system is an automobile safety system which enables vehicles to identify the chances of collision and give visual and audio warning to the driver so that the driver can take necessary action to avoid `a collision.
Report star topology using noc router Vikas Tiwari
This document appears to be a major project report submitted by three students - Shivam Saini, Vikas Tiwari, and Vinod Kumar Deolal - for their bachelor's degree in electronics and communication engineering. The project involves implementing a star topology for a network-on-chip router using Verilog. The report includes chapters on introductions to NOC routers, Verilog, the design of the router modules like the arbiter, routing engine, crossbar switch, and FIFO buffer. It also provides simulations and results for the individual modules and the combined router design, along with code appendices.
This document is a major project report submitted by two students, Mahesh Patil and Shivnaresh Likhar, towards fulfilling the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The report describes the development of a "Smart Door" system using embedded systems and microcontrollers. It includes recommendations from professors, a certificate of completion, acknowledgements, an abstract, and table of contents outlining the various chapters which will describe the literature review, analysis, design, implementation, testing and conclusion of the smart door system.
This document describes the development of a multi-featured robot called Blue Rover. Blue Rover can be controlled through voice commands using an Android smartphone via Bluetooth or over the internet. It uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors to avoid obstacles and has an SD card to store voice responses. The robot's capabilities include voice recognition, answering questions, remote control like an RC car, and obstacle avoidance. It is meant to demonstrate applications in areas like space exploration, defense, and research.
Embedded system for traffic light controlMadhu Prasad
This document describes an embedded systems project for traffic light control. It presents the background and motivation for optimizing traffic light control using wireless sensors. The proposed system uses an ARM7 microcontroller programmed in embedded C to process real-time data from wireless sensors and control LED traffic lights accordingly. The goal is to study different traffic density situations and optimize traffic flow.
This project involves designing and developing a wireless, microcontroller-based humanoid arm with a five-fingered hand. Solidworks was used to design the mechanical components of the hand to resemble a human hand. Analysis was performed to ensure design specifications such as weight and cost were met. The hand will be 3D printed based on CAM codes generated in NX-CAM. An Arduino microcontroller board will enable wireless control of servo motors in the hand using a sensor-equipped control glove. The goal is to create a low-cost, biologically inspired robotic hand for applications such as bomb disposal, prosthetics and surgery.
To assist the human in their daily life activities.
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Surveillance: To perform surveillance task in any area.
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Military: To assist the armed force in their operation.
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Industrial: To perform repetitive and dangerous task in industries.
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Disabled: To assist the physically disabled people.
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Elderly: To assist the elderly people.
1.5 FEATURES
Some of the key features of our project are:
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Robotic Arm: It is provided with a 6 DOF robotic arm to perform pick and place
operation.
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Robotic Body: It has a strong moving body with 4
Maneuvering Robotic Vehicle based on Motion Sensor FeedbackIshanMalpotra
This is the project report of my Final year Project which bagged us
"Best Project Award" at NATIONAL LEVEL in "13th ISTE Tamilnadu & Puducherry Section Annual Convention for Engineering Students - 2014" held on 23rd - 24th January, 2014."
This document summarizes an internship project report on developing a smart home automation system based on mobile network using a microcontroller. The project was completed by Chinmaya Bhoi over two months under the guidance of Prof. Ajit Kumar Panda and Prof. M. Suresh at the National Institute of Science and Technology. The report includes chapters on embedded systems and microcontroller architecture, embedded C programming, components used including a DTMF module, relay and motor driver, and demonstrating the automation of lighting a bulb. The conclusion discusses applications and future work such as enabling remote control of devices in the home from a mobile phone.
Developing Infrared Controlled Automated Door SystemIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Designing of 8 BIT Arithmetic and Logical Unit and implementing on Xilinx Ver...Rahul Borthakur
The main objective of this project was to design and verify different operations of Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). To implement ALU, the coding was written in VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) and verified in ModelSim. The device was configured and using FPGA (Field-programmable gate array) verification, debugging was done.
This document provides details about a project to create an environment and power monitoring panel using an ARM microcontroller board. It includes an introduction describing the importance of automation and sensor monitoring in industrial systems. It then provides details on the hardware and software used, including a Texas Instruments LM3S9D92 microcontroller board, sensors, and a graphical user interface design. The project aims to remotely monitor and display parameters from an industrial cabinet to improve maintenance and optimization.
Floor cleaning robot report vatsal shah_ec_7th semVatsal N Shah
Households of today are becoming smarter and more automated. Home automation delivers convenience and creates more time for people. Domestic robots are entering the homes and people’s daily lives, but it is yet a relatively new and immature market. However, a growth is predicted and the adoption of domestic robots is evolving. Several robotic vacuum cleaners are available on the market but only few ones implement wet cleaning of floors. The purpose of this project is to design and implement a Vacuum Robot Autonomous and Manual via Phone Application. Vacuum Cleaner Robot is designed to make cleaning process become easier rather than by using manual vacuum. The main objective of this project is to design and implement a vacuum robot prototype by using Arduino Mega, Arduino Shield, LDR Sensor, Real Time Clock, Motor Shield L293D, Ultrasonic Sensor, and IR Sensor and to achieve the goal of this project. Vacuum Robot will have several criteria that are user-friendly.
A robot is usually an electro-mechanical machine that is guided by computer and electronic programming. Many robots have been built for manufacturing purpose and can be found in factories around the world. Designing of the latest inverted ROBOT which can be controlling using an APP for android mobile. We are developing the remote buttons in the android app by which we can control the robot motion with them. A smart phone Android operated robot car. Now here is a simple to control our robo car using Bluetooth module HC-05 and AT89S52 microcontroller with our android Smartphone device. The controlling devices of the whole system are a microcontroller. Bluetooth module, DC motors are interfaced to the microcontroller. . The robot in the project can be made to move in all the four directions using the android phone. In achieving the task the controller is loaded with program written using Embedded ‘C’ Languages. Android smart phone controller Bluetooth robot using microcontroller. In our work, move the robot upward, backward, left and right side by the android application such as Bluetooth Controlled Car.
This document describes a project report for a Bluetooth based home automation system created by four students. The system allows controlling appliances like TVs, fans, and lights via an Android mobile phone using Bluetooth. It consists of an ATmega8 microcontroller, HC-05 Bluetooth module, ULN2003 driver IC, relays, connectors, and LEDs. The microcontroller code allows sending ON/OFF commands from a mobile app to control connected devices. A feedback circuit indicates the actual device status. The system provides a low-cost way to automate home/office appliances wirelessly using a mobile phone.
Similar to VOICE OPERATED ROBOT DOCUMENTATION (20)
1. VOICE OPERATED ROBOT 1
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
VOICE OPERATED ROBOT
A PROJECT WORK
Submitted in fulfilment of the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Electronics and Communication Engineering
Submitted by
D. SREE HARINI (12951A0447)
P. MOHIT V S K (12951A0425)
HEMANTH KUMAR (13955A0406)
A. SAMPOORNA (13955A0409)
Under the Supervision of
LOKNATH REDDY
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINNERING
Dundigal- 500043, Hyderabad, Telangana State
October, 2015
2. VOICE OPERATED ROBOT 2
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
Dundigal- 500043, Hyderabad, Telangana State
October, 2015
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodies in this dissertation entitled
‘Voice Operated Robot’ being submitted by D. SREE HARINI –
12951A0447, P. MOHIT V S K – 12951A0425, HEMANTH KUMAR
– 13955A0406, A. SAMPOORNA – 13955A0409 for partial fulfilment
of the requirement for the award of ‘Bachelor of Technology’ in
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dundigal, Hyderabad,
Telangana State, during the academic year 2015- 2016 is a record of
bonafide piece of work, undertaken by him/ her the supervision of the
undersigned.
Approved and Supervised by
Signature
(LOKNATH REDDY)
Electronics and Communication Department,
Designation
Forwarded by
(L V N PRASAD) (SHESHAGIRI RAO)
Dean Academics Electronics and Communication
IARE, Hyderabad Engineering
IARE, Hyderabad
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INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
Dundigal- 500043, Hyderabad, Telangana State
October, 2015
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
DECLARATION
We D. SREE HARINI (12951A0447), P MOHIT V S K (12951A0425),
HEMANTH KUMAR (13955A0406), A.SAMPOORNA
(13955A0409), are students of ‘Bachelor of Technology’ in ‘Electronics
and Communication Engineering’, session 2015- 2016, Institute of
Aeronautical Engineering, Dundigal, Hyderabad, Telangana State, hereby
declare that the work presented in this project work entitled ‘Voice
Operated Robot’ is the outcome of our own bona fide work and is
correct to the best of our knowledge and this work has been undertaken
taking care of engineering ethics. It contains no material previously
published or written by another person nor material which has been
accepted for the award of any other Degree or Diploma of the university
or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment
has been made in the text.
(D. SREE HARINI, 12951A0447)
Date: (P MOHIT V S K, 12951A0425)
(HEMANTH KUMAR, 13955A0406)
(A.SAMPOORNA, 13955A0409)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project brings in a sense of satisfaction but it is never complete without thanking
those people who made it possible and whose constant support crowned our efforts
with success.
We would also like to thank our guide, Mr. LOKNATH REDDY, for his expert
guidance, encouragement and valuable suggestions at every step. Without his
incredible support and steady involvement, the project would not have been fruitful.
I am thankful to the Principal of college, Prof. A. BARAI, Head of the Department
(Electronics and Communication Engineering), V. R. SHESHAGIRI RAO at
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING college for supporting us.
I am also thankful to all the lecturers and staff members of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Department for providing me with required facilities and
support towards the completion of the project.
My sincere thanks to my friends for providing me a memorable stay at INSTITUTE
OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING, Hyderabad.
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ABSTRACT
“The technology today, is outpacing humanity”.
Today, the only aim of technology seems to be- to reduce the human effort to the minimum.
We have many electronic devices that reduce the mechanical work of humans.
Humans, to be precise, the “gifted humans” are fortunate enough to carry out their daily
chores. But what about the physically disabled?
Here is our small effort to make the ‘ungifted’ humans ‘gifted’, the “VOICE OPERATED
ROBOT”. Never the less, it is as beneficial to the gifted humans as it is to the physically
disabled.
The voice operated robot is designed using APR9600. The robot’s architecture consists of two
main parts- the electronics architecture and the software architecture. The APR9600 is a voice
recording integrated circuit of non-volatile storage, and playback capability (for 40 to 60
seconds) that can store 8 voice commands. The integrated circuit can be used in visitor
guiding mode or patient guiding mode to play the voices stored. The commands that we give
verbally is internally interpreted by the robot into low level machine commands which could
be understood by a microcontroller and the corresponding action is performed. The robot can
perform many functions depending on the inputs given to it in the form of voice commands.
The natural language of humans is recorded and converted into simple commands for its
execution.
The voice operated robot proves to be a valuable device to reduce human effort and also,
more importantly, to reduce the gap between the gifted and the ungifted. Those who are
physically handicapped can get their work done very easily through simple voice commands.
It can also be used in military applications where the risk of human loss is more. It can
equally be used in the industrial applications with much efficiency and more life time.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER PAGE NUMBER
1. Introduction 10
1.1 Embedded Systems 10
1.1.1 What is an Embedded System? 10
1.2 Applications in the field of Embedded Systems 11
1.3 Micro- controller 12
2. Hardware components 14
2.1 Micro- controller AT 89S52 14
2.1.1 Basic information 14
2.1.2 Description 14
2.1.3 Features 15
2.1.4 Pin description 16
2.1.5 Architecture 17
2.1.6 Applications 19
2.2 Power supply circuit 19
2.2.1 Bridge rectifier 19
2.2.2 LED 20
2.2.3 Voltage regulator 20
2.2.3.1 Pin diagram 20
2.2.3.2 Pin description 21
2.2.4 Filter 21
2.3 Blue tooth module 21
2.3.1 HC- 05 serial blue tooth module 21
2.3.2 Hardware features 22
2.3.3 Software features 22
2.4 Motor driver IC 24
2.4.1 Motor driver IC L293D 24
2.4.2 Pin description 25
2.5 Liquid Crystal Display 26
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2.5.1 LCD (16 BY 2) 26
2.5.2 Pin description 27
2.5.3 16x2 LCD module commands 28
2.5.5 LCD initialization 30
2.6 AMR voice recorder application 30
2.6.1 AMR voice 30
2.6.1.1 Introduction 30
2.7 Robot kit 32
3. Software components 33
3.1 Keil’s software 33
3.1.1 Introduction 33
3.1.2 Features 33
3.1.3 Introduction of Keil 34
3.1.4 Development tools 34
4. Implementation 35
4.1 Block diagram 35
4.2 Working 36
4.2.1 Android meets robots 36
4.2.2 Interfacing LCD to 8051 37
4.2.2.1 Sending data to the LCD 37
4.2.2.2 Circuit diagram 38
4.2.3 Interfacing motor driver to 8051 39
4.2.3.1 Circuit diagram 40
4.2.4 Interfacing blue tooth module with 8051 (HC05) 40
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NUMBER FIGURE NAME PAGE NUMBER
1 Embedded system 10
2 Applications of E S 11
3 Pin diagram of 8051 15
4 Architecture of 8051 17
5 Power supply circuit 19
6 Voltage regulator 20
7 Blue tooth module 21
8 Blue tooth module IC 22
9 Motor driver IC 24
10 L293D pin diagram 25
11 LCD 26
12 Pin diagram of LCD 27
13 AMR voice application 30
14 Robot kit 32
15 Keil microvision 3
software
33
16 Block diagram 35
17 Voice operated robot 35
18 Connecting the robot 36
19 Interfacing LCD to 8051 38
20 Interfacing motor
controller to 8051
39
21 Circuit diagram showing
motor interfacing
40
22 Interfacing blue tooth
module to 8051
41
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1.1.1 WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM?
Figure 1 Embedded system
An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger
mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as
part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems
control many devices in common use today.
Examples of properties typical of embedded computers when compared with general-purpose
ones are low power consumption, small size, rugged operating ranges, and low per-unit cost.
This comes at the price of limited processing resources, which make them significantly more
difficult to program and to interface with. However, by building intelligence mechanisms on
the top of the hardware, taking advantage of possible existing sensors and the existence of a
network of embedded units, one can both optimally manage available resources at the unit and
network levels as well as provide augmented functionalities, well beyond those available. For
example, intelligent techniques can be designed to manage power consumption of embedded
systems.
Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. CPUs with integrated
memory or peripheral interfaces) but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for
memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also still common, especially in more complex
systems. In either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to
those specialized in certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the application
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at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal
processor (DSP).
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to
reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some
embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to
large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely complex
systems like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a
single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks
mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
1.2 APPLICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Figure 2 Applications of E S
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1.3 MICRO- CONTROLLER
A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a
single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and
programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of Ferroelectric
RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small
amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to
the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as
automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office
machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size
and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output
devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and
processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed
to control non-digital electronic systems.
Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at clock rate frequencies as low
as 4 kHz, for low power consumption (single-digit milli watts or micro watts). They will
generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button
press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals
off) may be just nano watts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery
applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may
need to act more like a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power
consumption.
Microcontrollers usually contain from several to dozens of general purpose input/output pins
(GPIO). GPIO pins are software configurable to either an input or an output state. When
GPIO pins are configured to an input state, they are often used to read sensors or external
signals. Configured to the output state, GPIO pins can drive external devices such as LEDs or
motors, often indirectly, through external power electronics.
Many embedded systems need to read sensors that produce analog signals. This is the purpose
of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Since processors are built to interpret and process
digital data, i.e. 1s and 0s, they are not able to do anything with the analog signals that may be
sent to it by a device. So the analog to digital converter is used to convert the incoming data
into a form that the processor can recognize. A less common feature on some microcontrollers
is a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that allows the processor to output analog signals or
voltage levels.
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In addition to the converters, many embedded microprocessors include a variety of timers as
well. One of the most common types of timers is the Programmable Interval Timer(PIT). A
PIT may either count down from some value to zero, or up to the capacity of the count
register, overflowing to zero. Once it reaches zero, it sends an interrupt to the processor
indicating that it has finished counting. This is useful for devices such as thermostats, which
periodically test the temperature around them to see if they need to turn the air conditioner on,
the heater on, etc.
A dedicated Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) block makes it possible for the CPU to
control power converters, resistive loads, motors, etc., without using lots of CPU resources in
tight timer loops.
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) block makes it possible to receive and
transmit data over a serial line with very little load on the CPU. Dedicated on-chip hardware
also often includes capabilities to communicate with other devices (chips) in digital formats
such as Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C), Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), Universal Serial Bus
(USB), and Ethernet.
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CHAPTER-2
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
2.1 MICRO-CONTROLLER AT89S52
2.1.1 BASIC INFORMATION
CPU Speed: 24MHz
Controller Family/Series: AT89S52
Embedded Interface Type: SPI, UART
MCU Case Style: DIP
MSL: -
No. of I/O's: 32
No. of Pins: 40
Packaging: Each
Program Memory Size: 8KB
RAM Memory Size: 256Byte
SVHC: No SVHC (15-Jun-2015)
Supply Voltage Max: 5.5V
Supply Voltage Min: 4V
2.1.2 DESCRIPTION
The AT89S52-24PU is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit Microcontroller, uses
Atmel's high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-
standard 80C51 instruction set and pin-out. The on-chip flash allows the program memory to
be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable flash on a monolithic chip, the
Atmel AT89S52-24PU is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible. It
provides the following standard features 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers,
three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial
port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the microcontroller is designed with
static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power
saving modes.
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2.1.3 FEATURES
Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
8kb of In-system Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory, 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
Endurance
0Hz to 33MHz Fully Static Operation
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Power-off Flag
Fast Programming Time
Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
Figure 3 Pin diagram of 8051
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2.1.4 PIN DESCRIPTION
ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 of the oscillator
frequency, for external timing or clocking purposes, even when there are no accesses to
external memory. (However, one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data
Memory.) This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during EPROM programming.
PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external Program Memory. When the
device is executing out of external Program Memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine
cycle (except that two PSEN activations are skipped during accesses to external Data
Memory). PSEN is not activated when the device is executing out of internal Program
Memory.
EA/VPP: When EA is held high the CPU executes out of internal Program Memory (unless
the Program Counter exceeds 0FFFH in the 80C51). Holding EA low forces the CPU to
execute out of external memory regardless of the Program Counter value. In the 80C31, EA
must be externally wired low. In the EPROM devices, this pin also receives the programming
supply voltage (VPP) during EPROM programming.
XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier.
XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional port. As an open drain output port, it can
sink eight LS TTL loads. Port 0 pins that have 1s written to them float, and in that state will
function as high impedance inputs. Port 0 is also the multiplexed low-order address and data
bus during accesses to external memory. In this application it uses strong internal pullups
when emitting 1s. Port 0 emits code bytes during program verification. In this application,
external pull-ups are required.
Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. Port 1 pins that have 1s
written to them are pulled high by the internal pullups, and in that state can be used as inputs.
As inputs, port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because of the
internal pull-ups
.
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Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-
order address byte during accesses to external memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this
application, it uses the strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s.
Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. It also serves the
functions of various special features of the 80C51 Family as follows:
Port Pin Alternate Function
P3.0 RxD (serial input port)
P3.1 TxD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
VCC: Supply voltage
2.1.5 ARCHITECTURE
Figure 4 Architecture of 8051
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Data and Program Memory:
The 8051 Microcontroller can be programmed in PL/M, 8051 Assembly, C and a number of
other high-level languages. Many compilers even have support for compiling C++ for an
8051.
Program memory in the 8051 is read-only, while the data memory is considered to be
read/write accessible. When stored on EEPROM or Flash, the program memory can be
rewritten when the microcontroller is in the special programmer circuit.
Program Start Address:
The 8051 starts executing program instructions from address 0000 in the program memory.
The A register is located in the SFR memory location 0xE0. The A register works in a similar
fashion to the AX register of x86 processors. The A register is called the accumulator, and by
default it receives the result of all arithmetic operations.
Special Function Register:
The Special Function Register (SFR) is the upper area of addressable memory, from address
0x80 to 0xFF. A, B, PSW, DPTR are called SFR. This area of memory cannot be used for
data or program storage, but is instead a series of memory-mapped ports and registers. All
port input and output can therefore be performed by memory mov operations on specified
addresses in the SFR. Also, different status registers are mapped into the SFR, for use in
checking the status of the 8051, and changing some operational parameters of the 8051.
General Purpose Registers:
The 8051 has 4 selectable banks of 8 addressable 8-bit registers, R0 to R7. This means that
there are essentially 32 available general purpose registers, although only 8 (one bank) can be
directly accessed at a time. To access the other banks, we need to change the current bank
number in the flag register.
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A and B Registers:
The A register is located in the SFR memory location 0xE0. The A register works in a similar
fashion to the AX register of x86 processors. The A register is called the accumulator, and by
default it receives the result of all arithmetic operations. The B register is used in a similar
manner, except that it can receive the extended answers from the multiply and divide
operations. When not being used for multiplication and Division, the B register is available as
an extra general-purpose register. The A and B registers can store up to 8-bits of data each.
2.1.6 APPLICATIONS
Embedded design and development
Communication and networks
2.2 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT
Figure 5 Power supply circuit
2.2.1 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration
which provides the same output polarity for either input polarity. It is used for converting an
alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output. A bridge rectifier provides
full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, therefore resulting in lower weight and cost
when compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped
secondary winding.
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2.2.2 LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n
junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy
in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor.
An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2
) and integrated optical components may be
used to shape its radiation pattern.
2.2.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear
voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not
give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a
constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide.
7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at
input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.
2.2.3.1 PIN DIAGRAM
Figure 6 Voltage regulator
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2.2.3.2 PIN DESCRIPTION
Pin No Function Name
1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input
2 Ground (0V) Ground
3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output
2.2.4 FILTER
Filter capacitors are capacitors used for filtering of undesirable frequencies. They are
common in electrical and electronic equipment, and cover a number of applications, such as:
Glitch removal on Direct current (DC) power rails
Radio frequency interference (RFI) removal for signal or power lines entering or leaving
equipment
Capacitors used after a voltage regulator to further smooth dc power supplies
Capacitors used in audio, intermediate frequency (IF) or radio frequency (RF) frequency
filters (e.g. low pass, high pass, notch, etc.)
Arc suppression, such as across the contact breaker or 'points' in a spark-ignition engine
2.3 BLUE TOOTH MODULE
2.3.1 HC - 05 SERIAL BLUE TOOTH MODULE
Figure 7 Blue tooth module
HC-05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module, designed for
transparent wireless serial connection setup.
Serial port Bluetooth module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate)
3Mbps Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Blue
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core 04-External single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and with
AFH(Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). It has the footprint as small as 12.7mmx27mm.
2.3.2 HARDWARE FEATURES
Typical -80dBm sensitivity
Up to +4dBm RF transmit power
Low Power 1.8V Operation ,1.8 to 3.6V I/O
PIO control
UART interface with programmable baud rate
With integrated antenna
With edge connector
Figure 8 Blue tooth module IC
2.3.3 SOFTWARE FEATURES
Default Baud rate: 38400, Data bits:8, Stop bit:1,Parity:No parity, Data control: has
Supported baud rate: 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200,230400,460800.
Given a rising pulse in PIO0, device will be disconnected.
Status instruction port PIO1: low-disconnected, high-connected;
PIO10 and PIO11 can be connected to red and blue led separately. When master and slave
are paired, red and blue led blinks 1time/2s in interval, while disconnected only blue led
blinks 2 times/s.
Auto-connect to the last device on power as default.
Permit pairing device to connect as default.
Auto-pairing PINCODE:”1234” as default
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Auto-reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of beyond the range of
connection.
The wireless-networking standard technology called Bluetooth has subtly become an
innovative way to control a robot and a technology to replace the cables. Using an Android
device to control a robot over Bluetooth is another step forward in remote robotics control by
sending commands with the flick of a wrist. With an opened architecture and powerful
proficiency, Android has become popular operating system among intense hobbyists able to
build remote control applications with small development resources. They use smartphones or
tablets that run Android OS and build applications feasible of developing remote controlled
robots by sending some sort of signals wirelessly and at simple movements of the device or
touching the screen. Based on the Java programming language, a built-in Bluetooth module,
and a series of useful sensors already integrated and having permanent Internet connectivity,
almost any Android device is categorized as a perfect tool for remote robotics control over
Bluetooth. The idea of this paper is to use an Android application that allows you to
communicate with a robot over the Bluetooth technology. The robot can respond to button,
and swipes on the touch screen. In this way, you can control the robot to transport from one
place to the other using commands forward, reverse, left and right.
HC – 05 Serial Bluetooth product consists of Bluetooth serial interface module and Bluetooth
adapter. Bluetooth serial module is used for converting serial port to Bluetooth. This module
has two modes: master and slaver device. The device named after odd number is defined to be
master or slaver when out of factory and can’t changed to the other mode. But for the device
named after even number, users can set the work mode (master or slaver) of the device by AT
commands.
The main function of Bluetooth serial module is replacing the serial port line, such as:
One connects to Bluetooth master device while the other one connect to slaver device. Their
connection can be built once the pair is made. This Bluetooth connection is equivalently liked
to a serial port line connection including RXD, TXD signals. And they can communicate with
each other.
When MCU has Bluetooth salve module, it can communicate with Bluetooth adapter
of computer and smart phones.
The Bluetooth devices in the market mostly are salve devices, such as Bluetooth
printer, Bluetooth GPS. So, we can use master module to make pair and communicate
with them.
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Bluetooth serial module’s operation doesn’t need drive, and can communicate with
the other Bluetooth device. But communication between two Bluetooth module
require at two conditions:
i) The communication must be between master and slave.
ii) The password must be correct.
2.4 MOTOR DRIVER IC
2.4.1 MOTOR DRIVER IC L293D
Figure 9 Motor driver IC
The L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half –H drivers.
L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which is used to drive DC on either
direction. It is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors simultaneously in any
direction. It means that you can control two DC motor with a single L293D IC. Dual H-bridge
Motor Driver integrated circuit (IC).The L293D can drive small and quiet big motors as well.
L293 and L293D both are designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and
bipolar stepping motors, as well as other high-current/high voltage loads in positive-supply
applications. On the L293D, external high-speed output clamp diodes should be used for
inductive transient suppression. A Vcc1 terminal, separate from Vcc2, is provided for the
logic inputs to minimize device power dissipation. The L293 and L293D are characterized for
operation from 0 0
C to 70 0
C.
It works on the concept of H-bridge. H-bridge is a circuit which allows the high voltage to be
flown in either direction. As you know voltage should change its direction to able to rotate the
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motor in clockwise or anticlockwise direction. Hence H-bridge IC are ideal for driving a DC
motor using micro-controller.
In a single L293D IC there two H-Bridge circuits inside it which can rotate two dc motor
independently. Due its size it is very much used in robotic application for controlling DC
motors.
2.4.2 PIN DESCRIPTION
Figure 10 L293D pin diagram
There are two Enable pins on L293D. Pin 1 and pin 9, for being able to drive the motor, the
pin 1 and 9 need to be high. For driving the motor with left H-bridge you need to enable pin 1
to high. And for right H-Bridge you need to make the pin 9 to high. If anyone of the either
pin1 or pin9 goes low then the motor in the corresponding section will suspend working. It’s
like a switch.
The 4 input pins for this L293D, pin 2,7 on the left and pin 15, 10 on the right as shown on
the pin diagram. Left input pins will regulate the rotation of motor connected on the left side
and right input for motor on the right hand side. The motors are rotated on the basis of the
inputs provided at the input pins as LOGIC 1 or LOGIC 0.
In simple you need to provide Logic 0 or 1 across the input pins for rotating the motor.
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Let us consider a Motor connected on left side output pins (pin 3,6). For rotating the motor in
clockwise direction the input pins has to be given with Logic 1 and Logic 0.
• Pin 2 = Logic 1 and Pin 7 = Logic 0 | Clockwise Direction
• Pin 2 = Logic 0 and Pin 7 = Logic 1 | Anticlockwise Direction
• Pin 2 = Logic 0 and Pin 7 = Logic 0 | Idle [No rotation] [Hi-Impedance state]
• Pin 2 = Logic 1 and Pin 7 = Logic 1 | Idle [No rotation]
In a very similar way the motor can also operated across input pin 15,10 for motor on the
right hand side.
The voltage (Vcc) needed to for its own working is 5V but L293d will not use that Voltage to
drive DC Motors. That means you should provide that voltage(36V maximum) and a
maximum current of 600mA to drive the motors.
2.5 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
2.5.1 LCD (16 BY 2)
Figure 11 LCD
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video
display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit
light directly.
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or
fixed images with low information content which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset
words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic
technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while
other displays have larger elements.
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LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors,
televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are common in
consumer devices such as DVD players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and
telephones, and have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications.
They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since
they do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible
to image persistence.
The LCD screen is more energy efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT. Its
low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery powered electronic
equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of
segments controlling a layer of liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight)
or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. Liquid crystals were first discovered
in 1888. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units
worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no
limitation of displaying special and even custom characters (unlike in seven segments),
animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting
the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on
the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.
2.5.2 PIN DESCRIPTION
Figure 12 Pin diagram of LCD
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Pin
No
Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7
8-bit data pins
DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
2.5.3 16×2 LCD MODULE COMMANDS
16×2 LCD module has a set of preset command instructions. Each command will make the
module to do a particular task. The commonly used commands and their function are given in
the table below.
Command Function
0F
LCD ON, Cursor ON, Cursor blinking
ON
01 Clear screen
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02 Return home
04 Decrement cursor
06 Increment cursor
0E Display ON ,Cursor blinking OFF
80 Force cursor to the beginning of 1st
line
C0 Force cursor to the beginning of 2nd
line
38 Use 2 lines and 5×7 matrix
83 Cursor line 1 position 3
3C Activate second line
08 Display OFF, Cursor OFF
C1 Jump to second line, position1
OC Display ON, Cursor OFF
C1 Jump to second line, position1
C2 Jump to second line, position2
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2.5.4 LCD INITIALIZATION
The steps that has to be done for initializing the LCD display is given below and these steps
are common for almost all applications.
Send 38H to the 8 bit data line for initialization
Send 0FH for making LCD ON, cursor ON and cursor blinking ON.
Send 06H for incrementing cursor position.
Send 01H for clearing the display and return the cursor.
2.6 AMR VOICE RECORDER APPLICATION
2.6.1 AMR VOICE
Figure 13 AMR voice application
2.6.1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR or AMR-NB or GSM-AMR) audio codec is an audio
compression format optimized for speech coding. AMR speech codec consists of a multi-
rate narrowband speech codec that encodes narrowband (200–3400 Hz) signals at variable bit
rates ranging from 4.75 to 12.2 kbit/s with toll quality speech starting at 7.4 kbit/s.
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AMR was adopted as the standard speech codec by 3GPP in October 1999 and is now widely
used in GSM and UMTS. It uses link adaptation to select from one of eight different bit rates
based on link conditions.
AMR is also a file format for storing spoken audio using the AMR codec. Many modern
mobile telephone handsets can store short audio recordings in the AMR format, and
both free and proprietary programs exist to convert between this and other formats, although
AMR is a speech format and is unlikely to give ideal results for other audio. The
common filename extension is ‘.amr’. There also exists another storage format for AMR that
is suitable for applications with more advanced demands on the storage format, like random
access or synchronization with video. This format is the 3GPP-specified 3GP container
format based on ISO base media file format.
The frames contain 160 samples and are 20 milliseconds long. AMR uses various techniques,
such as ACELP, DTX, VAD and CNG. The usage of AMR requires optimized link adaptation
that selects the best codec mode to meet the local radio channel and capacity requirements. If
the radio conditions are bad, source coding is reduced and channel coding is increased. This
improves the quality and robustness of the network connection while sacrificing some voice
clarity. In the particular case of AMR this improvement is somewhere around S/N = 4-6 dB
for usable communication. The new intelligent system allows the network operator to
prioritize capacity or quality per base station.
There are a total of 14 modes of the AMR codec, 8 are available in a full rate channel (FR)
and 6 on a half rate channel (HR).
Sampling frequency 8 kHz/13-bit (160 samples for 20 ms frames), filtered to 200–
3400 Hz.
The AMR codec uses eight source codecs with bit-rates of 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.70,
5.90, 5.15 and 4.75 kbit/s.
Generates frame length of 95, 103, 118, 134, 148, 159, 204, or 244 bits for AMR FR bit
rates 4.75, 5.15, 5.90, 6.70, 7.40, 7.95, 10.2, or 12.2 kbit/s, respectively. AMR HR frame
lengths are different.
AMR utilizes Discontinuous Transmission (DTX), with Voice Activity Detection (VAD)
and Comfort Noise Generation (CNG) to reduce bandwidth usage during silence periods
Algorithmic delay is 20 ms per frame. For bit-rates of 12.2, there is no 'algorithm' look-
ahead delay. For other rates, look-ahead delay is 5 ms. Note that there is 5 ms 'dummy'
look-ahead delay, to allow seamless frame-wise mode switching with the rest of rates.
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AMR is a hybrid speech coder, and as such transmits both speech parameters and a
waveform signal.
DIFFERENT SOFTWARES SUPPORT AMR ON DIFFERENT PLATFORMS IN
ANDROID OS, AMR IS USED FOR VOICE RECOGNITION.
2.7 ROBOT KIT
Figure 14 Robot kit
A robot kit is a special construction kit for building robots, especially autonomous mobile
robots.
Toy robot kits are also supplied by several companies. They are mostly made of plastics
elements like Lego Mind storms, the Robotics Bioloid, Robobuilder, the ROBO-BOX-3.0
(produced by Inex), and the lesser-known KAI Robot (produced by Kaimax), or aluminum
elements like Lynx motion's Servo Erector Set and the qfix kit.
The kits can consist of: structural elements, mechanical elements, motors (or
other actuators), sensors and a controller board to control the inputs and outputs of the robot.
In some cases, the kits can be available without electronics as well, to provide the user the
opportunity to use his or her own.
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CHAPTER-3
SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
3.1 KEIL’S SOFTWARE
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Figure 15 Keil microvision 3 software
The Keil C51 C Compiler for the 8051 microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C compiler
in the world. It provides more features than any other 8051 C compiler available today.
The C51 Compiler allows you to write 8051 microcontroller applications in C that, once
compiled, have the efficiency and speed of assembly language. Language extensions in the
C51 Compiler give you full access to all resources of the 8051.
The C51 Compiler translates C source files into relocatable object modules which contain full
symbolic information for debugging with the µVision Debugger or an in-circuit emulator. In
addition to the object file, the compiler generates a listing file which may optionally include
symbol table and cross reference information.
3.1.2 FEATURES
Nine basic data types, including 32-bit IEEE floating-point,
Flexible variable allocation with bit, data, bdata, idata, xdata, and pdatamemory types,
Interrupt functions may be written in C,
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Full use of the 8051 register banks,
Complete symbol and type information for source-level debugging,
Use of AJMP and ACALL instructions,
Bit-addressable data objects,
Built-in interface for the RTX51 Real-Time Kernel
Support for dual data pointers on Atmel, AMD, Cypress, Dallas Semiconductor, Infineon,
Philips, and Triscend microcontrollers,
Support for the Philips 8xC750, 8xC751, and 8xC752 limited instruction sets,
Support for the Infineon 80C517 arithmetic unit.
3.1.3 INTRODUCTION OF KEIL
The Keil Software LPC2148 development tools listed below are programs you use to compile
your C code, assemble your assembly source files, link and locate object modules and
libraries, create HEX files, and debug your target program. μVision for Windows™ is an
Integrated Development Environment that combines project management, source code
editing, and program debugging in one single, powerful environment. The ARM7 ANSI
Optimizing C Compiler creates re locatable object modules from your C source code. The
ARM Macro Assembler creates re locatable object modules from your LPC21XX assembly
source code. The Linker/Locator combines re-locatable object modules created by the
Compiler and the Assembler into absolute object modules. The Library Manager combines
object modules into libraries that may be used by the linker. The Object-HEX Converter
creates Intel HEX files from absolute object modules.
3.1.4 DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
The Keil development tools for ARM offer numerous features and advantages that help you
quickly and successfully develop embedded applications. They are easy to use and are
guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals. The μVision IDE and Debugger is the
central part of the Keil ARM development tools. µVision offers a Build Mode and a Debug
Mode. In the μVision Build Mode you maintain the project files and generate the application.
μVision uses either the GNU or ARM ADS/Real View™ development tools. In the μVision
Debug Mode you verify your program either with a powerful CPU and peripheral simulator
that connects the debugger to the target system. The ULINK allows you also to download
your application into Flash ROM of your target system.
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4.2 WORKING
4.2.1 ANDROID MEETS ROBOTS
Voice Recognition uses android mobiles internal voice recognition to pass voice commands to
your robot pairs with Blue tooth Serial Modules and sends in the recognized voice as a string
for example if you say Hello the android phone will return a string *Hello# to your blue tooth
module * and # indicate the start and stop bits. It can be used with any micro- controller
which can handle strings.
Figure 18 Connecting the robot
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Example platforms: Arduino, ARM, PICAXE, MSP430, 8051 based and many other
processors and controllers.
Control your Processor/Controller with voice commands using an Android smart phone!
AMR Voice application lets us command the Processor/Controller using an Android smart
phone and a HC-05 Bluetooth module.
Android OS has speech recognition and we can use it to control our 8051 microcontroller, via
Bluetooth. The App works by pressing the MIC button, then it will wait for us to say a
command. The app will then display the word's that we have stated and will send data strings
for the 8051 microcontroller to process.
4.2.2 INTERFACING LCD TO 8051
4.2.2.1 SENDING DATA TO THE LCD
The steps for sending data to the LCD module is given below. I have already said that the
LCD module has pins namely RS, R/W and E. It is the logic state of these pins that make the
module to determine whether a given data input is a command or data to be displayed.
Make R/W low.
Make RS=0 if data byte is a command and make RS=1 if the data byte is a data to be
displayed.
Place data byte on the data register.
Pulse E from high to low.
Repeat above steps for sending another data.
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4.2.2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure 19 Interfacing LCD to 8051
The circuit diagram given above shows how to interface a 16×2 LCD module with AT89S1
microcontroller. Capacitor C3, resistor R3 and push button switch S1 forms the reset circuitry.
Ceramic capacitors C1, C2 and crystal X1 is related to the clock circuitry which produces the
system clock frequency. P1.0 to P1.7 pins of the microcontroller is connected to the DB0 to
DB7 pins of the module respectively and through this route the data goes to the LCD module.
P3.3, P3.4 and P3.5 are connected to the E, R/W, RS pins of the microcontroller and through
this route the control signals are transfered to the LCD module. Resistor R1 limits the current
through the back light LED and so do the back light intensity. POT R2 is used for adjusting
the contrast of the display.
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4.2.3 INTERFACING MOTOR DRIVER TO 8051
Figure 20 Interfacing motor controller to 8051
We can easily control the switching of L293D using a microcontroller. There are two IC’s in
this category L293D and L293. L239D can provide a maximum current of 600mA from 4.5V
to 36V while L293 can provide up to 1A under the same input conditions. All inputs of these
ICs are TTL compatible and clamp diodes is provided with all outputs. They are used with
inductive loads such as relays solenoids, motors etc.
L293D contains four Half H Bridge drivers and are enabled in pairs. EN1 is used to enable
pair 1 (IN1-OUT1, IN2-OUT2) and EN2 is used to enable pair 2 (IN3-OUT3, IN4-OUT4).
We can drive two DC Motors using one L293D, but here we are using only one. You can
connect second DC Motor to driver pair 2 according to your needs.
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4.2.3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure 21 Circuit diagram showing motor interfacing
The DC Motor is connected to the first pair of drivers and it is enabled by connecting EN1 to
logic HIGH (5V). VSS pin is used to provide logic voltage to L293D. Here 8051
microcontroller, which works at 5v is used to control L293D, hence the logic voltage is 5. The
motor supply is given to Vs pin of the L293D.
4.2.4 INTERFACING BLUETOOTH MODULE WITH 8051 (HC05)
A Bluetooth module widely used with Microcontroller to enable Bluetooth communication.
This module cam be interfaced using the UART in 8051 microcontroller where the data are
transmitted in the form of packets. The pins TX and RX pin of the HC 05 form the path for
data transmission and reception. These TX pin of HC05 must be connected to the RX pin of
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8051 and vice versa. Whereas the key pin of the module is used to set the password for
pairing the module with our devices.
Our devices such as mobile and PC’s need special applications known as “Bluetooth
Terminal” to communicate with our microcontrollers via Bluetooth. Not to worry, there are
plenty of apps you can find in the internet. These apps are available in plenty irrespective of
the you device OS Android, Windows , Mac whatever it may be. Just run a search such as
Bluetooth Terminal for “OS name” and search engines will take you to the destination.
These applications are developed in such a way to send characters through your device BT
which was received by the BT module connected with our controller. Even some apps offers
some interactive GUI buttons which transmits specific characters with the press of each
buttons. Later the received character can be processed in our code and force the controller to
perform tasks based on the received character. We can use the Bluetooth communication in
two ways, either we can use it to receive data from the Controller or control the system using
our device Bluetooth.
4.2.4.1 SCHEMATIC DESIGN
Figure 22 Interfacing blue tooth module to 8051
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CHAPTER-5
RESULT ANALYSIS
5.1 ADVANTAGES
When we say voice control, the first term to be considered is Speech Recognition i.e. making
the system to understand human voice. Speech recognition is a technology where the system
understands the words (not its meaning) given through speech.
Speech is an ideal method for robotic control and communication. The speech recognition
circuit we will outline, functions independently from the robot’s main intelligence [central
processing unit (CPU)]. This is a good thing because it doesn’t take any of the robot’s main
CPU processing power for word recognition. The CPU must merely poll the speech circuit’s
recognition lines occasionally to check if a command has been issued to the robot.
We can even improve upon this by connecting the recognition line to one of the robot’s CPU
interrupt lines. By doing this, a recognized word would cause an interrupt, letting the CPU
know a recognized word had been spoken. The advantage of using an interrupt is that polling
the circuit’s recognition line occasionally would no longer be necessary, further reducing any
CPU overhead.
Another advantage to this stand-alone speech-recognition circuit (SRC) is its
programmability. You can program and train the SRC to recognize the unique words you
want recognized. The SRC can be easily interfaced to the robot’s CPU.
To control and command an appliance (computer, VCR, TV security system, etc.) by
speaking to it, will make it easier, while increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of
working with that device.At its most basic level speech recognition allows the user to perform
parallel tasks, (i.e. hands and eyes are busy elsewhere) while continuing to work with the
computer or appliance.
Robotics is an evolving technology. There are many approaches to building robots, and no
one can be sure which method or technology will be used 100 years from now. Like
biological systems, robotics is evolving following the Darwinian model of survival of the
fittest.
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Suppose you want to control a menu driven system. What is the most striking property that
you can think of?
Well the first thought that came to our mind is that the range of inputs in a menu driven
system is limited. In fact, by using a menu all we are doing is limiting the input domain space.
Now, this is one characteristic which can be very useful in implementing the menu in stand
alone systems.
5.2 DISADVANTAGE
“It makes man even more lazier”.........
5.3 APPLICATIONS
Menu driven systems like e-mail readers
Household appliances like washing machines, microwave ovens and pagers and
mobiles, etc.
Military applications
Industrial applications
Figure 23 Industrial application
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It is a gift for physically handicapped.
5.4 FUTURE SCOPE
We can also extend our project to advanced applications by extending its range, by using
Zigbee technology or by using GPS.
We can also proceed to construct a full fledged robot to carry out more complex tasks.
We can program the robot to shoot a target.
5.5 CONCLUSION
The aim of this project is to give a small gift to the unfortunate people who are physically
handicapped. By giving simple voice commands, their daily chores can be very easily
accomplished. The main challenges that we faced during this project’s implantation include,
the range of the Bluetooth, the delay between the transmission and reception of the voice
command. This project proves to be a significant asset to the field of Robotics.
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REFERENCES
The 8051 Micro controller and Embedded Systems-
Muhammad Ali Mazidi,
Janice Gillispie Mazidi
The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, Programming & Applications-
Kenneth J.Ayala
Fundamentals of Micro processors and Micro computers-
B.Ram
Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications-
Ramesh S.Gaonkar
Electronic Components-
D.V.Prasad
http://www.scribd.com
http://www.morldtechgossips.com, simple way of understand
Other websiteshttp://www.elprocus.com/solar-panel-facts/
http://org.ntnu.no/solarcells/pages/introduction.php
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/leds.html
www.national.com www.atmel.com www.microsoftsearch.com www.geocities.com